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La fable du « recyclage énergétique » des ordures ménagères : déchets plastiques, crise pétrolière et incinération dans les années 1970 et 1980 en France
No full textInternational audienceDuring the 1970s and 1980s, in the name of environmental conservation and the effort to save energy in the wake of the oil crisis, “thermal recycling” and “energy recycling,” more commonly referred to as the “energy recovery” of household and urban waste, was invented in France. These oxymoronic expressions hide the fact that the waste is incinerated, thereby rendering linear the life cycles of the natural elements from which they are made. From an ideological point of view, the expressions green a technique that was previously recognized as destructive. By identifying the industrial stakeholders and institutions that have promoted this expanding integration of waste, city, and energy, this article aims to challenge a contemporary truism, namely the virtuous nature of using urban waste to produce energy.Dans les années 1970 et 1980, au nom de la protection de l’environnement et de la recherche d’économies d’énergie générée par la crise pétrolière, on assiste à l’invention du « recyclage thermique » ou « énergétique », et plus communément de la « valorisation énergétique », des déchets ménagers et urbains. Ces expressions oxymoriques cachent en vérité leur incinération et donc la linéarisation des cycles des éléments naturels qui les constituent. Sur le plan idéel, elles permettent de verdir une technique reconnue jusque-là comme destructive. En partant à la recherche des acteurs industriels et des institutions qui ont promu une intégration croissante déchets-ville-énergie, cet article vise à dénaturaliser une évidence contemporaine : le caractère vertueux de l’utilisation des déchets urbains à fin de production énergétique
Analyse et identification de Plans de Gestion de Données disciplinaires pouvant être utilisés comme exemple: Produit du Groupe de Travail PGD Disciplinaires de RDA France
No full textRDA France, le chapitre français de la Research Data Alliance (RDA), a mis en place en mars 2023 le groupe de travail RDA France – Plans de Gestion de Données disciplinaires (GT PGD-DISC), avec l’objectif de constituer un corpus de plans de gestion des données (PGD) disciplinaires pouvant être utilisés comme exemple. Ce document décrit en introduction les raisons pour lesquelles RDA France a créé ce groupe de travail et la manière dont le groupe a été constitué (Section 1), puis la méthodologie employée pour élaborer le corpus (Section 2) et le contenu de celui-ci, en termes de données et de métadonnées (Section 3). La maintenance envisagée pour le corpus est décrite en conclusion (Section 4).La Version 1 de la liste de plans de gestion de données disciplinaires résultant du travail du groupe est publiée dans l’entrepôt de l’infrastructure Recherche Data Gouv (https://doi.org/10.57745/ZSWLYJ)
Aurignacian groups at Isturitz (France) adapted to a shifting environment upon their arrival in Western Europe ∼42,000 years ago
No full textInternational audienceThe Marine Isotope Stage 3 is a context of considerable climatic instability. Establishing the link between global climate changes and their impact on the local ecological contexts and prey exploited by human populations is challenging. Still, it is necessary to understand better the local conditions where humans lived to unravel how they adapted to fluctuating environmental conditions. Here, we address this question by studying 250 osteodental elements from animals hunted and consumed by human groups at Isturitz, a rich and well-documented French archaeological site and one of the earliest in Western Europe where the Aurignacian technoculture has been attested. To do so, we set up a multiproxy approach (archaeozoology, three-dimensional dental microwear texture analyses, and stable isotopic analyses of δ18O and δ13C in enamel bioapatite and δ13C, δ15N, and δ34S in bone collagen) that informs us on a timeline from the first years to the last few days of an animal's life. We reconstructed their ecologies and paleoenvironments during the different Aurignacian phases at Isturitz. Our findings indicate that the first human occupations at Isturitz occurred under cold and arid conditions, rapidly becoming even cooler and drier. Limited changes are observed in the human-environment-prey relationship despite this unstable climatic context where significant changes in rainfall, temperature, and a gradual opening of environments and some changes in the faunal assemblage occurred. Our findings suggest that human groups hunted in similar territories and utilized comparable strategies throughout the temporal sequence. Our multiproxy approach, combining complementary analyses, provides a better understanding of the adaptation strategies when the first phases of the Upper Paleolithic were emerging in Western Europe
Après la crise du Covid, assistons-nous au crépuscule de la démocratie représentative ?
No full textInternational audienceCe texte se propose de montrer comment l'architecture juridico-institutionnelle, la pratique politique des institutions et la multiplication des « crises » justifiant la suspension provisoire de l’État de droit, finissent par vider de sens les principes démocratiques dont se revendique la France sous la Vème République. L'analyse est organisée en trois parties. La première examine la séparation des pouvoirs. La seconde explore la question de la représentativité d'un système politico-institutionnel dans lequel il n'existe quasiment aucun mécanisme de participation citoyenne directe et dont les électeurs se détournent de plus en plus, renonçant par dépit à ce qui est la justification philosophique et politique globale du système représentatif (le droit de vote). La troisième partie questionne d'abord la multiplication des « états d'urgence » conduisant à la suspension provisoire de tout ou partie des droits et libertés fondamentaux, puis détaille l'aboutissement de ces processus à travers la gestion politico-sanitaire de la crise du Covid. En conclusion, l'auteur pose la question de la captation oligarchique et capitalistique du pouvoir dans l'ensemble des pays occidentaux et suggère qu'ils n'auront bientôt plus de démocratiques que le nom
A generic marine protected area model, challenged by indigenous peoples and local communities: How can the model be adapted or reinvented?
