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Living on the edge: Pleistocene ice‐free refugia and collared lemming ( Dicrostonyx sp.) in the North American High Arctic
No full textInternational audienceCollared lemmings (genus Dicrostonyx ) are an emblematic group of Arctic‐tundra mammalian communities, comprising six different species in North America. As other northern fauna, most of their diversity is impacted by Pleistocene glacial–interglacial cycles. While D. hudsonius and D. richardsoni have a restricted distribution area on both sides of the Hudson Bay, D. groenlandicus is widespread in all Nearctic northernmost regions, from Alaska and Canadian mainland to the High Arctic Archipelago and Greenland, occupying a highly fragmented area. Using extensive data, this paper investigates the morphological variability of the molar of Nearctic Dicrostonyx using geometric morphometrics. Our results show weak interspecific differences among Nearctic Dicrostonyx , while demonstrating the existence of a clear geographical structure: a north–south gradient that structures collared lemming's phenotype, surpassing interspecific differences. The possible causes of such patterns are explored, whether they are environmental (e.g. due to local to regional climatic conditions) or phylogeographic (e.g. isolation of the populations during the glacial periods) using ERA5‐Land reconstruction climatic data, and a reconstruction of the Laurentide Ice Sheet extent with isometric variations. The peculiar status of several populations, including Greenland and Victoria Island specimens, can be linked with their survival and isolation in Pleistocene ice‐free refugia in the High Arctic in agreement with both genetic and morphological signals. We argue that studying present‐day morphological variability can provide meaningful information on the Quaternary biogeography of modern species
Los micro-trabajadores detrás de la inteligencia artificial: Explorando nuevos sujetos digitales y sus precariedades en el mundo laboral
No full textInternational audienceIn digital environments, value production involves not only computer developers and engineers, but a broader range of digital subjects – from users to data workers – whose contributions are often occluded from view. We break down their digital labour into its different forms: classification, monetisation and automation in the case of users; and preparation, verification and impersonation in the case of data workers. Far from a simple succession of predefined mechanical tasks, we show that all these forms of work are complex human activities that harness knowledge, skills, personal commitments, moral judgements, emotional elements and bodily dimensions. When we open the black box of AI, what emerges is a plurality of subjects who, through their digital interactions, reveal intimate aspects of their subjectivities and form an essential—though largely overlooked—part of the value chain that sustains this technology. Therefore, any critical reflection on the regulation of AI and its ethical and social implications must recognise the active role played by these digital subjects as co-producers of value and invisible protagonists of the ongoing technological transformation.En los entornos digitales, la producción de valor no solo involucra a desarrolladores e ingenieros informáticos, sino a una gama más amplia de sujetos digitales —desde usuarios hasta trabajadores de datos— cuyas contribuciones a menudo quedan ocultas a la vista. Descomponemos su trabajo digital en sus diferentes formas: clasificación, monetización y automatización en el caso de los usuarios; y preparación, verificación y suplantación en el caso de los trabajadores de datos. Lejos de ser una simple sucesión de tareas mecánicas predefinidas, demostramos que todas estas formas de trabajo son actividades humanas complejas que aprovechan conocimientos, habilidades, compromisos personales, juicios morales, elementos emocionales y dimensiones corporales. Al abrir la caja negra de la IA, lo que emerge es una pluralidad de sujetos que, a través de sus interacciones digitales, revelan aspectos íntimos de sus subjetividades y forman una parte esencial —aunque en gran medida ignorada— de la cadena de valor que sustenta esta tecnología. Por lo tanto, cualquier reflexión crítica sobre la regulación de la IA y sus implicaciones éticas y sociales debe reconocer el papel activo que desempeñan estos sujetos digitales como coproductores de valor y protagonistas invisibles de la transformación tecnológica
HOMININ-LARGE MAMMALIAN FAUNAL DYNAMICS AT THE PREHISTORIC CAVE OF LAZARET (NICE, FRANCE): INSIGHTS FROM RECENT STUDIES
