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Menstrual Stigma, Hygiene, and Human Capital: Experimental Evidence from Madagascar
No full textThis paper presents results from an RCT in 140 schools in Madagascar that targets both hygiene practices and menstrual stigma. First, we show that a bundle of interventions (sanitation infrastructure, menstrual products, and teacher sensitization) leads to substantial (0.15 SD) improvements in learning tests and school marks, without affecting attendance or health. These learning benefits appear to be driven by reduced stress and an improved psychosocial environment in treatment schools, where girls’ heart rate at endline is lower (-0.12 SD), severe bullying is less common (-0.08 SD), and a measure of network integration is higher (+0.24 SD). Second, we evaluate the additional effect of nominating and coaching “young girl leaders” - school girls willing to speak out against menstrual stigma - to spread positive messages about hygiene and menstruation. The combined program generates substantial improvements in hygiene knowledge and behavior (0.33-0.56 SD) and in menstrual stigma (0.74 SD), and the Young Girl Leader component significantly increases the impact on all of these dimensions
Unsettled: Job Insecurity Reduces Home-Ownership
No full textWe here evaluate the link between job insecurity and one of the most-important decisions that individuals take: homeownership. The 1999 rise in the French Delalande tax on firms that laid off older workers produced an unexpected exogenous rise in job insecurity for younger workers. A difference-in-differences analysis of panel data from the European Community Household Panel shows that this greater job insecurity significantly reduced the probability of becoming a homeowner. This drop seems more attributable to individual preferences rather than greater capital constraints, consistent with individuals reducing their exposure to long-term financial commitments in more-uncertain environments
Social networks and economic transformation: Evidence from a resettled village in Brazil
No full textInternational audienceWe study the role of social learning in the diffusion of cash crops in a resettled village economy in Brazil. We combine detailed geo-coded data on farming plots with dyadic data on social ties among settlers, and we leverage the variation in network formation induced by the landless workers' movement land occupation. By using longitudinal data on farming decisions over 15 years, we find evidence of significant peer effects in the decision to farm new cash fruits (pineapple and passion fruit). Our results suggest that social diffusion is heterogeneous along observed plot and crop characteristics, i.e. farmers growing water-sensitive crop are more likely to respond to the actions of peers with similar water access conditions
Decentralization, Ethnic Fractionalization, and Public Services: Evidence from Kenyan Healthcare
No full textThis paper examines the impact of ethnic fractionalization on public service use by exploiting a major constitutional reform in Kenya. Following an important period of inter-ethnic conflict, responsibility for local health services was decentralized to 47 newly created county governments. Crucially, this changed the ethnic composition of the administrative area responsible for healthcare, while leaving the composition of the local population unchanged. Using an event-study design, we find that use of public clinics for births increased significantly after the reform, but only in counties that were relatively ethnically homogeneous. We also find a significant increase in the correlation between county ethnic fractionalization and a range of other measures of public health service use. Using within-county variation to investigate mechanisms, we find healthcare use increases were concentrated among individuals of the same ethnicity as members of the new county government executives. Overall, the results suggest that more ethnically homogeneous sub-national jurisdictions can rapidly increase public service use
Sécurité alimentaire et ressources naturelles : stratégies de diversification
No full textVoir aussi la version anglaise du livre : Sustainable Food Systems for Food Security. Need for combination of local and global approaches :https://www.quae.com/produit/1787/9782759235766/sustainable-food-systems-for-food-securityInternational audienceCe chapitre traite de deux enjeux majeurs auxquels sont confrontés les ménages ruraux en zone tropicale : préserver les ressources naturelles et assurer la sécurité alimentaire. Relever ces deux défis simultanément requiert de développer des systèmes de production efficaces, capables à la fois de garantir la sécurité alimentaire des agriculteurs et d’assurer une gestion durable des ressources naturelles. Pour ce faire, il convient de s’interroger sur les liens directs et indirects entre la sécurité alimentaire des ménages et la biodiversité à l’échelle de l’exploitation agricole et à celle du paysage
