Portail "HAL-Francophonie Afrique et Océan Indien"
Not a member yet
43052 research outputs found
Sort by
Spatial modeling of cooking energy mixes: The case of West Africa
No full textInternational audienceCooking is one of the basic human needs that requires energy. Solid biomass is currently the main energy source for more than 2 billion people worldwide. In West Africa, biomass is used by 85% of the population. Modeling cooking scenarios helps understanding current energy mixes and potential paths to increase their sustainability. This study proposes a spatial model that optimizes the cost or carbon footprint of cooking a meal based on local resource availability (biomass, solar energy). We illustrate this method on three countries : Senegal, Niger and Côte d’Ivoire, but it can easily be applied to other regions or countries. The goal of this article is not to advocate for an optimal cooking energy mix, but rather to identify the main drivers of such a mix and to evaluate the effectiveness of potential public policies to enhance it. Our results highlight the strong potential for solar cooking in the Sahel, the low relevance of current electric cooking, and the major role played by traditional biomass. We also analyze how sensitive are the results of cooking optimization models to modeling assumptions, especially regarding biomass characterization
The Potential for Restoring and Rewilding Degraded Ecosystems Across the Congo Basin to Play a Role in Land Management and Conservation
No full textInternational audienceAbstract The Congo Basin, home to one of the world’s most biodiversity tropical forest ecosystems, is facing intensifying deforestation and ecological degradation driven by slash-and-burn agriculture, industrial logging, armed conflicts, and expanding urbanization. While much of its forests cover remains comparatively “intact” relative to other major tropical regions, mounting anthropogenic pressures accelerating habitat fragmentation and faunal decline. Safeguarding remaining forests landscapes, establishing ecological corridors, and advancing sustainable resource governance are urgent conservation priorities. However, ecological restoration and rewilding efforts—with its potential to reverse degradation—remain limited in scope and implementation. Current initiatives are frequently constrained by insecure land tenure, inadequate financial mechanisms, weak private sector engagement, and challenges in achieving long-term local participation. Emerging integrative approaches that combine community-based restoration, technological innovation, species reintroduction (e.g., pilot efforts involving gorillas and bonobos) demonstrate potential, yet remain at an early stage. Looking forward, key challenges include strengthening scientific research— particularly on seed viability and forest regeneration dynamics—enhancing monitoring frameworks, and mobilizing innovative, durable financing models. Drawing on international best practices and fostering cross-sectoral collaboration will be critical to embedding restoration and rewilding within broader sustainable management strategies for the Congo Basin. Addressing these gaps offers a unique opportunity to position the region not only as a biodiversity stronghold, but also as a global leader in ecological resilience and climate mitigation
PROVAXHPV-4 / Évaluation de l’impact d’une plateforme internet d’informations et de téléconsultations sur la couverture vaccinale anti-HPV dans les collèges réunionnais
No full textBackground: HPV vaccination coverage remains low in France. The school-based campaign launched in 2023 for 7th-grade students has shown limited effectiveness. Several studies highlight the value of online platforms and telemedicine in promoting sexual health and vaccination.Method: Prospective, cluster-randomized, multicenter interventional study conducted over one school year, comparing two awareness strategies among 7th-grade students in a French academy: (1) intervention by an external mobile team alone (national strategy); (2) the same strategy supplemented by a research team introducing an online teleconsultation platform. Expected results: A higher vaccination coverage is expected in group 2, which receives information about the online platform, due to easier access to personalized data for students and their parents, and the ability to choose their healthcare professional for vaccination. Conclusion: This original protocol will identify the most effective strategy to raise HPV vaccination awareness among middle school students and increase national coverage, thereby reducing HPV-related diseases.Introduction : La couverture vaccinale contre le Papillomavirus humain (HPV) reste faible en France. La campagne scolaire lancée en 2023 pour les élèves de 5e montre une efficacité limitée. Plusieurs études soulignent l’intérêt des plateformes internet et de la télémédecine pour favoriser la santé sexuelle et la vaccination.Méthode : Étude interventionnelle, prospective, multicentrique, randomisée en clusters sur une année scolaire, comparant deux stratégies de sensibilisation chez les élèves de 5e d’une académie française : (1) intervention d’une équipe mobile externe seule (stratégie nationale) ; (2) même stratégie complétée par une équipe de recherche présentant une plateforme de téléconsultation.Résultats attendus : Une couverture vaccinale plus élevée est attendue dans le groupe 2, bénéficiant d’informations sur la plateforme en ligne, grâce à un accès simplifié à des données personnalisées pour les élèves et leurs parents, ainsi qu’au libre choix du professionnel de santé vaccinateur.Conclusion : Ce protocole original identifiera la stratégie la plus efficace pour sensibiliser les collégiens à la vaccination anti-HPV et accroître la couverture nationale, réduisant ainsi les pathologies HPV-induites
L'essence de la spiritualité chez les Néo-classiques The essence of spirituality among the Neoclassics
No full textInternational audienceDéclaration de divulgation : L'auteur n'a pas connaissance de quelconque financement qui pourrait affecter l'objectivité de cette étude. Conflit d'intérêts : L'auteur ne signale aucun conflit d'intérêts.</div
La mise en œuvre des voies d’exécution dans le recouvrement des créances publiques en République Démocratique du Congo
No full textLa mise en oeuvre des voies d'exécution dans le recouvrement des créances publiques en République Démocratique du CongoPar Paulin IBANDA KABAKA, Professeur de Finances Publiques et Fiscalité, UPN RésuméLa mise en oeuvre des voies d'exécution dans le recouvrement des créances publiques en République Démocratique du Congo illustre la volonté de l'État de garantir l'effectivité de l'obligation fiscale et d'assurer la mobilisation des ressources nécessaires au financement de l'action publique. Fondé sur un titre exécutoire régulier, ce dispositif combine recouvrement amiable, voies d'exécution classiquessaisies mobilières, saisies immobilières, avis à tiers détenteur et saisies des droits incorporelset mesures conservatoires, telles que la saisie conservatoire ou l'hypothèque judiciaire, pour prévenir le risque d'insolvabilité du débiteur. Le cadre juridique, constitué de la Constitution de 2006 révisée, de la loi sur la procédure fiscale de 2003 et des lois spécifiques aux impôts, encadre strictement ces mesures afin de concilier efficacité administrative et protection des droits du contribuable, en respectant les principes de légalité, de proportionnalité et de sécurité juridique. La distinction entre droits spontanés, liquidés et payés par le redevable, et droits constatés, établis par l'administration et soumis à des délais de paiement, détermine le moment où les voies d'exécution peuvent être engagées, garantissant que la contrainte fiscale ne s'exerce qu'en présence d'une créance certaine, liquide et exigible. Ainsi, le système congolais illustre un équilibre subtil entre contrainte et protection des droits, assurant à la fois la crédibilité budgétaire de l'État et la justice fiscale à l'égard des contribuables.</div
Main Title: Adaptive Cognitive Q-Learning–Based Security Model for Blockchain Protocols: Simulation and Experimental Evaluation on a Private Ethereum Network.
