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Ruralité et accès aux droits : Quelles politiques publiques pour lutter contre les inégalités territoriales ?
No full textAlors que 33% de la population française vit dans une commune rurale, les territoires ruraux connaissent d’importantes inégalités en matière d’accès aux services, aux loisirs, à la santé et à l’éducation. Auparavant entendue par la négative comme ce qui ne relève pas de pôles urbains, la ruralité fait désormais l’objet de politiques spécifiques et d’une action publique programmatique (France Ruralités, France Services). Quel diagnostic peut-on dresser aujourd’hui sur ces inégalités territoriales et sur les politiques visant à lutter contre ?A l’occasion de ce séminaire organisé le 20 novembre 2024 par Héloïse Lucas et Anne Revillard dans le cadre de l’axe « Evaluation de la démocratie » du Laboratoire interdisciplinaire d’évaluation des politiques publiques (LIEPP), des chercheur.euse.s et représentant.e.s d’associations ont mis en discussion plusieurs interventions publiques et/ou associatives visant à pallier ces inégalités territoriales d’accès aux droits : accès aux services publics, à l’éducation, à la santé, aux commerces ou encore aux activités de loisirs et à des lieux de sociabilité. Ont été discutées plusieurs mesures palliatives visant à améliorer l’accessibilité matérielle, en réduisant par exemple la distance qui sépare les services des citoyens, ou à améliorer la mobilité des habitants de communes rurales.Plusieurs travaux de recherche récemment menés au LIEPP et à Sciences Po sur ces sujets à partir de différentes approches disciplinaires (économie, science politique, sociologie) ont ainsi été mis en dialogue avec l’expertise de terrain de plusieurs représentants associatifs (association 1 000 Cafés, Fédération Familles Rurales, association Des Territoires aux Grandes Écoles)
Reporting ESG des groupes de la grande distribution alimentaire : focus sur l’emploi des personnes en situation de handicap
No full textInternational audienceOur research examines the reporting on the employment of people with disabilities made by French food retail groups. Our findings, based on a thematic content analysis, show that this reporting includes varied information related to the organizational structure of these groups and their actions. We also show how this reporting can reinforce their pragmatic, normative, and cognitive legitimacy in the eyes of their stakeholders, and we propose a typology of these groups based on their reporting practices. Our study helps clarify the link between disability reporting and legitimization strategies, and enriches understanding of corporate social responsibility (CSR) and environmental, social, and governance (ESG) reporting issues in food retail chains. Our research can thus guide organizations, particularly retail chains, wishing to promote the employment of people with disabilities and transparently communicate their commitments.Notre recherche étudie le reporting sur l’emploi de personnes en situation de handicap par les groupes de la grande distribution alimentaire française. Nos résultats, fondés sur une analyse thématique de contenu, montrent que ce reporting intègre des informations variées en lien avec la structuration des groupes et leurs actions. Nous montrons, par ailleurs, en quoi ce reporting peut renforcer leur légitimité pragmatique, normative et cognitive, auprès de leurs parties prenantes et proposons une typologie des groupes en fonction de leur reporting. Notre étude contribue à clarifier le lien entre reporting sur le handicap et stratégie de légitimation, ainsi qu’à enrichir la compréhension des enjeux de la RSE et du reporting ESG dans les réseaux de la grande distribution alimentaire. Notre recherche peut ainsi guider les organisations, notamment les réseaux de points de vente, souhaitant promouvoir l’emploi de personnes en situation de handicap et rendre compte de leurs engagements
Vers une sécurité durable des systèmes d’information : le cas de l’optimisation du vulnerability management au sein d’un environnement Cloud
No full textThe security of information systems (IS) is crucial to ensuring the continuity of business operations. It is a component of the IS that must be sustainable to fulfill its primary functionwhile considering the organizations environmental responsibility objectives. An important but often overlooked aspect of IS security is the vulnerability management process, which constitutes a link between IS security and environmental responsibility. By integrating the businessaspect of organizations into vulnerability management, we can identify which vulnerabilitiesare truly critical for the concerned organization. In this work, we propose extending the Common Vulnerability Scoring System (CVSS) method to better prioritize vulnerabilities and thus reduce the number of patches, scans, and deployments that consume energy. The cases of a bank, a hospital, and a website