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Nature(s) de la guerre. Ressources, appropriations, expropriations, restitutions dans les Amériques (du XVe siècle à nos jours)
No full textBronze Age copper supply in Mediterranean France: first results from lead isotope and chemical analyses of hoarded metalwork
No full textInternational audienceCopper supply networks in southern France are analysed on the basis of a study of five hoards of metal objects dating from the end of the Early Bronze Age (c. 17th-16th BCE) to the end of the Late Bronze Age (c. 9th BCE). A total of 73 inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy elemental analyses were performed and 48 objects belonging to the different groups that could be identified from the elemental compositions were targeted for lead isotope analysis (multicollector-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry). The results clearly show that the same source was used for the various objects in each hoard, but that copper from different origins was used depending on the period. This reveals evolving supply networks that can be linked to the cultural interactions observed during this period. Towards the end of the Early Bronze Age or the beginning of the Middle Bronze Age (c. 17th-16th BCE), axe-ingots were imported into southern France along the Rhone corridor. The origin of the copper from which they are made could potentially be the Vosges massif. On the other hand, one of the major contributions of this study is to have demonstrated the use of copper originating from the Southeastern Alps during a late phase of the Middle Bronze Age and up to the Late Bronze Age (c. 14th-11th BCE). A form of packaging for this Alpine copper was as pick-ingots, and it was probably in this form that it arrived in southern France. This network was interrupted around the 9th century BCE and the populations of southern France returned to the exploitation of local minerals (Cabrières-Péret district). This research highlights the link between trade networks and cultural dynamics, showing that the circulation of raw materials also helps strengthen relations between communities
A close-up at the paleoecology of the most western gelada relatives: Insights from dental microwear texture analysis
No full textInternational audienceExploring the paleoecology of extinct species of the genus Theropithecus, which was widespread and diversified in Africa during the Pliocene and the Pleistocene, is crucial to have a full picture of the evolutionary history of this taxon. It also gives insights into the fundamental ecological range of the genus, now restricted to the Ethiopian highlands in a reduced set of habitats. This study aims to investigate the diet of Theropithecus atlanticus (n = 8) from the Plio-Pleistocene site of Ahl al Oughlam (Morocco) through dental microwear texture analysis. We used a recently developed software, 'trident', that quantifies the heterogeneity of texture parameters through subsampled wear surfaces to improve dietary discriminations. We considered a comparative dataset of extant primates (n = 104) with different diets, including the leaf-eater Colobus guereza, the grass-eater Theropithecus gelada, and the generalists Papio hamadryas and Chlorocebus aethiops. In addition, we compared with specimens of theropiths (n = 80) from the eastern African Shungura Formation (Lower Omo Valley, Ethiopia) that are nearly contemporaneous to T. atlanticus. Our results indicate that T. atlanticus was mostly feeding on grasses, as its extant relative. Some similarities with opportunistic species suggest it might have consumed a substantial amount of challenging foods. This dental microwear texture is in line with open, arid and harsh environments, and the presence and abundance of C3 grasses at Ahl al Oughlam detected by enamel stable isotopes analysis on various mammals including theropiths. This contrasts with the environment described on nearly contemporaneous specimens from the Lower Omo Valley where grasses were abundant but composed of C4 ones
Aomar Hannouz, Le cycle de ʿAbd al-Muṭṭalib. Restauration et naissance prophétique dans laSīra d’Ibn Isḥāq, Brill, Leyde, Boston, 2024
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Philosophie de la danse en éducation physique et sportive
No full textCet article fait prendre conscience que, loin d’être réduite à une action motrice, la danse est une philosophie de vie en mouvement, un voyage du corps et de l’esprit aux multiples enjeux philosophiques, un objet d’éducation à la sensibilité et un itinéraire de recherche et de découverte du monde de l’esthétique, de la beauté du geste, de l’expression corporelle, de soi, de l’autre et de l’infinie ressource humaine
Etude scientifique et participative sur la qualité du sol et de l’air et sur la perception des pollutions par les habitants dans la zone Sebikotane-Diamniadio, Sénégal - Résultats du projet AirGeo (2021 – 2024)
No full textSymbolic Recycling: How social class comes to children’s minds?
