Portail HAL Paris School of Economics (PSE)
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Spanish labour market, mobility and labour shortages
No full textInternational audienceWe use a simple yet powerful approach to investigate the dynamics of worker flows across sectors in the Spanish economy. The method imposes a minimal amount of structure on the data by assuming sector-specific matching functions, and backs out the direction of workers’ search intensities across sectors using data on realised worker flows and vacancies. We find that aggregate search intensity in Spain has been increasing since the pandemic and has led aggregate labour shortages to be below pre-pandemic levels by 2023. However, this boost of search intensity is directed to industries with low matching efficiencies and job finding rates. As a result, aggregate match formation is near to a 10-years low relative to the number of matches that would result if search intensity was allocated to maximise total matches given the observed vacancy distribution and match efficiencies across sectors
Le bien-être en France. Rapport 2024.
No full textInternational audienceCe cinquième rapport annuel s’ouvre sur un hommage à Richard Easterlin, père fondateur de l’économie du bonheur, disparu en décembre 2024.Si les Jeux Olympiques ont offert une parenthèse de bonheur collectif en 2024, le bien-être des Français est globalement resté stable sur l’année, avec une inquiétude croissante pour l’avenir. Or, la baisse de la satisfaction de vie et de la confiance sociale nourrissent la polarisation politique des opinions et des votes, en France comme chez nos voisins européens et américains. Nous relevons aussi une montée spectaculaire des émotions, notamment de la colère, dans le débat public, aussi bien l’Assemblée nationale que sur les réseaux sociaux.Plusieurs groupes sociaux font l’objet d’analyses spécifiques. Les lycéens d’abord, qui manifestent une forte aspiration à la mobilité mais aussi une forte éco-anxiété. Ensuite, les élèves de classes préparatoires, aussi heureux que leurs pairs, malgré un stress important, et qui valorisent fortement leur formation. Enfin, les jeunes actifs, dont les aspirations professionnelles se révèlent remarquablement proches de celles de leurs aînés, le salaire demeurant la première préoccupation à travers les générations. Les enseignants, quant à eux, s’ils sont fortement insatisfaits de leur rémunération, ont également le sentiment d’être peu respectés, tant par la société en général que par leur propre administration. Enfin, les femmes manifestent une inquiétude particulière face à l’avenir, que leur niveau de revenu n’explique pas entièrement.Au-delà des facteurs économiques, ce rapport souligne l’impact positif du contact avec la nature sur le bien-être, ainsi que l’influence complexe de l’environnement sonore, au-delà de la simple dichotomie bruit/silence
Les soins médicaux et de suite :Des résultats qui stimulent le débat public: Les soins médicaux et de suite
No full texthttps://finances-hospitalieres.frLes établissements de soins médicaux et de réadaptation (SMR) assurent une transition cruciale entre hospitalisation aiguë et retour à domicile, favorisant ainsi la réadaptation des patients. Reconnus pour améliorer la récupération fonctionnelle, ils affichent néanmoins des disparités notables entre zones urbaines et rurales. Des études récentes dénoncent un manque de transparence dans les indicateurs de qualité et l’éventualité d’une sélection implicite favorisant les cas moins complexes. Ces constats relancent le débat sur la nécessité de réformer les mécanismes de financement et d’évaluation afin d’assurer une prise en charge équitable et optimale pour tous.Dans un contexte de successions de réformes visant à améliorer l’efficience du système de santé français, nous avons mené une étude scientifique publiée (Milcent, 2024). À l’heure où il est demandé aux établissements de rééducation d’optimiser leurs performances et de garantir une qualité de soins optimale, les résultats de ce papier empirique dévoilent une réalité bien plus complexe et inégalitaire. L’étude, qui s’appuie sur des données administratives exhaustives portant sur plus de 120 000 admissions en 2018, montrent que les centres de rééducation améliorent la qualité des soins, quel que soit leur statut. Toutefois, la performance des centres de rééducation est liée au statut socio-économique (SES) des patients qui explique au partie (un tiers) la meilleure performance des établissements SMR privés
Equivalence scales revisited: Evidence from subjective data
No full textInternational audienceEquivalence scales (ES) are widely used to compare income levels across different households. Yet the commonly used OECD and square-root scales rely on assumptions about household economies of scale that lack robust empirical support. Using responses to the Minimum Income Question (MIQ) from the European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions (EU-SILC) survey, we construct subjective ES based on panel data, rather than relying on pooled OLS as in most previous studies, allowing us to track how income needs evolve within households over time instead of comparing different households. The economies of scale in this subjective scale are notably different from those in traditional ES, and these differences have a substantial effect on the levels and distribution of equivalised income. Based on our empirical findings, we propose a simple alternative to conventional ES and illustrate its implications for poverty and inequality, both within and across countries. Our results show that the choice of equivalence scale significantly influences not only the estimated levels of these variables but also country rankings in comparative analyses
Economics and Literature: A Novel Approach
No full textInternational audienceEconomics and fiction often pursue parallel objectives. Economists analyze human decisions and interactions in markets and other institutions. Fiction writers also provide keen insights into individual minds and motives, examining how their characters respond to conflict and tensions in varied situations. This book explores the insights to be gained from developing this parallel.In each chapter, economists discuss classic or contemporary literary creations, exploring economic incentives that motivate the characters, the economic mechanisms that tie them together, and/or the economic context in which they live and develop. Exploring the synergy across economics and literature offers new understandings of themes, including capitalism and colonialism, marriage and markets, gender norms, inheritance and estates, and the political economy of poverty. The broad and deep range of literary works includes writers from Shakespeare and Goethe, through Chekov and Steinbeck, to recent Nobelists Abdulrazak Gurnah and Han Kang. By offering new understandings of both economics and literature, readers will gain deeper insights into people’s thought processes, choices, and consequences.This book will captivate readers in economics, social sciences, and the humanities and open their minds to the viewing of economic ideas and concepts through the prism of great works of literature
The Political Costs of Taxation
No full textWe examine the political costs of taxation in early modern France. We focus on efforts to enforce the salt tax, the rate of which varied across regions. Using a spatial difference-in-discontinuities design, we compare municipalities just inside the high-tax region with those just outside, before and after a reform aimed at curbing illicit salt smuggling. We find that tax enforcement led to a twenty-fold increase in conflicts between taxpayers and the state in municipalities in the high-tax region. This effect persists until the French Revolution, supporting the view that enforcing the salt tax incurred significant political costs. Finally, we document that the likelihood of conflict increases with tax differences between neighboring regions, which we use to derive an upper bound on the political costs of increased tax enforcement in this historical perio
Do Financial Concerns Make Workers Less Productive?
