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Après la naissance d’un enfant, les conditions de travail diffèrent entre les pères et les mères
No full textInternational audienceFollowing the birth of a child, many parents are required to adjust their professional trajectories. These adjustments display marked gender differences. Mothers of very young children are more likely than fathers to reduce their working hours, thereby reinforcing the wage gap to their disadvantage. They also tend to change jobs less frequently, which may restrict their opportunities for career advancement.In addition, a larger share of mothers report lacking sufficient time to perform their work adequately. Fathers, by contrast, are more likely to increase their working hours after the arrival of a child. They are also more frequently engaged in evening or Sunday work, and more often report exposure to stressful situations in which their scope for individual discretion proves insufficient to cope with the demands they face in their jobs.Après l’arrivée d’un enfant, de nombreux parents sont amenés à effectuer des ajustements dans leur vie professionnelle. Ces modifications sont fortement différenciées selon le genre. Ainsi, les mères de très jeunes enfants réduisent plus fréquemment leur temps de travail que les pères, ce qui creuse les écarts de rémunération en leur défaveur. Elles changent aussi moins souvent d’emploi, ce qui peut restreindre leur évolution de carrière. Par ailleurs, les mères sont plus nombreuses à déclarer ne pas avoir assez de temps pour effectuer correctement leur travail. Les pères, quant à eux, augmentent plus fréquemment leur temps de travail après l’arrivée d’un enfant, tendent à travailler plus souvent le soir ou le dimanche, et sont également plus nombreux à se dire confrontés à des situations de tension au travail, dans lesquelles leurs marges de manœuvre individuelles ne leur permettent pas de faire face aux exigences qu’ils ressentent dans leur travail
Confronting the Carbon Pricing Gap: Second Best Climate Policy
No full textCe travail a aussi été présenté à la conférence LORDE 2022 (Long-Run Dynamics in Economics), LERN Université de Rouen Normandie 30 mars - 1 avril 2022International audienceConfronted with political opposition to the implementation of efficient direct carbon pricing, climate policy relies on alternative policy interventions, such as subsidies to renewables. This paper uses a dynamic macroeconomic model under a carbon budget to study climate policies constrained to keeping a constant level of the carbon tax. We find that it is possible to implement the optimal trajectory by combing an increasing tax on electricity consumption with a feedin-premium paid to electricity produced from renewable sources. Otherwise, when the climate policy relies on the second instrument only, the subsidy to renewables should be so large to foster rapid build up of specialized capital, that it would imply large investment costs and financial burden on the public budget, unless the carbon tax level could be initially set at a high level. Unfortunately, the two solutions with no or low welfare losses raise concerns on their political acceptability too
The computational roots of positivity and confirmation biases in reinforcement learning
No full textInternational audienceHumans do not integrate new information objectively: outcomes carrying a positive affective value and evidence confirming one's own prior belief are overweighed. Until recently, theoretical and empirical accounts of the positivity and confirmation biases assumed them to be specific to 'high-level' belief updates. We present evidence against this account. Learning rates in reinforcement learning (RL) tasks, estimated across different contexts and species, generally present the same characteristic asymmetry, suggesting that belief and value updating processes share key computational principles and distortions. This bias generates over-optimistic expectations about the probability of making the right choices and, consequently, generates over-optimistic reward expectations. We discuss the normative and neurobiological roots of these RL biases and their position within the greater picture of behavioral decision-making theories
L’épargne-retraite : deux décennies de comportements des ménages français (1997-2018)
No full textInternational audienceNous examinons les comportements d’épargne et de placement des ménages français sur longue période, à travers cinq vagues de l’enquête Patrimoine de l’Insee, qui couvrent deux décennies (1997-2018). Les enquêtes, conduites en 1997-1998, 2003-2004, 2009- 2010, 2014-2015 et 2017-2018, interrogent chacune entre 9 000 et 15 000 ménages de façon détaillée sur leur détention d’actifs financiers, immobiliers et professionnels, sur leur endettement et sur leurs revenus. Elles intègrent également des questions sur les caractéristiques sociodémographiques et le parcours professionnel des membres du ménage ; la dernière vague d’enquête (2017-2018) a ainsi été renommée « Histoire de vie et Patrimoine ». Lorsque cela était nécessaire, les variables sociodémographiques et patrimoniales ont été harmonisées au travers des cinq vagues d’enquête (voir annexe 1). Sur l’ensemble de la période couverte (1997-2018), la détention de produits d’épargne-retraite a été affectée par les réformes des régimes de retraite à partir de 1993, mais également, à partir de 2003, par de nombreux changements législatifs concernant l’épargne-retraite, les pouvoirs publics ayant accompagné la baisse future des droits à pension d’incitations à l’épargne individuelle (Mitchell et al., 2003). L’évolution des détentions d’épargne-retraite dépend également des rendements relatifs des produits et du rendement espéré de ces produits sur le cycle de vie (COR, 2021b ; Hamayon, Legros & Pradat, 2020). Enfin, l’évolution des revenus et la crise financière de 2007-2008 ont modifié les intentions des ménages concernant l’épargne
Mobilités décarbonées : une transformation au milieu du gué
