Portail HAL Paris School of Economics (PSE)
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Qui sont les citoyens de la Convention citoyenne pour le climat ?
No full textInternational audienceNous avons réalisé des enquêtes par questionnaires à la fois auprès des participants de la Convention citoyenne pour le climat (CCC) et du grand public. En utilisant les réponses à des questions identiques posées aux citoyens tirés au sort et lors de deux sondages spécifiques dans la population générale, nous évaluons la représentativité de la CCC, étudions l'évolution des opinions des citoyens et documentons les perceptions de la CCC dans la population française. La CCC nous apparaît représentative de la population française. Même si les citoyens de la CCC sont au départ plus favorables aux politiques climatiques que la population générale, presque toutes les mesures proposées par la CCC sont soutenues par une majorité de la population. Malgré nos conclusions selon lesquelles la CCC représente bien la population d'un point de vue statistique, nous mettons en évidence une certaine ignorance et méfiance concernant la CCC dans la population générale, avec notamment la croyance largement partagée que la CCC ne serait pas représentative
L’économie du « The Old Firm » : Vieille Entente ou Vieille rivalité ?
No full textInternational audienceOne of the world’s most legendary derbies, based on a politico-religious rivalry, is the match between Celtic and Rangers in Glasgow. However, the first matches at the end of the 19 th century were above all popular and commercial successes, hence the name “The Old Firm”, symbolising the shared financial interests of the two clubs in the Scottish capital. It wasn’t until some twenty years later, in the 1910s, that the antagonism really came to the fore : Green vs. Blue, Catholic vs. Protestant, Republican vs. Unionist. Even though “The Old Firm” has lost some of its European lustre, both in sporting and economic terms, it remains a popular success that generates substantial income on match days. The rivalry, still essential to this success, has also changed in nature : as society has become less religious, “The Old Firm” has become its own generator of “sectarianism”.Un des derbys les plus légendaires au monde qui repose sur une rivalité politico-religieuse concerne le match qui oppose en Écosse, à Glasgow, le Celtic au Rangers. Cependant, les premières confrontations à la fin du XIXe siècle étaient avant tout de gros succès populaires et commerciaux, d’où l’appellation The Old Firm (« La Vieille Entente »), symbolisant le commun intérêt financier des deux clubs de la capitale écossaise. Ce n’est qu’une vingtaine d’années plus tard, dans les années 1910 que l’antagonisme apparaîtra véritablement : Verts contre. Bleus, Catholiques vs. Protestants, Républicains vs. Unionistes. Même si aujourd’hui, The Old Firm a perdu quelque peu de sa superbe au niveau européen, tant du point de vue sportif qu’économique, il demeure un succès populaire qui génère d’importants revenus les jours de match. La rivalité, toujours essentielle à ce succès, a aussi changé de nature : la société étant devenue moins religieuse, The Old Firm est devenu son propre générateur de « sectarisme »
Auction design with data-driven misspecifications: Inefficiency in private value auctions with correlation
No full textInternational audienceWe study the existence of efficient auctions in private value settings in which some bidders form their expectations about the distribution of their competitor’s bids based on the accessible data from past similar auctions consisting of bids and expost values. We consider steady states in such environments with a mix of rational and data-driven bidders, and we allow for correlation across bidders in the signal distributions about the ex post values. After reviewing the working of the approach in second-price and first-price auctions, we establish our main result that there is no efficient auction in such environments
Le bien-être en France. Rapport 2023
No full textInternational audienceCe rapport de l’Observatoire du bien-être pour l’année 2023 porte sur différents aspects de la vie des Français, certains purement nationaux et d’autres affectés par des phénomènes d’échelle mondiale
Predistribution versus Redistribution: Evidence from France and the United States
No full textInternational audienceWe construct series of posttax income for France over the 1900–2018 period and compare them with US series. We quantify the extent of redistribution—the reduction from pretax to posttax inequality—and estimate the contribution of redistribution in explaining differences in posttax inequality. We find that differences in pretax inequality drive most of the differences in posttax inequality between France and the United States, and that changes over time in both countries are mostly due to changes in pretax inequality. We highlight that the concept of redistribution can be empirically misleading for judging how policies reduce inequalities
The effects of electronic monitoring on offenders and their families
No full textInternational audienceElectronic monitoring (EM) has emerged as a popular tool for curbing the growth of large prison populations. Evidence on the causal effects of EM on criminal recidivism is, however, limited and it is unclear how this alternative to incarceration affects the labor supply of offenders and the outcomes of their family members. We study the countrywide expansion of EM in Sweden in 1997 wherein offenders sentenced to up to three months in prison were granted the option to substitute incarceration with EM. Our difference-in-differences estimates, which compare the change in the prison inflow rate of treated offenders to that of non-treated offenders with slightly longer sentences, show that the reform significantly decreased the number of incarcerations. Our main finding is that EM not only lowers criminal recidivism but also increases labor supply. Additionally, EM improves the educational attainment and early-life earnings of the children whose parents were exposed to the reform. The primary mechanisms through which EM operates appear to involve the preservation of offenders’ ties to the labor market, by reducing the barriers to both finding a job and changing employers. Our calculations suggest that the social benefits stemming from EM are about seven times larger than the fiscal savings associated with reduced prison expenditures, implying that the welfare gains from EM could be much greater than previously acknowledged