The concentration of personal wealth in Italy 1995-2016
No full textInternational audienceItaly is one the countries with the highest wealth-to-income ratio in the developed world, but knowledge about the size distribution of wealth is currently limited. In this paper we estimate the distribution of personal wealth between 1995 and 2016, a period of economic turbulence and structural reforms. For this, we use a novel source on the full records of inheritance tax files, combined with surveys and national accounts. Unlike available statistics from household surveys alone, our estimates point to a sharp inversion of fortunes between the top and the bottom of the wealth distribution since the mid-1990s. Whereas the level of wealth concentration in Italy is in line with other European countries, its time trend appears more in line with the U.S., showing a large increase. Moreover, Italy stands out as one of the countries with the strongest decline in the wealth share of the bottom 50% of the population. A range of alternative series of wealth concentration, including estimates applying no adjustments and imputations, confirm our main findings. The paper also sheds new light on the determinants of wealth inequality trends. First, we show that although average wealth increases with age, dispersion within age groups remains veryhigh; hence age plays a marginal role in explaining wealth concentration. Second, we show that house prices explain little of the change in wealth across the distribution since 1995. Changes in equity prices account for a large share of wealth growth above the 99th percentile. However, all in all, changes in the volume of assets and savings appear to be the predominant force behind the increase in wealth inequality, even at the top. The probability of top earners to climb to the top of the wealth distribution has doubled since the 2000s. Third, we document the growing role of life-time wealth transfers receipts, their increasing concentration at the top, and their increasingly favourable tax treatment for the wealthy
Nouveaux outils de diagnostic et pronostic moléculaire des brûlures radiologiques par approche multi-omique
No full textIn the event of a radiological emergency following an accident or malicious act, involving a large number of potential victims, medical care requires the identification and diagnosis of individuals exposed to high doses of ionizing radiation (IR) as quickly as possible. After an initial medical triage of individuals at the accident site, additional analyses must be carried out at the hospital. The aim of these analyses is to confirm the diagnosis of exposure and establish the prognosis of radiation-induced pathophysiological consequences (onset, severity, evolution). This information is then used to direct victims to the appropriate care.The cutaneous syndrome following acute localized irradiation at high doses is characterized by the development of a dynamic lesion, initiated by the appearance of a transitory erythema in the first few hours after exposure to IR. After an asymptomatic latency phase of variable duration, the injury evolves, depending on the exposure dose, towards desquamation, ulceration and even tissue necrosis for highest IR doses. Unpredictable fibrosing inflammatory waves and necrotic recurrences may occur several months or years after exposure.The aim of this thesis work is to use an omics approach to identify new minimally or non-invasive biological diagnostic and prognostic indicators of the onset and severity of a radiological burn.In this aim, a preclinical mouse model of radiation burns was used. Mice were irradiated on their hind limb using a medical linear accelerator (tension = 10 MV) with different doses of X-rays (20, 40 and 80 Gy), in order to model different lesion severities. In a first step, microRNA (miRNA) and metabolomic profiles were identified in blood 14 days after exposure, during the manifestation stage, to establish the proof-of-principle for the use of these candidate molecules as biomarkers of radiation burns. Following a broad-spectrum screening of plasmatic miRNAs and metabolites, multivariate analyses identified multi-scale correlations between different molecular, clinical, biological, and functional parameters. In particular, molecular signatures associated with injury severity enable the diagnosis of radiation burns in our model. These broad-spectrum signatures were validated with a targeted approach in an independent cohort of animals, leading to the development of