No full textInternational audienceFace aux défis du changement climatique, la révolution de la mobilité durable tant attendue et annoncée tarde à se concrétiser. Les transports sont encore responsables du tiers des émissions de gaz à effet de serre en France (dont 72 % pour le transport routier), 24 % au niveau mondial, et sont le seul secteur où elles continuent d’augmenter par rapport à 1990 (le ralentissement lié aux restrictions de déplacement pendant la pandémie en 2020 constituant une parenthèse). La décarbonation de la mobilité est pourtant un impératif pour respecter les engagements du pays d’atteindre la neutralité carbone en 2050 ce qui impose des étapes tout aussi ambitieuses et contraignantes. En 2030, l’Europe va obliger beaucoup de secteurs de l’industrie, dont les transports, à réduire leurs émissions de CO2 de 55 % par rapport au niveau actuel ce qui se traduit pour les constructeurs de véhicules légers par la nécessité de vendre des véhicules qui émettent en moyenne 55 % de moins de CO2 que les véhicules vendus en 2021. En 2035, la vente de véhicules thermiques neufs sera tout simplement interdite. Pourtant, des changements ont eu lieu mais à un rythme trop lent qui ne permet pas le passage à l’échelle : les usages de la mobilité évoluent, l’industrie innove avec une perspective technologique favorable du côté des véhicules électriques, les investisseurs publics et privés poursuivent leurs engagements dans des projets d’infrastructures et les politiques publiques sont mises en œuvre à tous les niveaux pour promouvoir la mobilité durable
Origin and destination attachment: study of cultural integration on Twitter
No full textInternational audienceThe cultural integration of immigrants conditions their overall socio-economic integration as well as natives’ attitudes towards globalisation in general and immigration in particular. At the same time, excessive integration—or assimilation—can be detrimental in that it implies forfeiting one’s ties to the origin country and eventually translates into a loss of diversity (from the viewpoint of host countries) and of global connections (from the viewpoint of both host and home countries). Cultural integration can be described using two dimensions: the preservation of links to the origin country and culture, which we call origin attachment, and the creation of new links together with the adoption of cultural traits from the new residence country, which we call destination attachment. In this paper we introduce a means to quantify these two aspects based on Twitter data. We build origin and destination attachment indices and analyse their possible determinants (e.g., language proximity, distance between countries), also in relation to Hofstede’s cultural dimension scores. The results stress the importance of language: a common language between origin and destination countries favours origin attachment, as does low proficiency in the host language. Common geographical borders seem to favour both origin and destination attachment. Regarding cultural dimensions, larger differences among origin and destination countries in terms of Individualism, Masculinity and Uncertainty appear to favour destination attachment and lower origin attachment
Market access and transparency: the Genoa and Milan stock exchanges from Italian Unification to World War I
No full textInternational audienceThis article focuses on the conflicts over market access rules on the two primary Italian stock exchanges, Milan and Genoa. These conflicts disrupted the quality of information produced by the two markets. Official brokers aimed to defend their monopoly on brokerage and capture rents by limiting market access. Banks wanted wider access so as to avoid paying these rents, create an opaque market and maximize the benefit from their informational advantage. At the turn of the twentieth century, the Milan Exchange implemented a transparent market organization while the Genoa Exchange remained opaque, creating a complementarity between them which fostered the development of the securities market overall. When in 1907 a violent crisis erupted in the dominant Genoa Exchange, legislation was adopted to harmonize the organization of the Italian exchanges
Combined incentive actions, focusing on primary care professionals, to improve cervical cancer screening in women living in socioeconomically disadvantaged geographical areas: a study protocol of a hybrid cluster randomised effectiveness and implementation trial- RESISTE
No full textInternational audienceTo cite: Hassine A, Antoni G, Fender M, et al. Combined incentive actions, focusing on primary care professionals, to improve cervical cancer screening in women living in socioeconomically disadvantaged geographical areas: a study protocol of a hybrid cluster randomised effectiveness and implementation trial-RESISTE. BMJ Open 2022;12:e065952.Introduction Cervical cancer (CC) causes thousands of deaths each year. Nearly 100% of cases are caused by oncogenic strains of human papillomavirus (HPV). In most industrialised countries, CC screening (CCS) is based on the detection of HPV infections. For many reasons including lower adherence to CCS, underserved women are more likely to develop CC, and die from it. We aim to demonstrate that the use of incentives could improve screening rates among this population. Methods and analysis Our cluster randomised, controlled trial will include 10 000 women aged 30–65 years eligible for CCS, living in deprived areas in four French departments, two mainlands and two overseas, and who did not perform physician-based HPV testing within the framework of the nationally organised screening programme. HPV self-sampling kit (HPVss) will be mailed to them. Two interventions are combined in a factorial analysis design ending in four arms: the possibility to receive or not a financial incentive of €20 and to send back the self-sampling by mail or to give it to a health professional, family doctor, gynaecologist, midwife or pharmacist. The main outcome is the proportion of women returning the HPVss, or doing a physician-based HPV or pap-smear test the year after receiving the HPVss. 12-month follow-up data will be collected through the French National Health Insurance database. We expect to increase the return rate of HPV self-samples by at least 10% (from 20% to 30%) compared with the postal return without economic incentive. Ethics and dissemination Ethics approval was first obtained on 2 April 2020, then on July 29 2022. The ethics committee classified the study as interventional with low risk, thus no formal consent is required for inclusion. The use of health insurance data was approved by the Commission Nationale Informatique et Libertés on 14 September 2021 (ref No 920276). An independent data security and monitoring committee was established. The main trial results will be submitted for publication in a peer-reviewed journal. Trial registration number NCT04312178