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    Do standards improve the quality of traded products?

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    International audienceWe examine whether standards raise the quality of traded products. Matching a panel of French firm–product–destination export data with a data set on sanitary and phytosanitary measures and technical barriers to trade, we find that such quality standards enforced on products by destination countries: (i) favour the export probability of high-quality firms provided that their productivity is high enough, (ii) raise the export sales of high-productivity, high-quality firms at the expense of low-productivity and low-quality firms and (iii) increase the quality supplied by firms if their productivity is high enough. We then develop a simple new trade model under uncertainty about product quality in which heterogeneous firms can strategically invest in quality signalling to rationalize these empirical results on quality and selection effects.Les normes améliorent‐elles la qualité des produits échangés? Nous nous demandons si les normes augmentent la qualité des produits échangés. En appariant un ensemble de données sur les exportations entreprise‐produit‐destination françaises avec un ensemble de données sur les mesures sanitaires et phytosanitaires et les obstacles techniques au commerce, nous constatons que les normes de qualité appliquées aux produits par les pays de destination i) favorisent la probabilité d'exportation des entreprises de haute qualité à condition que leur productivité soit suffisamment élevée, ii) augmentent les ventes à l'exportation des entreprises de haute qualité à forte productivité au détriment des entreprises à faible productivité et de faible qualité, et iii) augmentent la qualité fournie par les entreprises si leur productivité est suffisamment élevée. Nous élaborons ensuite un nouveau modèle commercial simple en cas d'incertitude sur la qualité du produit, dans lequel des entreprises hétérogènes peuvent investir stratégiquement dans l'indication de la qualité afin de rationaliser ces résultats empiriques sur la qualité et les effets de sélection

    Profit vs. win maximization in a league: a paradox

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    The paper studies a very simple game-theoretical model of sports competition such as the European football leagues. In this oligopoly-type context, the Cournot-Nash equilibrium reveals a paradoxical differentiation between clubs: those that include not only profit but also sporting performance in their objectives end up generating more profit than others who purely maximize profit

    Le licenciement d'entraineur est-il efficace ?

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    International audienceSi la rotation des entraîneurs de football suite à des mauvais résultats s’est fortement accélérée ces dernières années dans le big 5, l’efficacité de ces départs forcés est loin d’être prouvée

    To become or not to become French: Conscription, naturalization, and labor market integration

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    We examine how changing the costs of acquiring citizenship translates into naturalization decisions for second-generation immigrants, and the effect of naturalization on their labor market outcomes. We exploit the abolition of mandatory military service in France as an exogenous reduction in the cost of citizenship for men. We find that the reform induced a jump in male naturalization rates, entirely driven by European Union citizens. Using a Synthetic Difference-in-Differences, we show that their probability to be in employment consequently increased by 2 percentage points, mainly through a reduction in inactivity rather than unemployment. We provide suggestive evidence that this effect is mainly driven by an increase in public-sector employment and a reduction in self-employment, and is associated with an enhanced sense of belonging

    Adopting telework: The causal impact of working from home on subjective well‐being

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    International audienceWe study the impact of work from home (WFH) on subjective well‐being during the Covid period, where self‐selection of individuals into telework is ruled out, at least part of the time, by stay‐at‐home orders. We use a difference‐in‐differences approach with individual fixed effects and identify the specific impact of switching to telecommuting, separately from any other confounding factor. In particular, our identification strategy avoids the influence of interpersonal heterogeneity by exploiting the multiple entries into WFH, by the same individuals, at different times. On average over the period, switching to WFH, especially full‐time, worsens mental health. We also find a positive but imprecisely measured impact of part‐time WFH on life satisfaction. However, this hides a dynamic evolution, whereby the initial deterioration gives place to an adaptation process after a couple of months. We also uncover a particularly pronounced fall in subjective well‐being of women with children, especially in the first months; this could be associated with home‐schooling

