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Une alternative à la version aryenne (et coloniale) de l'histoire indienne : contre-récits et géographies de l'Inde du Sud.
No full textInternational audienceEuropean colonisation was accompanied by a historiographical production partly nourished by Orientalist knowledge, which presented a hegemonic version of India's past. Emphasis was placed on the supposed greatness of Vedic India due to its Indo-Aryan heritage, linked to the Indo-European "civilisation". Paradoxically, this is used today in India as a form of Indian Hindu nationalism, the heir to this simplified view of India. However, from the 19th century onwards, Indian scholars began to write historiographical writings and other versions of India's past, challenging the image of an Indian world constructed from the north of the subcontinent. This was particularly true of South Indian authors and political actors who worked on other historical sources.The contribution demonstrates how these historiographies have contributed to the development of regional versions of Indian history and continue to fuel resistance to efforts to unify India's culture, proposing a different history and a different map of the country. From the end of the 19th century onwards, they have drawn on ancient sources, such as the rediscovered corpus of Tamil poetry (Sangam literature) dating from the first centuries of our era, and then, in the 20th century, on regional figures in anti-colonial struggles, popularised by ancient ballads and then films.These 'counter-narratives' challenging imperial historiographies and Indigenous nationalist writings are compared with African historiography, which aims to better account for national territories' social and cultural diversity.La colonisation européenne s'est accompagnée d'une production historiographique en partie nourrie par le savoir orientaliste, qui a présenté une version hégémonique du passé de l'Inde. L'accent a été mis sur la grandeur supposée de l'Inde védique en raison de son héritage indo-aryen, lié à la « civilisation » indo-européenne. Paradoxalement, cela est utilisé aujourd'hui en Inde comme une forme de nationalisme indien hindou, héritier de cette vision simplifiée de l'Inde. Cependant, à partir du XIXe siècle, des lettrés et universitaires indiens ont commencé à produire d'autres versions du passé de l'Inde, remettant en cause l'image d'un monde indien construit à partir du nord du sous-continent. Ce fut particulièrement le cas d’auteurs et d’acteurs politiques de l'Inde du Sud qui ont travaillé sur d'autres sources historiques.Cette contribution montre comment ces historiographies ont contribué au développement de versions régionales de l'histoire indienne et continuent d'alimenter la résistance aux efforts d'unification de la culture indienne, en proposant une histoire et une carte du pays différente. Dès la fin du XIXe siècle, elles se sont appuyées sur des sources anciennes, comme le corpus redécouvert de la poésie tamoule (littérature Sangam) datant des premiers siècles de notre ère, puis, au XXe siècle, sur les figures régionales des luttes anticoloniales, popularisées par les ballades anciennes, puis par le cinéma.La fabrique de ces « contre-récits », qui remettent en cause aussi bien les historiographies impériales que les écrits nationalistes indiens, est comparée aux historiographies africaines qui visent à rendre compte de la diversité sociale et culturelle des territoires nationaux
Mutations and Comparative Analysis of Digital Lexicography in England, France, and China from the 19th Century to AI Era
No full textInternational audienc
'Nomadic', 'Sedentary', and 'Sedentarised' as comparative ecolinguistic concepts: Evidence from Arabic historical dialectology and contact linguistics
No full textInternational audienceThe traditional dichotomy of Arabic dialects into 'Bedouin' and 'Sedentary' varieties has recently been contested due to its oversimplifications and the lack of solid linguistic evidence. This study proposes a paradigm shift from the 'Bedouin-Sedentary' linguistic dichotomy to an ecolinguistically grounded 'Nomadic-Sedentarised-Sedentary' (NSS) trichotomy. The NSS framework does not use the labels 'Nomadic', 'Sedentarised', and 'Sedentary' to define fixed dialect prototypes. Instead, it employs these concepts as comparative tools to explore synchronic variation on an areal level while allowing the analysis of its diachronic causes. The NSS trichotomy is founded on a two-step comparative methodology that focuses on the distribution of exclusive ecolinguistic features and the reconstruction of both internal and external mechanisms of language change. The NSS framework is applied to three Arabic-speaking regions: Western Sudanic Arabic (WSA), Southwestern Maghrebi Arabic (SwMA), and the Arabic of the Syrian Steppe and Adjacent Regions (SyStAR). In WSA, clear distinctions emerge between the three types: 'Nomadic' dialects, such as the Baggāra varieties, retain original phonological features, 'Sedentary' dialects exhibit significant SLA-driven shifts, whereas 'Sedentarised' dialects represent an intermediate stage. SwMA displays diverse ecolinguistic patterns, with 'Nomadic' features largely confined to areas with ongoing nomadic practices. The distribution of the other features highlights the influence of migration, geographical isolation, and contact with Amazigh-speaking communities. In SyStAR Arabic, the 'Nomadic' traits persist in communities which at least until recently led a pastoralist way of life, while 'Sedentarised' and 'Sedentary' dialects reflect varying degrees of convergence due to contact, particularly with prestige varieties. The study ultimately demonstrates that the NSS trichotomy has the potential not only to redefine raditional approaches to comparing and classifying Arabic dialects but also to serve as a valuable framework for modelling other dialect continua beyond Arabi
Systèmes d'écriture et qualité des données : l'affinage de modèles de translittération dans un contexte de faibles ressources
No full textCet article présente une expérience visant à construire des modèles de romanisation affinés pour onze langues parmi lesquelles se trouvent des langues dites peu dotées. Nous démontrons qu'un modèle de romanisation efficace peut être créé en affinant un modèle de base entraîné sur un corpus important d'une ou plusieurs autres langues. Le système d'écriture semblerait jouer un rôle dans l'efficacité de certains modèles affinés. Nous présentons également des méthodes pour évaluer la qualité des données d'entraînement et d'évaluation, et comparons notre modèle arabe le plus performant à un modèle de référence