No full textInternational audienceThe prehistoric Lazaret Cave in Nice, France, excavated systematically between 1967 and 2017 under the aegis of Henry de Lumley, represents a key site in Southern Europe for investigating the cultural and behavioural transition between the Acheulean and Mousterian. Its 29 archaeostratigraphic units, spanning the late Middle Pleistocene,preserve abundant lithic, faunal, and occasional hominin remains that illuminate shifting subsistence strategies and adaptations of these populations. This paper presents a synthesis of recent archaeozoological and taphonomical investigations ofArchaeostratigraphic Units 25-29. The large mammal faunal spectra comprise 25 species, with relatively stable representation across the units. Dominant taxa include red deer (Cervus elaphus), ibex (Capra ibex), and aurochs (Bos primigenius), accompanied by temperate-adapted species such as the straight-tusked elephant (Palaeoloxodon antiquus) and rare cold-climate species like reindeer (Rangifer tarandus), woolly rhinoceros (Coelodonta antiquitatis), and wolverine (Gulo gulo). The faunal composition confirms the function of the Ligurian-Provençal region as a refuge zone during glacial phases, maintaining continuity of temperate taxa. Taphonomic analyses demonstrate that hominins were the primary agents of faunal accumulation, engaging in systematic hunting, carcass transport, and processing, while carnivore intrusions were secondary and episodic. Age and sex profiling of ungulates, reinforced through cementochronology, indicates that occupations were seasonal, spanning autumn to late winter. These results refine our understanding of subsistence behaviours, palaeoenvironmental conditions, and the adaptive strategies employed by ancestral hominin populations in the northwestern Mediterranean corridor
L’habitat groupé laténien de Verdun-sur-le-Doubs : Rapport de fouille programmée 2025
No full textLa campagne de fouille 2025 menée sur l’habitat groupé laténien de Verdun-sur-le-Doubs (n° OA 044332) correspond à la sixième opération programmée dans le cadre du PCR Confluence et à la dernière phase du projet triennal 2023-2025. L’emprise étudiée, d’environ 530 m², a contribué à affiner la compréhension de l’organisation de la frange méridionale de l’agglomération gauloise.Les investigations ont porté sur deux secteurs distincts. Au nord, le sondage a mis enévidence la poursuite puis l’arrêt net d’un important épandage de mobilier, matérialisant une limite fonctionnelle entre le quartier méridional et l’espace immédiatement au nord. Au sud, un secteur particulièrement dense a livré plusieurs creusements oblongs aux morphologies homogènes, dont les comblements, riches en mobilier et en terre crue rubéfiée, témoignent d’aménagements structurés qui semblent répondre à une fonction spécifique.Les conditions climatiques exceptionnellement sèches ont par ailleurs permis la fouilleintégrale de trois puits
The Palaeolithic origin of eyed needles
No full textInternational audienceVarious Palaeolithic tools made of osseous materials can be attributed to the processing of skin and plant fibres for clothing production, such as smoothers, awls, and possibly double points and épingles. However, the eyed needle is the technological innovation that unequivocally marks the beginning of intricate sewing in the Palaeolithic. It is a tool whose shape and mode of use have persisted until today, although its manufacturing techniques have changed over time. This tool is perfectly suited to manual sewing, which is inherently complex, and has various technical, economic, and cultural implications for hunter-gatherer societies. We present a concise overview of the published research on the origin of eyed needles in the Palaeolithic, in different parts of the world and at different periods, from Siberia and the Caucasus to China and North America, and their spread across different territories with their evolution and diversity. We will address the importance of morphometric analyses that allow us to assess this evolution and diversity within a techno-complex and between geographic areas and chrono-cultural contexts, presenting different hypotheses proposed about their origin and dispersion. Additionally, we discuss technological issues regarding the raw materials used (generally bone, although some specimens have been recovered in antler and ivory), and their transformation into needles. Studies in this regard are scarce, and most have focused on the Late Glacial period of Western Europe, although they are gradually extending to other geographic areas and periods. Thus, we examine the different techniques employed in producing the same object type at different times and places in the Northern Hemisphere. Finally, we address the question of needle use, the threads that may have been used, fractures, and repairs
Genre, Biodiversité Marine et Changements Climatiques : Enjeux, Défis et Perspectives dans le Contexte de Belle-Anse, Haïti
No full textInternational audienceLes changements climatiques constituent une menace majeure pour la biodiversité marine mondiale, avec des impacts différenciés selon le genre, particulièrement dans les pays du Sud comme Haïti. Cette étude analyse les intersections complexes entre genre, biodiversité marine et changements climatiques dans la commune de Belle-Anse, située dans le Sud-Est d'Haïti. S'appuyant sur une revue exhaustive tant de la littérature internationale et nationale que sur les résolutions des Nations Unies et les Objectifs de Développement Durable (ODD), cette recherche adopte une approche méthodologique mixte combinant les méthodes de recherche qualitative et quantitative. Les données ont été collectées auprès de 455 participants via des questionnaires semi-directifs et des focus groups de femmes impliquées dans la filière de la pêche. Les résultats révèlent que 62% des répondants rapportent une réduction significative de la biodiversité marine due aux impacts climatiques, avec des disparités genrées marquées : 60% des femmes contre 45% des hommes signalent une baisse des captures. L'analyse met en évidence l'importance d'intégrer la dimension genre dans les politiques climatiques et de conservation, conformément aux ODD 5, 13 et 14. Cette étude plaide pour des politiques inclusives et sensibles au genre pour renforcer la résilience des communautés côtières haïtiennes