Moustique tigre en France hexagonale : risque et impacts d’une arbovirose: Avis de l’AnsesRapport d’expertise collective
No full textL’Anses a été saisie le 3/08/2022 par la Direction générale de la santé (DGS) pour la réalisation de l’expertise suivante : demande d'avis relatif à la probabilité d’apparition d’épidémies de maladies transmises par les moustiques dans l’Hexagone et sur leurs impacts sur la santé et l’économie
Valeur et monnaie comme puissance sociale
No full textInternational audienceMainstream economics has undergone a profound transformation over the past two decades, aiming to place experimentation at the core of its approach. Its guiding principle is “facts first.” In its name, the hypothesis of homo economicus is criticised as overly unrealistic. Our perspective, however, is different. We believe that the true limitation of economic analysis lies in its failure to account for those collective forces that arise when individuals come together as a social body. From the prevailing individualistic standpoint, collectivity is either nothing more than the aggregation of individual decisions or appears as a pre-established rule of engagement. It is never grasped as a distinct entity, in its own coherence, movement, or as a force exerting authority over the group. Drawing inspiration from various researchers, this article seeks to demonstrate that this challenge is not insurmountable. Whether it be the unison of the group (Durkheim), shared affect (Spinoza), or mimetic polarisation (Girard), an identical fundamental mechanism is suggested to explain the authority of communal bonds. This led us to focus more specifically on the question of economic value, as from this new perspective, it may be understood as a collective force —a purchasing power grounded in the shared reverence that currency inspires. Economists would do well to consider integrating their reflections within this conceptual framework.L’économie mainstream connaît depuis une vingtaine d’années une mutation de grande ampleur qui vise à installer l’expérimentation au cœur de ses préoccupations. Son mot d’ordre est « priorité aux faits ». C’est en son nom qu’est critiquée l’hypothèse de l’homo œconomicus jugée par trop irréaliste. Notre analyse est tout autre. À nos yeux, ce qui limite l’analyse économique est son incapacité à prendre en compte ces forces collectives qui naissent du regroupement des individus en corps social. En effet, dans la perspective individualiste qui est majoritairement la sienne, le collectif, soit n’est rien d’autre que l’agrégation des décisions individuelles, soit prend la forme d’une règle du jeu supposée déjà là. Il n’est jamais appréhendé en tant que tel, dans sa consistance propre, dans son mouvement, en tant que puissance s’imposant au groupe. En nous inspirant de divers auteurs, cet article cherche à montrer que la tâche n’était pas insurmontable. Qu’il s’agisse de l’unisson du groupe (Durkheim), de l’affect commun (Spinoza) ou de la polarisation mimétique (Girard), c’est un même mécanisme élémentaire qui est proposé pour comprendre ce qu’il en est de l’autorité des liens communautaires. C’est alors la question de la valeur économique qui a plus spécifiquement retenu notre attention car dans cette nouvelle perspective, elle s’analyse comme une force collective, le pouvoir d’acheter, trouvant son fondement dans la vénération collective que suscite la monnaie. Les économistes auraient beaucoup à gagner à inscrire leurs réflexions dans ce cadre conceptuel
Learning to cooperate in the shadow of the law
No full textInternational audienceFormal enforcement punishing defectors can sustain cooperation by changing incentives. In this paper we introduce a second effect of enforcement: it can also affect the capacity to learn about the group's cooperativeness. Indeed, in contexts with strong enforcement, it is difficult to tell apart those who cooperate because of the threat of fines from those who are intrinsically cooperative types. Enforcement can then potentially have a negative dynamic impact on cooperation when it prevents learning. We provide theoretical and experimental evidence in support of this mechanism. Using a lab experiment with independent interactions and random rematching, we observe that, in early interactions, having faced an environment with fines in the past decreases current cooperation. We further show that this results from the interaction between enforcement and learning: the effect of having met cooperative partners has a stronger effect on current cooperation when this happened in an environment with no enforcement
Innovation and inequalities
No full textInternational audienceInnovation is a key source of sustainable growth, but it can affect inequalities in many ways—increasing some inequalities and decreasing others. The impact of any particular innovation on inequalities will depend importantly on who controls the property rights to exploit the innovation and what they decide to do with it. The introduction of an innovation can affect the power of different actors in a market, the way markets work, and the returns to different attributes of actors in the market. All of these factors and more will influence how innovation affects inequalities. We would like policy to encourage innovation while making sure that yesterday's innovators do not use their rents to deter innovation by new entrants, thereby eventually undermining productivity growth and social mobility, and increasing inequalities. This requires a combination of regulation, progressive taxation, and enlightened competition policy