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    Stochastic Sandpile model: exact sampling and complete graph

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    We study the dynamics of the Stochastic Sandpile Model on finite graphs, with two main results. First, we describe a procedure to exactly sample from the stationary distribution of the model in all connected finite graphs, extending a result obtained by Levine and Liang for Activated Random Walks. Then, we study the model on the complete graph with a number of vertices tending to infinity and show that the stationary density tends to 1/21/2. Along the way, we introduce a new point of view on the dynamics of the model, with active and sleeping particles, which may be of independent interest

    Swarming by curvature control in arbitrary dimension

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    La agricultura a gran escala. Industrialización y trabajo de escalabilidad

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    International audienceDie Landwirtschaft hat im 20. und 21. Jahrhundert einen Prozess der Industrialisierung durchlaufen, der die Landwirtschafts­betriebe tiefgreifend verändert und die Entstehung von großen agroindustriellen Komplexen gefördert hat. Im Artikel wird diese Dynamik als ein Maßstabwechsel analysiert und dafür der Begriff der „Skalierungsarbeit“ eingeführt. Damit kann einerseits unterstrichen werden, dass der Übergang zu einem industriellen Maßstab mit unzähligen Problemen biologischer, sozialer, technischer, ökonomischer oder politischer Natur einhergeht, und andrerseits, dass es sich um eine nie endende Arbeit handelt: Sie betrifft nicht nur die Vergrößerung, sondern besteht auch darin, die Aufrechterhaltung von Produktionssystemen im großen Maßstab zu gewährleisten, die auf prekären Strukturen beruhen und zahlreiche Auswüchse zeitigen. Die Skalierungsarbeit ist damit eine kontinuierliche Arbeit der Verbindung, Instandhaltung und Reparatur, die im Falle der Industrialisierung der Landwirtschaft umso schwieriger und instabiler ist, als sie sich auf Lebewesen bezieht.In the 20th and 21st centuries, agriculture underwent a process of industrialisation that profoundly transformed farms, leading to the development of huge agro-industrial complexes. This article analyses this dynamic as a change of scale, and to this end develops the concept of “scalability work”. This concept highlights both the fact that a transition towards an industrial scale means resolving countless biological, social, technical, economic and political issues, and that such work has no end: it relates not only to the task of scaling up; it also consists in ensuring the perpetuation of large-scale production systems that are based on precarious assemblages and which generate numerous spillovers. Scalability work is therefore a continuous process of articulation, maintenance and repair that is all the more delicate and unstable in the case of the industrialisation of agriculture in that it applies to living organisms.La agricultura ha experimentado, en los siglos XX y XXI, un proceso de industrialización que ha transformado profundamente las explotaciones agrícolas y ha favorecido el desarrollo de vastos complejos agroindustriales. En el presente artículo se analiza esta dinámica como un cambio de escala y se desarrolla a tal efecto el concepto de «trabajo de escalabilidad». Por un lado, esto permite destacar que el paso a la escala industrial implica solucionar numerosas dificultades de tipo biológico, social, técnico, económico o incluso político. Y, por otro lado, que este trabajo es infinito, puesto que no solo se trata de conseguir un incremento escalado, sino también de garantizar la perpetuación de los sistemas de producción a gran escala que se basan en ensamblajes precarios y generan numerosos desbordamientos. Por lo tanto, el trabajo de escalabilidad es una tarea continua de articulación, mantenimiento y reparación, aún más delicada e inestable en el caso de la industrialización de la agricultura teniendo en cuenta que se aplica a seres vivos.L’agriculture a connu aux XXe et XXIe siècles un processus d’industrialisation qui a profondément transformé les exploitations agricoles et favorisé le développement de vastes complexes agro-industriels. L’article analyse cette dynamique comme un changement d’échelle et développe à cet effet le concept de « travail de scalabilité ». Celui-ci permet de souligner, d’une part, que le passage à l’échelle industrielle implique de résoudre d’innombrables difficultés, d’ordre biologique, social, technique, économique ou encore politique, et, d’autre part, que ce travail est sans fin : il ne porte pas seulement sur la montée en échelle, mais consiste aussi à assurer la perpétuation de systèmes de production à grande échelle qui reposent sur des assemblages précaires et génèrent de nombreux débordements. Le travail de scalabilité est ainsi un travail continu d’articulation, de maintenance et de réparation, d’autant plus délicat et instable, dans le cas de l’industrialisation de l’agriculture, qu’il s’applique à du vivant

    Avis du conseil scientifique du comité de bassin Seine-Normandie sur la sobriété en eau