    A paradoxical convergence: French economists and the policy towards cartels from the 1870s to the eve of the Great Depression

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    Just like in other industrial countries, cartelization was widespread in France after the 1870 decade. Cartels, and the public policy towards them, were frequently addressed in the public debate. This article deals with the stance taken by French economists on this subject until the Great Depression. Although they were divided in several groups that were in sharp disagreement on most scientific and policy issues, French economists were almost united in their lack of support for anti-cartel policy. The liberal economists’ opposition stemmed from their general hostility to government intervention. Unlike in the English-speaking world, where many economists otherwise critical of government gradually became supportive of antitrust after mounting evidence had revealed the scope of certain kinds of exclusionary behavior, the French liberal economists remained constant in their opposition. The more reform-minded university professors, as well as the sociologists-economists of the Durkheimian school, were unenthusiastic about policies meant to safeguard competition because they viewed ‘excessive’ market competition as destabilizing and wasteful. Finally, the most prominent experts in industrial economics, who were employed by large companies or professional organizations, also advocated a hand-off approach, in accordance with their employers’ preferences

    On human capital accumulation in times of epidemic

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    Can a policy-independent epidemic dynamics change agents' optimal consumption-investment decisions and by so much so that an economy based on human capital and labor à la Lucas (1988) would reach a steady state and stagnate instead of thriving and reaching a Balanced Growth Path? We prove here that, under strictly decreasing returns on human capital, the economy will optimally reach a steady state in levels. Conversely, under constant returns, the economy will experience a balanced growth either from the beginning if preferences are logarithmic, or asymptotically otherwise

    Le recours aux établissements pour personnes âgées en France (2008-2015) : le rôle de l’entourage familial

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    International audienceLa progression notable de la part de personnes très âgées dans la population ne s’est pas traduite en France par une forte augmentation du recours aux établissements d’hébergement pour personnes âgées (EHPA). Dans cet article, nous proposons d’analyser la contribution à cette évolution des facteurs individuels de recours : l’âge, le niveau d’éducation, le sexe, le type d’incapacité et l’entourage familial. À partir des données des enquêtes Handicap-Santé (2008-2009) et Capacités et Aides et REssources des seniors (2015-2016), nous estimons la probabilité de vivre en EHPA chez les individus de 75 ans et plus comme une fonction de ces différents facteurs. Une décomposition permet de montrer que la progression de la part des très âgés et des incapacités sévères accroît le recours global, mais que cet accroissement est contrebalancé par l’augmentation des ressources familiales. Le niveau de recours associé aux différents facteurs est stable. La prise en charge à domicile semble positivement influencée par des effets de composition, liés à un entourage familial plus étoffé ; en revanche elle ne semble pas liée, à situation donnée, à une diminution du recours aux EHPA

    Ethnographier un objet de santé publique : dilemmes éthiques et déontologies de recherches

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    International audienceEthnographier un objet de santé publique, à savoir les usages d'un dispositif de prévention du VIH par des hommes demandant l'asile au motif de l'orientation sexuelle ou de l'identité de genre (OSIG), soulève un certain nombre de dilemmes éthiques et déontologiques à l'intersections de paradigmes disciplinaires différents, voir concurrents ou contradictoires. L'éthique procédurale, protocolaire, ou contractuelle consiste à vérifier en amont de l'enquête du respect de règles générales considérées à priori et indépendamment des spécificités de l'enquête, afin d'opérer une distinction binaire entre ce qui est éthique et ce qui ne l'est pas. L'éthique en actes ou en pratique, comprend des frontières plus floues et se construit davantage au cours de l'enquête à mesure que les enjeux et spécificités propres aux terrains et personnes enquêtés sont identifiés chemin faisant. Cette communication propose une approche réflexive du cheminement et des arbitrages opérés par le jeune chercheur et des leurs effets sur les données recueillies et discours produits

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    Portail HAL Paris School of Economics (PSE)
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