manager are discussed to illustrate the use of the method.La sécurité des systèmes d’information (SI) est cruciale pour garantir la continuité des opérations des entreprises. Elle forme l’ossature qui soutient les organisations, semblable à une structure de protection autour de leur colonne vertébrale. C’est une composante du SI qui doit être pérenne pour remplir sa fonction principale tout en prenant en compte les objectifs deresponsabilité environnementale des organisations. Un aspect important mais souvent négligé de la sécurité des SI est le processus de gestion des vulnérabilités (Vulnerability Management), qui constitue un lien entre la sécurité du SI et la responsabilité environnementale. En intégrantl’aspect métier des organisations dans la gestion des vulnérabilités, on peut identifier quelles vulnérabilités sont vraiment critiques pour l’organisation concernée. Dans ce travail, nous proposons d’étendre la méthode du Système Commun de Notation des Vulnérabilités (CVSS) afin de mieux prioriser les vulnérabilités et ainsi réduire le nombre de correctifs, de scans et de déploiements qui consomment de l’énergie. Le cas d’une banque, d’un hôpital et d’un gestionnaire de sites web sont abordés afin d’illustrer l’utilisation de la méthode
The more luxury, the less luxury?
No full textThis article presents a quantitative analysis of the spatial clustering of the luxury housing market in Paris. It bridges the gap between the marketing and socio-geographical literature, two bodies of literature that cover the topic of luxury without really referring to each other. Our empirical strategy employs an instrumental variable (IV) approach combined with geographically weighted regressions (GWR) to address endogeneity concerns and spatial heterogeneity. Our research shows that (1) Luxury housing is not always a safe investment. (2) The Parisian luxury housing market has not experienced significant global growth over the last decade, although there have been slight increases in some niche markets. (3) Spatial clustering of luxury housing has a positive effect on prices, suggesting the existence of a “luxury premium,” but this effect is weaker in the upscale neighborhoods. This clustering may appear as a financial measure for gentrification dynamics
Learning from the implementation phase of the new French capitation payment model for chronic kidney disease care: a qualitative study
No full textInternational audienceAbstract Background France introduced a new payment model for care providers of patients with Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) Grades 4 and 5: the CKD-Capitation Payment model. The model aims to financially incentivise multidisciplinary care for patients. We performed a qualitative study among participating providers to identify obstacles and facilitators of the model implementation as well as the initial benefits and potential policy improvements. Methods From March to July 2023, we collected data through semi-structured interviews with medical and managerial staff of facilities participating in the new model in France. We purposely selected a sample of facilities based on ownership status and CKD-Capitation Payment model activity data, including the number of patients reported. We performed a thematic analysis of the interview transcripts. Results We interviewed 22 staff from 14 facilities. Interviews revealed that adapting the information systems to the model requirements was a major obstacle to implementation, undermining efficient medical time allocation and data quality. Securing facility management support and organising the care amid workforce shortages were additional obstacles. Despite these challenges, staff reported positively on the model, noting the increased time spent by nurses with patients and the assertion of dietitians’ role. Interviewees reported the need for greater flexibility in visit requirements to better align with patient needs. Conclusions This study demonstrates how the new capitation payment model introduced in France can enable multidisciplinary and coordinated care for patients with CKD. However, supporting facilities in adopting interoperable information systems and increasing the flexibility of the model appear essential for long-term adoption. Graphical abstrac
On the Cutoff Phenomenon for Dyson-Laguerre Processes
No full textWe study the convergence to equilibrium in high dimensions, focusing on explicit bounds on mixing times and the emergence of the cutoff phenomenon for Dyson-Laguerre processes. These are interacting particle systems with non-constant diffusion coefficients, arising naturally in the context of sample covariance matrices. The infinitesimal generator of the process admits generalized Laguerre orthogonal polynomials as eigenfunctions.Our analysis relies on several distances and divergences, including an intrinsic Wasserstein distance adapted to the non-Euclidean geometry of the process. Within this framework, we employ tools from Riemannian geometry and functional inequalities. In particular, we establish exponential decay and derive a regularization inequality for the intrinsic Wasserstein distance via comparison with relative entropy.</div