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    There is often a confusion between sufficiency, efficiency, recycling, and substitution. One response to water shortages during droughts is often to mobilize other water resources, ranging from interconnecting drinking water networks to reusing unconventional water, including storage and inter-basin transfers. These responses do not lead to a reduction in dependencies. Water savings are mainly achieved through technical means (increased efficiency). This is a minimal adaptation of production and consumption patterns (Barles, 2024), which can have negative externalities, exacerbated by trends related to climate change and resource depletion. sufficiency differs from reduction/economy in principle: it involves organizing collectively and culturally to adapt production and water consumption patterns to meet needs within the limits of planetary resources. sufficiency increases resilience to inevitable shocks, reduces costs and enhances competitiveness (by avoiding waste and unnecessary investment in infrastructure), and facilitates the achievement of objectives in terms of reducing greenhouse gas emissions and pollution, and safeguarding biodiversity. Achieving sufficiency requires: o training and information; o involvement from all sectors, particularly energy production, raw material extraction, and agricultural production; o participatory governance and long-term planning: the unfair nature of certain sharing decisions leads to unsustainable practices; o local consultation on the allocation of extractable volumes involving all relevant stakeholders.La confusion est très fréquente entre sobriété, efficacité, recyclage et substitution. Une réponse aux pénuries d’eau lors des sécheresses est souvent la mobilisation d’autres ressources en eau, ce qui va de l’interconnexion des réseaux d’eau potable, à la réutilisation d’eaux non conventionnelles, en passant par le stockage, jusqu’aux transferts interbassins. Ces réponses ne conduisent pas à une réduction des dépendances. Les économies d’eau sont principalement obtenues par des moyens techniques (augmentation de l’efficacité). Il s’agit là d’une adaptation a minima des modes de production et de consommation (Barles, 2024), qui peuvent avoir des externalités négatives, aggravées par des tendances liées au changement climatique et à l’épuisement des ressources. La sobriété se distingue de la réduction/l’économie, dans son principe : il s’agit de s’organiser collectivement et culturellement pour adapter les modes de production et la consommation en eau à la satisfaction des besoins dans les limites des ressources planétaires. La sobriété permet d’augmenter la résilience aux chocs inévitables, de réduire les coûts et renforcer la compétitivité (en évitant le gaspillage et les investissements inutiles dans des infrastructures), de faciliter l’atteinte des objectifs en termes de réduction des émissions de gaz à effet de serre, des pollutions, et de sauvegarde de la biodiversité. Atteindre la sobriété nécessite : o de la formation et de l’information ;o une implication de tous les secteurs, en particulier la production d'énergie ; l’extraction de matières premières et la production agricole ; o des gouvernances participatives et une planification à long terme : le caractère inéquitable de certaines décisions de partage conduit à des pratiques non sobres ;o une concertation locale sur l’allocation des volumes prélevables impliquant l’ensemble des acteurs concernés

    Corporate Tax Avoidance and Sales: Micro Evidence and Aggregate Implications

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    International audienceThis paper examines the effect of corporate tax avoidance (CTA) on U.S. firmlevel sales and its aggregate implications. In theory, CTA gives a competitive edge to avoiding firms, which affects the distribution of sales in the economy. In practice, we find a causal impact of CTA on firm-level sales using a broad set of measures of tax avoidance and different identification strategies. Combining micro-estimates and the model, we assess how changes in CTA over the past two decades have shaped the distribution of sales across U.S. industries. While the effects vary by sector, rising CTA among large firms has reinforced their dominant positions, contributing to increased concentration, in several key industries

    Vers un DAF ambidextre

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    Les entreprises vivent des transformations profondes. Les crises géopolitiques, l’inflation, les chocs énergétiques, les transitions technologiques et climatiques mettent le DAF au premier plan. Le leadership financier se réinvente alors autour de plusieurs axes

    Mill's canons meet social ranking: A characterization of plurality

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    In his book entitled ''A System of Logic, Ratiocinative and Inductive'' (1843), John Stuart Mill proposed principles of inductive reasoning in the form of five canons. To date, these canons are classic methods for causal reasoning: they are intended to single out the circumstances that are connected to the phenomenon under focus. The present paper reinterprets Mill's canons in the modern theory of social ranking solutions, which aims to estimate the power of individuals based on teams' performances. We first apply Mill's canons to determine the key success factors in cooperative performances and then characterize plurality using a strong version of Mill's first canon. Plurality is also compatible with most other canons. Thus, our results demonstrated a hidden link between classical causal reasoning and the theory of social ranking solutions

    Learning Anisotropic Metrics for Geodesic Distances via the Heat Equation for Image Segmentation

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    International audienceIn this paper, we investigate the computation of anisotropic metrics for geodesic distances using the heat equation and its application to image segmentation, particularly for tubular structures. Building upon the work of Bertrand et al. [2], we extend this approach to anisotropic media by incorporating spatially varying and direction-dependent diffusion tensors derived from the image's structure tensor field. Our contributions are twofold: first, we formulate anisotropic geodesic distance computation using the heat equation and integrate it within deep learning models for image segmentation; second, we propose two methods that learn the anisotropic metric directly from image data -one requiring explicit seed point selection and another eliminating the need for seed points by predicting a probability map that serves as the initial condition for heat diffusion. Experiments on synthetic and medical image datasets demonstrate the effectiveness of our methods in accurately segmenting vascular tree structures by leveraging the anisotropic properties inherent in the images without relying on manual seed point selection.</div

    A new proof of superadditivity and of the density conjecture for Activated Random Walks on the line

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    18 pages. Improved presentation with minor changes, and one figure addedIn two recent works, Hoffman, Johnson and Junge proved the density conjecture, the hockey stick conjecture and the ball conjecture for Activated Random Walks in dimension one, showing an equality between several different definitions of the critical density of the model. This establishes a kind of self-organized criticality, which was originally predicted for the Abelian Sandpile Model.Their proof uses a comparison with a percolation process, which exhibits superadditivity. We present here a different proof of these conjectures, based on a new superadditivity property that we establish directly for Activated Random Walks, without relying on a percolation process.This more elementary approach yields less precise bounds than the percolation technology developed by Hoffman, Johnson and Junge, but it might open new perspectives to go beyond the one-dimensional setting

    La vie des affaires (octobre 2023-septembre 2024)

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