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Applicability of the series resistance model in predicting the permeability of coated papers to oxygen and water vapor: importance of data quality and associated metadata
No full textInternational audienceThe prediction of barrier properties is essential in materials sciences, especially in food packaging where the use of packaging materials with targeted barrier properties is essential. This study assessed the suitability of the series resistance model, assuming the additivity of transfer resistances of individual layers, to predict oxygen and water vapor permeabilities of polymer-coated cardboards. More than 250 permeation data of polymer-coated cardboards from 35 scientific articles were collected from the literature. However, the quality of collected permeation parameter data differed from one article to the other, therefore a quality index was developed to quantify the quality and assess their reusability. Different criteria were used in the quality index calculations such as accuracy, completeness, consistency, and reusability. This quality index highlighted that most permeation parameter data from the literature (∼58 %) were not reusable due to the lack of associated metadata. Despite the amount of data collected, the series resistance model could only be applied to a few permeation parameter data in the peculiar case of polymer-coated cardboards. While the predicted and experimental permeability values (oxygen and water vapor) sometimes aligned, the model often failed to provide accurate predictions. One major hypothesis being that such model did not consider the impregnated layer present in the materials. While a three-layer model might offer more accurate predictions, the lack of quantitative information in the literature regarding the impregnated layer (thickness and permeability) prevents its use and validation
Facteurs de contrôle de la respiration des sols forestiers de moyenne montagne face au changement climatique
No full textInternational audienc
Biocontrol of the growth of mycotoxinogenic moulds strains using antagonistic yeasts isolated from cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) fermentation
No full textSource Agritrop Cirad (https://agritrop.cirad.fr/616443/) * Autres projets (id;sigle;titre): FOOD/2019/412-132;C4F;(EU) Cocoa4Future// ;DeSIRA;(EU) Development Smart Innovation through Research in Agriculture//International audienc
Molecular phylogeny of the Acer-feeding aphid subfamily Drepanosiphinae (Insecta: Hemiptera: Aphididae) and the evolution of its endosymbiotic consortia
No full textInternational audienceThe Drepanosiphinae is a Holarctic subfamily of Aphididae comprising six genera: Drepanaphis, Drepanosiphoniella, Drepanosiphum, Megalosiphonaphis, Shenahweum, and Yamatocallis, all of which exhibit strict host plant associations, primarily with Acer species. Despite long-standing taxonomic attention, evolutionary relationships within the group remain poorly resolved, and some important aspects of their biology, such as their patterns of association with symbionts, have been unexplored despite evidence that species in the subfamily might be involved in atypical nutritional symbioses. Here, we present a molecular phylogenetic reconstruction of this subfamily and investigate the evolution of its endosymbiotic consortia. Phylogenetic analyses were conducted using multiple DNA markers, employing both Bayesian inference (BI) and maximum likelihood (ML) approaches. Endosymbionts were characterized using high-throughput sequencing of a fragment of the bacterial 16S rRNA gene. The resulting phylogenies are largely congruent across markers and methods and consistently support the monophyly of Drepanosiphinae. Drepanaphis and Drepanosiphum form a well-supported clade as sister to Drepanosiphoniella, while Yamatocallis and Megalosiphonaphis form a distinct, more distantly related clade. Within Drepanaphis, species group according to host plant use rather than traditional morphological groupings, revealing three host-associated clades: rubrum, saccharum, and grandidentatum. Endosymbiont characterization revealed that, in addition to the obligate symbiont Buchnera aphidicola, most Drepanosiphinae species also host a Sodalis-like bacterium, consistent with previous genomic evidence for a dual nutritional symbiosis with this bacterium. However, Sodalis was absent in most Yamatocallis species, indicating a complex and potentially dynamic evolutionary history of symbiotic relationships within the subfamily. Patterns of association with Wolbachia, Rickettsia, Fukatsuia, Serratia and Arsenophonus suggest a limited role in nutrition. By integrating phylogenetic reconstruction with symbiont profiling, this study provides the most comprehensive evolutionary framework to date for Drepanosiphinae and reinforces the view that nutritional symbioses in aphids are evolutionarily dynamics
Prevalence and risk factors of food insecurity during pregnancy: a multicenter survey in French Guiana
No full textInternational audienceThe post-COVID international situation, wars and food price inflation are hampering access to food for the most vulnerable households who have no safety net against unforeseen events. While pregnant women are particularly vulnerable to food shortages and nutritional imbalances, data on food insecurity during pregnancy and associated risk factors are scarce.MethodsA 2023 multicenter, cross-sectional study was conducted among a representative sample of 730 women during the third trimester of pregnancy in French Guiana. Food insecurity (USDA Food Security Survey Module), diet quality indicators derived from a qualitative 24-h recall (Minimum Dietary Diversity for Women MDD-W, All-5 indicator, NCD risk foods), pre-conceptional nutritional status (body mass index - BMI) and gestational weight gain (GWG), and women's self-esteem were collected. Data were weighted to ensure sample representativeness, and modified Poisson regression was used to identify risk factors for FI during pregnancy.ResultsOverall, 32.3% [95% CI: 28.8-35.9] of the women lived in a food-insecure household during pregnancy and only 45.6% [95% CI: 42.0-49.2] of the women had reached the MDD-W set at 5 food groups. More than 80% of the women had consumed sweetened beverages and 25.1% were obese before conception. According to the multivariate model, the factors positively associated with food insecurity included living in substandard housing, living alone with children, having low self-esteem and being born abroad (with or without a residence permit). On the other hand, having a stable and declared income and social support were protective factors against food insecurity after adjusting for the other variables.ConclusionsThis study highlights a frequently overlooked situation in French Guiana that is likely to affect the health of children at the very beginning of their lives. Peer-based programs or government financial assistance programs could help strengthen the ability of the poorest households with pregnant women to cope with food insecurity