No full textInternational audienceDeveloping a social sense of class during childhood not just is a question of direct, concrete, or explicit experience of class differences but also includes a social process that we call “symbolic recycling.” Our concept of symbolic recycling could be defined in the following manner: when children have to find their way in previously unknown or distant domains of social practice (such as the system of social class and occupations), they tend to apply – with unavoidable discrepancies and imperfections – symbolic schemes that are prevalent in the areas of practice they are more familiar with, chiefly the ordinary areas of their own socialization, such as the domestic or school environment. This chapter aims to provide a much more complete definition, by positioning it among other ideas and concepts, and by defending its heuristic value on an empirical basis
Compter, réprimer, préempter : la vidéosurveillance à l'ère de l'IA
No full textInternational audienceThis chapter examines the political stakes of algorithmic video surveillance (AVS), a technology accompanied by a sociotechnical imaginary in which virtually any infraction can potentially be detected and archived within a vast policing infrastructure. By making technically possible the supervision of territory from a central location, real-time response, the anticipation and preemption of future risks, and the spatio-temporal compression of criminal investigation, AVS belongs to that class of computing technologies that reconfigure the space-time of police work. Much like the images produced by the military devices analyzed by Harun Farocki nearly twenty years ago, AVS tends to render the images from police cameras more "operational." Once processed by artificial intelligence techniques, such images are no longer simple remote representations of urban life; they incorporate cognitive operations of counting, interpretation, classification, ranking, layering, and comparison. Enriched with colored bounding boxes, figures, and text, embedded in three-dimensional visualizations, and fused with one another, surveillance images are no longer mere images -- objects of the passive gaze of an officer scrolling, more or less randomly, through dozens, hundreds, or even tens of thousands of video feeds.Through automation, they are transformed into a composite diagram that already incorporates part of the work previously assigned to the human operator. Thus "augmented," the image addresses the officer directly. It demands vigilance, readiness to activate the chain of command and trigger an intervention. It compels action. In this sense, AVS also functions as a technology of management.Ce chapitre revient sur les enjeux politiques de la vidéosurveillance algorithmique (VSA), une technologie qui s’accompagne d’un imaginaire sociotechnique où la moindre infraction peut potentiellement être détectée et archivée au sein d’une vaste infrastructure de surveillance policière. Parce qu’elle contribue à rendre techniquement possible une supervision du territoire depuis un lieu central, mais aussi un temps réel de réaction, l’anticipation et la préemption de risques futurs, ou encore la contraction spatio-temporelle de l’enquête, la VSA relève de ces technologies informatiques qui reconfigurent l’espace-temps du travail policier. À l’instar des images produites par les dispositifs militaires qu’analysait Harun Farocki il y a près de vingt ans, la VSA tend à rendre l’image issue de la caméra policière plus « opératoire ». Car une fois traitée par les techniques d’intelligence artificielle, celle-ci n’est plus une simple représentation à distance de scènes de la vie urbaine ; elle incorpore des opérations cognitives de comptage, d’interprétation, de classement, de hiérarchisation, de superposition, de comparaison. Enrichies de carrés de couleurs, de chiffres, de textes, incrustées dans des visualisations en trois dimensions, fondues les unes aux autres, les images de vidéosurveillance ne sont plus de simples images, objets du regard passif d’un policier faisant dérouler sur son écran, de manière plus ou moins aléatoire, les dizaines, les centaines, voire de dizaines de milliers de flux vidéo. À travers l’automatisation, elles se transforment en un diagramme composite incorporant d’emblée une partie du travail auparavant confié à l’opérateur humain. Ainsi « augmentée », l’image interpelle le policier. Elle lui intime de se montrer vigilant, de se préparer à activer la chaîne de commandement pour décider d’une intervention. Elle l’engage à l’action. À ce titre, la VSA constitue également une technologie de management
«Bombay»: Des notes de terrain au roman
No full textInternational audienceDans son roman qui réactualise son travail de thèse, l’Anthropologue Marie-Caroline Saglio réactualise son ethnographie des bidonvilles de Mumbai. Son personnage principal, un jeune idéaliste qui cherche à implanter un projet de rentabilisation du traitement des ordures pour le compte d’une grande entreprise britannique, se confronte à la violence sociale, environnementale et politique qui s’est installée dans sa ville. L’entretien aborde les enjeux et les possibilités offertes par le passage de l’ethnographie à l’écriture romanesque à travers les thèmes suivants : comment la littérature sur Mumbai a-t-elle influencé l’écriture ? Qu’est-ce que la fiction change dans le rapport au matériau ethnographique ? Qu’est-ce que cela permet par rapport à l’écriture scientifique ? Comment l’imagination littéraire peut-elle s’adosser à la réalité observée par l’ethnographe ? Et quelles perspectives en tirer pour l’Anthropologie
The evolution of the cave's entrance of Bruniquel and consequences for its accessibility by early Homo neanderthalensis
No full textInternational audienceThe cave of Bruniquel, discovered by cavers in 1990, contains the oldest evidence of deep cave use by early Homo neanderthalensis. The discovery and dating of speleothem-based structures and fireplaces demonstrated their ability to investigate the deep subterranean environment in a structured way (Jaubert et al., 2016). The cave has been closed by a succession of rockfalls, flowstone layers and scree cone deposits, which led to the preservation of multiple traces of human and animal activity inside the cave. We studied the cave entrance evolution through a multidisciplinary integrated geomorphological approach, combining 3D surveys inside and outside the cave system, high-resolution geomorphological mapping, Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT), and U-series dating. The combination of stratigraphic surveys and U-series dating allowed us to date the closure of the cave to before 142.9 ± 1.3 ka, before the Last Interglacial, thus independently confirming the age of the speleothem structures and of the other traces observed on the cave floor. The proposed virtual 3D reconstruction of the palaeo-cave entrance at the beginning of MIS 6, suggests an entrance less than 2 m high, implying that the space behind the entrance was rapidly dark. This work highlights the central importance of understanding the evolution of cave entrances for constraining the timing and the modalities of use of cave systems and provides a new palaeogeographic framework for future studies of the cave's occupation by early Homo neanderthalensis