two independent plasma signatures (of 8 miRNAs and 6 metabolites, respectively) able to characterize lesion severity. More importantly, a broad-spectrum screening followed by a targeted study of plasma miRNAs were then carried out at earlier time points before the onset of symptoms, during the acute and latency phases, and enabled the identification of signatures allowing the prognosis of the onset of a radiation burn and its degree of severity. The relevance of identified biomarkers is reinforced by the literature, which reveals the implication of miRNAs and metabolites in various biological processes involved in the pathophysiology of radiation-induced burns. In addition, some miRNAs and metabolites have already been identified as potential biomarkers of IR exposure in preclinical models of whole-body irradiation.In conclusion, our research has led to the identification of plasma miRNA and metabolite signatures for the early diagnosis and prognosis of radiation burns. These molecules, compatible with molecular diagnostic tools routinely used in hospital, are promising candidates for potential clinical transfer.En situation d'urgence radiologique consécutive à un accident ou un acte de malveillance, impliquant un nombre important de victimes potentielles, la prise en charge médicale requiert l'identification et le diagnostic des individus exposés à de fortes doses de rayonnements ionisants (RI) le plus rapidement possible. Après un premier triage médical des individus sur le site accidentel, des analyses complémentaires doivent être réalisées à l'hôpital. Ces analyses cherchent à confirmer le diagnostic de l'exposition et à établir le pronostic des conséquences physiopathologiques radio-induites (apparition, sévérité, évolution). Ces informations permettent ensuite l'orientation des victimes vers une prise en charge appropriée.Le syndrome cutané consécutif à une irradiation aiguë localisée à de fortes doses se caractérise par le développement d'une lésion dynamique, initiée par l'apparition d'un érythème transitoire dans les premières heures suivant l'exposition aux RI. Après une phase de latence asymptomatique de durée variable, la lésion évolue de manière dose-dépendante vers une desquamation, une ulcération, voire une nécrose des tissus pour les plus fortes doses. Des poussées inflammatoires fibrosantes et des reprises évolutives nécrotiques imprévisibles peuvent se produire plusieurs mois ou années après exposition.Ces travaux de thèse ont pour objectif d'identifier par approche omique de nouveaux indicateurs biologiques, peu ou non invasifs, diagnostiques et pronostiques de l'apparition et de la sévérité d'une brûlure radiologique.Pour répondre à cet objectif, un modèle préclinique murin de brûlure radiologique a été utilisé. Les souris ont été irradiées au niveau de leur patte postérieure à l'aide d'un accélérateur linéaire (tension = 10 MV) à différentes doses de rayons X (20, 40 et 80 Gy), afin de modéliser différentes sévérités lésionnelles. Dans un premier temps, les profils micro-ARN (miARN) et métabolomique ont été identifiés dans le sang 14 jours après exposition, stade de manifestation de la lésion, afin d'établir la preuve de principe de l'utilisation de ces molécules candidates comme biomarqueurs de la lésion. A la suite d'un criblage large spectre des miARNs et des métabolites plasmatiques, des analyses multivariées ont identifié des corrélations multi-échelles entre les différents paramètres moléculaires, cliniques, biologiques et fonctionnels. En particulier, des signatures moléculaires associées à la sévérité lésionnelle permettent le diagnostic de la brûlure radiologique dans notre modèle. Ces signatures large spectre ont été validées par une approche ciblée dans une cohorte d'animaux indépendante qui a conduit à l'élaboration de deux signatures plasmatiques, composées respectivement de 8 miARNs et de 6 métabolites, permettant chacune indépendamment la caractérisation de la sévérité lésionnelle . Plus essentiellement, un criblage large spectre suivi d'une étude ciblée des miARNs plasmatiques ont ensuite été réalisés à des temps plus précoces avant l'apparition des symptômes, durant la phase aiguë et la phase de latence, et ont conduit à l'identification de signatures permettant le pronostic de l'apparition de la brûlure radiologique et de son degré de sévérité. La pertinence des biomarqueurs identifiés est renforcée par la littérature qui rend compte de leur rôle dans différents processus biologiques impliqués dans la physiopathologie de la brûlure radio-induite. En outre, certains miARNs et métabolites ont déjà été identifiés comme biomarqueurs potentiels d'exposition aux RI dans des modèles précliniques d'irradiation corps entiers.En conclusion, ces travaux de recherche ont mené à l'identification de signatures plasmatiques de miARNs et métabolites permettant le diagnostic précoce et le pronostic de la brûlure radiologique. Ces molécules, compatibles avec les outils de diagnostic moléculaire utilisés en routine à l'hôpital, sont des candidats prometteurs pour un potentiel transfert clinique