The working-class household economy. Frugality, discipline, and strategies
No full textInternational audienceThis chapter focuses on the budget organisation and consumption habits of the working classes. The aim is to highlight and analyse the economic and social logics at work in the balancing of the domestic economy of working-class households. After the Second World War in Japan and France, and from the 1990s onwards in China, the three countries entered a new consumption regime characterised by a new organisation of production, innovative forms of commercialisation, a change in the distribution of income between social groups, a change in the composition of household budgets, new market structures and a new culture of consumption. In this chapter, rather than macroeconomic or macrosocial arrangements, we focus on economic rationalities as experienced in the realities of everyday life. We therefore analyse the economic practices and representations of social agents as they form a system, while restoring the conditions of possibility in which they are established
Le paradigme de l'accompagnement et les transformations de l'autorité religieuse
No full textInternational audienceThis chapter aims to clarify the effects of the paradigm of accompaniment on forms of authority, paying particular attention to the intersections between accompaniment and religion. Based on a series of ethnographic studies, the chapter shows how developments related to the paradigm of accompaniment do not necessarily mark the end of all institutional authority, but rather the emergence of new forms of supervision of individual lives. The comparative perspective, based on observation of several religious and non-religious fields, as well as analysis of the historical contexts in which the various support mechanisms were developed, makes it possible to identify both constants and variations—in particular, the effects linked to the introduction of a deity acting as a third-party mediator in the support relationship.Ce chapitre vise à préciser les effets du paradigme de l’accompagnement sur les formes de l’autorité, en portant une attention particulière aux intersections entre accompagnement et religion. À partir d’une série d’enquêtes ethnographiques, le chapitre montre en quoi les évolutions liées au paradigme de l’accompagnement ne marquent pas nécessairement la fin de toute autorité institutionnelle, mais plutôt l’émergence de nouvelles formes d’encadrement des existences individuelles. La perspective comparative, fondée sur l’observation de plusieurs terrains religieux ou non-religieux mais aussi sur l’analyse des contextes historiques d’élaboration des différents dispositifs d’accompagnement, permet d’identifier à la fois des invariants et des modulations – en particulier les effets liés à l’introduction, dans la relation d’accompagnement, d’une divinité intervenant comme un tiers médiateur
Where is sociology headed?
No full textInternational audienceSociology's media success undermines its scientific nature. Yet sociology is based on the methodical application of reason, grounded in methodologically organized observation of the social world. It seeks to “causally explain the social world” (Weber) since “nothing exists without a social reason” (Durkheim). Applying this philosophy of knowledge leads to objectifying the implicit, connecting compartmentalized dimensions, and opposing the derision of reason. However, putting this concept into practice faces many obstacles due to the current rise of assertive anti-rationalism. Scientific autonomy must therefore be defended both against external measures that seek to limit it and against the internal propensity for individualized subjectivism.Le succès médiatique de la sociologie nuit à sa scientificité. Pourtant la sociologie repose sur une application méthodique de la raison basée sur une observation méthodologiquement organisée du monde social. Elle cherche à « expliquer causalement le monde social » (Weber) puisque « rien n’est sans raison d’être sociale » (Durkheim). Appliquer cette philosophie de la connaissance conduit à objectiver l’implicite, à relier des dimensions cloisonnées ; à s’opposer à la dérision de la raison. Reste que la mise en pratique de cette conception se heurte à de nombreux obstacles suscités par l’avancée actuelle d’un antirationalisme affirmé. Il faut donc défendre l’autonomie scientifique aussi bien contre les mesures externes qui visent à la limiter que contre la propension interne aux facilités d’un subjectivisme individualisé