Teaching the Oral Register of the Chinese Language
No full textInternational audienceIn some languages, the differences between spoken and written forms are significant, while in others, these differences are less pronounced. Standard Chinese Pǔtōnghuà (普通话） is one of the languages where the differences between the registers of written and spoken forms are considerable. This paper discusses the specificities of the register of spoken Chinese, as well as its place in reference documents, evaluation systems, and classroom teaching. Using the example of Chinese teaching at Inalco, we will present the pedagogical measures implemented by our teaching team to promote its acquisition, especially the integration of a new Chinese textbook into teaching
For money can’t buy me love? The political economy of marriages at the time of financialization
No full textInternational audienceAnthropology has long shown that kinship, marriage, and systems of production and accumulation are deeply intertwined. In rural Tamil Nadu's increasingly financialized landscape, marriages function less as a means of wealth transfer and more as mechanisms of debt circulation. Drawing on two decades of ethnographic research and three waves of a quantitative household survey in rural Tamil Nadu, this paper examines how growing dependence on financial capitalism shapes marriage decisions – who marries whom, at what cost, with what consequences. Quantitative analysis identifies broad trends and correlations, while ethnographic insights uncover the complex negotiations and trade-offs between families, linking individual and familial trajectories to the region’s political economy. While dowries have become widespread, their financial impact varies: families of grooms often use them to reduce debt, whereas families of brides see their financial burdens grow. Weddings and dowries reflect and reinforce the devaluation of women, mirroring agricultural decline, land fragmentation, and the precarious yet rising investment in education amid labor force proletarianization. Rather than offsetting inequalities, ceremonial gifts function as a reverse redistribution mechanism, benefiting wealthier, higher-caste families, particularly those with sons or those investing in education. Ultimately, the dowry system subsidizes both an unstable job market and the financial industry
Les outils qualitatifs en géographie. Deuxième édition revue et augmentée: Méthodes et applications
No full textInternational audienc
3000 yr-old patterns of mobile pastoralism revealed by multiple isotopes and radiocarbon dating of ancient horses from the Mongolian Altai
No full textInternational audiencePastoral nomadism is of great cultural and economic importance in several regions of the world today. However, documenting ancient patterns of mobility in societies where pastoralism was central is challenging and requires tailored approaches and methodologies.Here we use strontium, oxygen and carbon isotopic analyses of dental enamel, together with a local strontium isoscape, to reconstruct the mobility patterns of seven domestic horses deposited in a Late Bronze Age grave from western Mongolia. Radiocarbon indicates that the animals were deposited within a short period of time, 3000 years ago. The isotope time series obtained from tooth enamel shows that four of the seven horses exhibited a common pattern characterized by a high frequency of mobility, suggesting that in this area (1) cyclical nomadic mobility dates back at least to the Late Bronze Age and (2) the animals belonged to the same herding family, implying that only a small community was involved in the funerary rite of this structure. The data show that the other three horse individuals had a distinct mobility pattern and that one was not from the local area, pointing to flexibility in mobility patterns over time or circulation of animals between herding groups. These results illustrate the power of the isotopic approach to reconstruct animal biographies and effectively address the archaeology of pastoral nomadism and mobility
"Garder vive la mémoire" : conversations avec Hélène Clastres
No full textDans ce dialogue, nous explorons les parcours intellectuels imbriqués des anthropologues Hélène et Pierre Clastres. Nous abordons tout d'abord leur vie d'étudiants en philosophie, leur engagement communiste initial, puis leur découverte de l'ethnologie et leur premiertravail de terrain chez les Aché du Paraguay. L'échange porte ensuite sur la période critique du mouvement de mai 68 en France et de la dictature de Stroessner au Paraguay, mettant en lumière la dynamique des relations des deux anthropologues avec leurs collègues paraguayens etl'impact des événements politiques sur leur travail académique. La conversation se centre alors sur les recherches d'Hélène Clastres à la suite de la mort de son mari et en particulier sur son passage du domaine de l'anthropologie américaniste à celui de l'histoire des idées puis à celuide l'ethnologie de la France. Enfin, le texte se termine par une analyse critique d'Hélène Clastres sur ses propres travaux, mais surtout sur la réception actuelle de l'oeuvre de Pierre Clastres, ce qui fournit une perspective inédite sur l'influence et la postérité de leur oeuvre
"Ma Junwuʼs Reinvented Lyricism: Revolutionary Landscape, Romanticism, Science Fiction, and Darwinian Geology"
No full textInternational audienceIn classical Chinese poetry, nature is a place of philosophical revelation. Modern authors perpetuate this tradition of landscape poetry while simultaneously introducing new elements to it. Some of these modern literary, scientif ic, or ideological modif ications are less concerned with aesthetics and much more with the didactic message of a poem. This chapter investigates selected poems by Ma Junwu (1881–1940), an author with a background in chemistry and metallurgy whose work is representative of the hybrid nature of modern Chinese culture: the poetry in classical form that he composed at dif ferent times in his life of fers an example of a blend between scientif ic, mythological representations and renewed lyricis