A low-cost approach for site-specific nitrogen application: a use case in viticulture
No full textInternational audienceThis paper proposes a low-cost approach for site-specific nitrogen application based on tractor speed variation, which is designed specifically for small-scale farms in viticulture with limited investment capacities. It first describes how to design prescription maps using the spatialized data available on the farm. Then the article proposes a method to operate fertilization using existing equipment and the farmer’s personal smartphone. Driver’s compliance with speed prescriptions during fertilization have been monitored with a tracking system based on a dual frequency GNSS device, in order to validate the applicability of this low-cost approach. The approach was implemented across all 51 Fields of the vineyard during the 2024 growing season to assess its effectiveness. Results show that the driver was able to apply speed prescriptions
Studying digital tools for mechanical weeding to better grasp the adoption of precision farming
No full textInternational audienceAdoption of precision agriculture (PA) has been widely addressed in the literature but the pathways leading to the adoption or non-adoption of PA are often poorly explored. This study proposed an original approach to understanding and formalizing the diversity of adoption pathways based on the use case of the adoption of precision mechanical weeding (PMW) technologies. A qualitative approach based on 16 semi-structured interviews with experts, farmers and advisors was tested. Identified key adoption pathways were formalized using the personae approach representing fictional people with realistic characteristics. Six personae were identified illustrating that the characteristics of digital tools, the socio-technical environment, agronomic conditions and the decision-maker’s personal story have significant impact on adoption
Multiple Sclerosis & Pharmacotherapeutic Treatment: A Pedagogic Tutorial for Healthcare Providers
No full textInternational audienceBackground: Multiple sclerosis is a multifactorial neurodegenerative disease characterized by autoimmune and inflammatory processes. Despite advancements in disease-modifying therapies, multiple sclerosis remains challenging due to its complex pathophysiology and variable clinical presentation. Current therapies focus on managing inflammation and promoting immunosuppression but do not achieve complete symptom regression or enhance remyelination. Emerging therapies, such as Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor gamma (PPARγ) agonists and Bruton tyrosine kinase (BTK) inhibitors, show promise in modulating inflammation and targeting immune cells. Innovative approaches like human fetal neural precursor cells (hfPNCs) and mesenchymal stem cell transplantation are being explored to reduce neural inflammation and improve neuroprotection. Early diagnosis and intervention are crucial for managing multiple sclerosis effectively and preventing progression to severe forms and permanent disability. Therapeutic education for individuals with multiple sclerosis and their caregivers is essential, emphasizing the need for clear, reliable information to support disease management and improve quality of life. Objectives: This review provides an up-to-date overview of multiple sclerosis pathophysiology, current treatments, and emerging therapies, aiming to enhance the knowledge base of healthcare professionals and researchers, facilitating informed decision-making and contributing to ongoing research efforts
Ethical considerations in the development of the Digital Twins of the Ocean
No full textInternational audienceIn recent years, Digital Twins of the Ocean (DTOs) - digital replicas of ocean processes - have emerged as a tool for modelling the complex interactions that govern marine systems, exploiting the power of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and large training datasets to understand ocean processes and predict their future in a rapidly environmentally changing world. DTOs, although very complex, offer many advantages including providing a decision support tool for areas such as optimizing fisheries, emergency reactions to tsunami warnings, adapting to sea-level rise, protection of biodiversity and improving climate prediction/climate forecast. These powerful tools offer many promises; however, we need to go beyond the technical aspects and consider AIs impact on the decision-making process.Three key aspects of the coupling model/AI are essential for consideration by the marine scientific commmunity, the Artificial Intelligence and policy-maker communities. The hope is that by considering the limitations early in development, we can optimize the use of AI. The key aspects to consider are:Data is of paramount importance: the source of data, its geographical origin, its nature and its quality should be carefully considered when developing a DTO. The need for seamless interoperability of these data raises the question of which data standards are selected and how they are applied. All these considerations may introduce biases into the algorithms, which need to be identified: in specific cases, the use of open-access data may introduce bias as it may not have access to sources related to endangered species or Indigenous knowledge. Furthermore, data openness for DTO models may have ethical limitations such as compliance to Access and Benefit Sharing regulations, or sharing of data from commercially valuable or endangered species, which question the conditions under which data should be made open. The model itself is a mathematical object, based on physical conservation principles and a set of hypotheses that guaranty the consistency of the reasoning. It also comes with certain limitations and uncertainties, especially in the biological modelling and always involves some numerical approximation for being solved within the available computational power. This process of model development and use, and the benefits and limitations that users assume the models may contain, must be transparent and accountable as highlighted in the European guidelines on Trustworthy AI. Finally, the result we expect from the data-driven DTOs is a powerful decision-support tool, capable of predicting and warning. These tools need to be explicit and targeted to the end-users, leveraging the complexities of the analyses and ensuring that the results and choices of data and models ensure transparency and present all biases and uncertainties, to allow the end user to draw reasonable conclusions. End-user training is an essential aspect to consider. The decision-making chain of command must be solid, well identified and structured, and accountability is key, especially in crisis management due to natural hazards. It is urgent that marine scientists, AI developers and policy makers work together for the best for the planet