Politique budgétaire et risque souverain en zone euro en environnement incertain
No full textThis dissertation explores how government fiscal strategies and the risk of not paying sovereign debts affect European economies and people's wellbeing. It looks at the challenges of high debt, large uncertainty, and different financial abilities among European countries. The research shows how increased risk of not paying sovereign debts can harm the economy and hurt poorer households the most. The thesis also examines how European shared financial actions can improve overall economic health under certain conditions and discusses how countries' fiscal plans sometimes do not optimally support economic stability, pointing out the need for better coordination.Cette thèse analyse comment les stratégies budgétaires gouvernementales et le risque de défaut des dettes publiques affectent l'économie et le bien-être en Europe. Elle aborde les défis liés aux forts niveaux de dette, à l'incertitude élevée et aux capacités financières diverses des pays européens. La thèse examine comment les ménages sont affectés par le risque de défaut souverain et montre qu’un risque accru de défaut nuit à l'économie et affecte surtout les ménages les moins aisés. La thèse examine également comment un plan européen peut réduire le risque de défaut souverain, améliorer la santé économique globale sous certaines conditions et souligne la nécessité d'une meilleure coordination des plans budgétaires des pays pour la stabilité économique
Difficultés de recrutement anticipées par les entreprises :quels facteurs explicatifs en France ?
No full textInternational audienceThis article examines the difficulties anticipated by companies in France when itcomes to recruiting staff. We match data from the 2018 and 2019 Besoins en Main‑d'Œuvresurveys on workforce needs with company data from the FARE annual structural statistics ofcompanies from the ESANE scheme and the DADS ( Déclaration annuelle de données sociales –Annual Declaration of Social Data) to examine how recruitment difficulties are distributed bysector, location and size of the establishment and employment area characteristics. Together,these factors explain around 6% of the total variation in recruitment challenges, increasingto 14% when incorporating recruitment difficulties reported in the previous year. Most of therecruitment difficulties anticipated thus result from factors not observed in the data used in thisarticle, potentially linked to the internal characteristics of each establishment, such as the qua-lity of management and specific recruitment processes.Cet article analyse les difficultés anticipées par les entreprises en France lorsqu'elles envisagent de recruter. En croisant les données des enquêtes Besoins en main-d'oeuvre de 2018 et 2019 avec les données d'entreprise FARE et DADS, nous étudions comment les difficultés de recrutement se déclinent selon le secteur, la localisation et la taille de l'établissement et selon les caractéristiques du bassin d'emploi. L'ensemble de ces caractéristiques explique environ 6 % de la variance totale observée des difficultés de recrutement anticipées et jusqu'à 14 % si l'on y ajoute les difficultés de recrutement éventuellement anticipées l'année précédente. L'essentiel des difficultés anticipées résulte ainsi de facteurs non observés dans les données utilisées dans cet article, en lien potentiellement avec les caractéristiques internes propres à chaque établissement, comme la qualité du management et les spécificités des processus de recrutement
House prices and rents: a reappraisal
No full textInternational audienceIn this work, we introduce rental markets in a general equilibrium model with borrowing constraints and infinitely lived agents. We estimate our model using standard Bayesian methods and match US data on recent decades. We highlight a crucial relationship that strongly links interest rates, house prices, and rents. It represents agents’ arbitrage when choosing their degree of participation in the housing market (i.e. their real estate holdings). This framework is particularly well suited for explaining how policy-induced changes in households’ preferences have driven house prices up while pushing rent-price ratios down in the aftermath of the Covid-19 outbreak. It also allows us to parsimoniously track the unequal impact of these changes on agents’ decisions and welfare, which crucially depends on whether they are owners or renters