No full textInternational audienceMany Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) face difficulties of social acceptance. This comparative analysis of 13 MPAs spanning five continents aims to explain these problems by comparing their localization processes in order to identify possible recurring mechanisms. Analyzing their trajectories and the conflicts they cause reveal the existence of a generic model of Marine Protected AreaS which is mostly implicit and applied everywhere. It enables us to identify 7 components of this model: who decides, what legitimizes the decision, the decision's temporalities and vectors, and then, inside the action modalities, the relationship with the area, with nature, with exchange and the action presentation and organization. Laying bare this model makes it possible to explain the misunderstandings that arise and many acceptance problems that lead to conflict and inefficiency. Based on observations of local adaptations or reinventions of the MPA model, proposals are made for a global overhaul of the model. to make it more flexible and open to multiple ways of thinking about nature and conservation
From Holy Ignorance to Sacred Doctrine: postliberal Catholicism and the remaking of American political religion
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Chau Tran, Trần Văn Thạch (1905-1945). Une plume contre l’oppression , Paris, Les Indes savantes, « Asie », 2020, 360 p.
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Geoarchaeological evidence of a buried navigable Roman canal in the Rhône delta (France): The Marius canal hypothesis
No full textInternational audienceThe Marius Canal is considered the first significant Roman hydraulic infrastructure in Gaul. This navigable canal, constructed at the end of the 2nd century BCE, was located in the Rhone Delta in southern France, connecting the Rhone River to the Mediterranean Sea. In the period following the construction of the canal, the large port known as Fossae Marianae was built on the coast. Despite numerous references in ancient sources, the precise location of the canal has remained unknown for the last two millennia. However, recent geophysical surveys in the eastern Rhone Delta have revealed a linear anomaly, alongside the discovery of Roman artefacts, which may indicate the presence of a Roman canal. The objective of this study is to examine morphological, sedimentary and chronological attributes of this structure, postulated to be the Canal of Marius. Sedimentary cores extracted from the supposed canal and the banks are studied on a high-resolution scale using a detailed multi-proxy methodology (grain-size, carbonate content, organic matter, magnetic susceptibility) combined with twenty-one 14C dates. The morphological analyses and palaeoenvironmental data are consistent with the hypothesis of a navigable canal operable during the Roman period, built in a complex area where an ancient lagoon was partly eroded by a palaeochannel of the Rhone dated to the 1st millennium BCE. However, further archaeological research is needed to definitely confirm that this is the canal known as the Marius Canal
Polarity inversion operators in PLM
No full textInternational audienceFrom a linguistic perspective, negation is a unique and inherently compositional operator. In this study, we investigate whether the bert-large-cased Pretrained Language Model (PLM) properly encodes this compositional aspect of negation when embedding a token that falls within the scope of negation.To explore this, we train two external Multi-Layer Perceptrons to modify contextual embeddings in a controlled manner. The goal is to reverse the polarity information encoded in the embedding while preserving all other tokenrelated information. The first MLP, called the Negator, transforms a negative polarity into a positive one, while the second, the Affirmator, performs the reverse transformation. We then conduct a series of evaluations to assess the effectiveness of these operators. Our results indicate that while the Negator/Affirmator is functional, it only partially simulates the negation operator. Specifically, applying it recursively does not allow us to recover the original polarity, suggesting an incomplete representation of negation within the PLM's embeddings. In addition, a downstream evaluation on the Negated LAMA dataset reveals that the modifications introduced by the Negator/Affirmator lead to a slight improvement in the model's ability to account for negation in its predictions. However, applying the Negator/Affirmator recursively results in degraded representations, further reinforcing the idea that negation is not fully compositional within PLM embeddings
Yollar Birleşir: Asosyoloji ile Geçmiş ve Bugün
No full textInternational audienceYıllar önce yakılmış bir ateş, bugün hâlâ yanıyor. Asosyoloji olarak, geçmişten bugüne uzanan direnişin ve üretimin izlerini sürdük. Bu iz, kuşakların birbirine bıraktığı sözlerle, sorularla ve umutlarla yeniden şekilleniyor. Sevgili Pınar Selek ile yaptığımız söyleşide derginin serüveninin ötesinde kendi sesimizi kurma cesareti ve küçük karşılaşmaların büyük dönüşümlere yol açabileceğinin hikâyesi üzerine konuştuk