No full textInternational audienceWorkers who are worried about their personal finances may find it hard to focus at work. If so, reducing financial concerns could increase productivity. We test this hypothesis in a sample of low-income Indian piece-rate manufacturing workers. We stagger when wages are paid out: some workers are paid earlier and receive a cash infusion while others remain liquidity constrained. The cash infusion leads workers to reduce their financial concerns by immediately paying off debts and buying household essentials. Subsequently, they become more productive at work: their output increases by 7% (0.11 std. dev.), and they make fewer costly, unintentional mistakes. Workers with more cash on hand thus not only work faster but also more attentively, suggesting improved cognition. These effects are concentrated among more financially constrained workers. We argue that mechanisms such as gift exchange or nutrition cannot account for our results. Instead, our findings suggest that financial strain, at least partly through psychological channels, has the potential to reduce earnings exactly when money is most needed
Second generation effects of an experimental conditional cash transfer program on early childhood human capital in Nicaragua
No full textInternational audienceInterventions targeting improvements in human capital are often motivated by their potential to break the intergenerational transmission of poverty from parents to children. This study contributes to the thin evidence base on these links by examining outcomes for children of former program beneficiaries of a conditional cash transfer (CCT) program, capitalizing on randomized variation in the timing and CCT’s impact on maternal human capital. We estimate intent-to-treat (ITT) differential effects on early childhood anthropometric and cognitive outcomes for 0–3-year-old children of program beneficiaries [N=366], as well as effects on key domains including nutrition, health, stimulation and the home environment. We find that moderately higher schooling for mothers (19–22 years old) who were the original program beneficiaries did not translate into improvements in anthropometrics or cognitive outcomes for their children. We also find no effects on behaviors commonly thought to be affected by higher education such as investments in nutrition and preventive health, or stimulation. Early program beneficiary mothers, however, had worse mental health outcomes and were more likely to use violent disciplinary practices such as spanking, threatening and punishing. Findings demonstrate the complexity of intergenerational mechanisms across genetic, biological, environmental and behavioral factors, and also suggest the importance of maternal mental health as a mechanism influencing child outcomes
Neighbourhood Effects Across Generations and the Reproduction of Inequality
No full textInternational audienceThis paper analyses the enduring impact of neighbourhood deprivation on youth development, exploring multigenerational aspects often overlooked in existing research. I investigate how neighbourhood environments experienced across two generations impact youth outcomes, focussing on cognitive skills and socio‐emotional behaviour. Using data from the 1958 National Child Development Study in the UK, this study employs a Regression with Residuals (RWR) design to comprehensively assess any long‐lasting effects. The results point to an enduring impact of neighbourhood deprivation on both outcomes, revealing that sustained exposure to disadvantage drives persistently different developmental trajectories. I find evidence for a transmission mechanism, indicating that exposure to neighbourhood deprivation during parental own formative years affects their offspring's outcomes, directly and indirectly. While parental formative neighbourhood environments significantly shape cognitive development through mechanisms related to education and income, socio‐emotional outcomes are also influenced by the legacy of neighbourhood context across generations. While conventional approaches focus on a single point in time, this study contributes to neighbourhood effects literature by taking a lengthier perspective and acknowledging the protracted and influential role that neighbourhoods as social institutions may play in shaping individual opportunities and inequality dynamics over time
From Pink-Collar to Lab Coat: Cultural Persistence and Diffusion of Socialist Gender Norms
No full textInternational audienceWe study vertical transmission and societal diffusion of gender norms using the large immigration wave from the former Soviet Union (FSU) to Israel in the early 1990’s. Tracking the educational choices of an entire cohort, born in 1988–89, we compare gender gaps among immigrants from the FSU versus natives and immigrants from other countries. We find smaller gender gaps among FSU immigrants in both traditionally male-dominated STEM fields and female-dominated pink collar jobs, e.g., education and social work. These patterns are largely driven by the behavior of FSU women and are not explained by early achievement levels or comparative advantage. Leveraging variation in the concentration of FSU immigrants across middle schools, we find that among natives, gender gaps narrow with the exposure to FSU immigrants, reflecting a shift in the choice patterns of native women towards STEM and away from pink collar fields