The Oxford Handbook of Institutions of International Economic Governance and Market Regulation
No full textInternational audienceThe handbook gathers a multidisciplinary author team to question how international systems of exchange work and evolve. It starts by exploring the micro-foundation of cross-border exchange and transnational contracts through analysis of how private ordering, networks of agents, and governments build and regulate (imperfect) markets. Then, the challenges of compliance with those regulations is discussed, highlighting how market discipline and judicial sanctions combine, and establish the “rule of law” at the international level. The next section studies governmental initiatives to organize markets and fix market failures in a world characterized by political fragmentation amongst governments and the increasing intervention of non-governmental actors. This leads to explore how new modes of law-making, forms of dispute settlement, and vectors of accountability combine to initiate emerging models of governance, which co-exist with traditional ones
Toward Negative Ontologies of Time? The Inclusion of Non-events in Organizational Historiography
No full textInternational audienceFor most scholars, history is about what happened. It is that subtle and distant sound of the past. It involves soldiers, heroes, kings, monks, people doing and fulfilling things. History is then about making visible this presence, this fullness, this materiality of the past. This chapter defends a very different perspective on history and historical processes. Reconstructing the past and exploring the future, is also a question of non-event(s). What did not happen, what is not happening, and what will not happen is as important as what did happen, what is happening, and what will happen. They all share the same becoming. Absences, lacks, frustrations, interruptions, bifurcations, failures, non-events are just as important as the apparent fullness and completeness of historical events. And historicity lies precisely in this paradoxical temporality. Following Ricoeur (1985) and Whitehead (1929, 1938), I propose a philosophy of events and non-events that does not result to their ontological separability. In contrast, it is suggested that historical events involve non-events in their becoming, and that the silences, voids, and suspensions of the past and the future matter. The case of the Brooklyn Navy Yard during World War II is used to illustrate this negative ontology.
Risk policy tools for high-risk industrial sites in Normandy (France) and Piedmont (Italy): more hazards-focused than vulnerabilities-focused
No full textInternational audienceIndustrial risk policy systems englobe diverse risk policy tools (e.g. tools focused on hazard reduction or vulnerability reduction), various actors (public, private, and intermediary actors), and a spectrum of normative components (e.g. command-and-control and self-regulation measures). For high-risk sites, the effectiveness of risk policy systems, indicating to what extent prescriptions can prevent major accidents, avoid crises, and maintain balanced trade-offs in the long term in practice, is important to be assessed ex-ante (i.e. before major accident occurrence). This requires a deeper understanding of how policies are structured around tools directed toward achieving risk policy goals, which is rarely covered by literature taking into account the full set of policy tools. Therefore, this paper raises the research question: how is the industrial risk policy system structured around practical risk policy tools for high-risk sites to contribute to policy effectiveness? Based on a regulatory review, this paper scrutinizes the risk-related public policies and their risk tools for high-risk sites in Normandy (France) and Piedmont (Italy) for the first time. It also examines the integration of vulnerability concept into the French and Italian risk policy systems for high-risk sites taking into account the regional level. Findings, relying on two cases and fostering conceptual thinking, reveals an important assessment criterion appears as a pre-condition to an effective risk policy: ‘adequacy and appropriateness’ of the risk policy tools for high-risk sites covering the coherence of the tool with the main policy objectives and the suitability and sufficiency of these tools to cover both hazard-based and vulnerability-based concerns. Hazard-focused tools appeared to remain dominant with limited implicit considerations of vulnerabilities especially related to human and material damage. Limitations and further work include adding the actors’ perceptions in the risk governance system and exploring other assessment criteria to propose an adapted assessment framework for high-risk policies