No full textInternational audienceThe rapid growth of blockchain technologies has enabled decentralized applications based on smart contracts and distributed consensus. However, the increasing number of attacks exploiting protocol logic and network dynamics highlights the limitations of traditional, static security mechanisms. This study proposes an adaptive cognitive security model based on a Q-learning agent to enhance the protection of blockchain protocols. The agent is designed to analyze transaction behavior, assess risk levels, and dynamically select appropriate countermeasures. The proposed approach is evaluated through a dual experimental framework combining large-scale simulation using SimPy and execution on a private blockchain environment implemented with Ganache. Experimental results show a detection rate of approximately 70%, no observed false positives, a response time close to one second, and a very low operational gas cost. These results demonstrate that reinforcement learning can effectively improve the adaptability and responsiveness of blockchain security mechanisms while preserving network performance and economic viability. The study confirms the potential of cognitive and adaptive approaches for building more resilient and autonomous blockchain security systems
Lipoprotein(a) in familial hypercholesterolemia
No full textInternational audienceThis review highlights the cardiovascular risks associated with high levels of lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)] in individuals with familial hypercholesterolemia (FH). Elevated Lp(a) is common in FH and contributes to the diagnosis, but recent research suggests the LDL receptor may not significantly affect Lp(a) clearance. Lowering LDL-C alone does not address the specific risks posed by high Lp(a). Therefore, measuring Lp(a) in FH patients is crucial, and treatment should include high-dose statins and PCSK9 inhibitors to manage LDL-C levels. New therapies targeting Lp(a) are being developed and may improve treatment outcomes for FH patients with high Lp(a)
Multimodal frailty detection in primary care using a portable sensor-based platform: exploratory results
No full textInternational audienceAbstract Introduction: Frailty reflects age-related decline across multiple physiological systems, reducing resilience and increasing risks of falls, hospitalization, disability, and mortality. Scalable approaches are needed to identify pre-frailty earlier in community-dwelling older adults and enable timely prevention in primary care. Objective: To develop and evaluate a multivariable sensor-based framework for early frailty detection using standardized gait and balance assessments in general practice. Methods: We conducted a prospective cohort study (2021–2024) in southern Réunion Island among retired adults aged ≥65 years recruited in primary care. The protocol included: (1) baseline general practitioner (GP) assessment with expert frailty rating, Fried phenotype, and WHO ICOPE Step 1; (2) telephone assessment of mental health, self-rated health, and quality of life; (3) outpatient instrumented evaluation combining IMU-based gait analysis, force-platform posturography, grip strength, and ICOPE Step 2 measures; (4) monthly falls surveillance over 6 months; and (5) repeat instrumented gait and balance assessment at 6 months. Correlation analyses and machine-learning models examined relationships between frailty measures and the discriminative value of sensor-derived and multimodal predictors. Results: Among 145 participants (mean age 71±5 years), 98.5% had impairment in at least one intrinsic capacity domain at baseline, most commonly vision (77.7%), locomotion (53.1%), hearing (52.5%), and psychological (27.3%). Sedentary behavior was frequent (77%). Expert frailty scores correlated with the Fried phenotype, whereas associations with self-rated health were weaker. Models based on sensor parameters alone showed limited ability to reproduce Fried-defined frailty, while multimodal models integrating clinical and questionnaire variables improved discrimination. Over 6 months, kinesiotherapy and regular physical activity were associated with improved postural control metrics (including center-of-pressure features and mediolateral sway), while changes in gait speed were modest. Conclusions: An IoT-supported platform combining quantitative gait, balance, and grip strength measures with targeted questionnaires is feasible in outpatient primary care and yields frailty estimates broadly consistent with GP assessment. However, subjective and clinical inputs remain essential to capture psychological aspects of frailty not fully reflected by sensor signals alone. These findings support scalable frailty screening and longitudinal monitoring, and warrant validation in larger samples, including deployment by trained non-medical personnel and integration into precision-prevention pathways
Vulnérabilité des systèmes de culture irriguée face à la sécheresse hydro-climatique dans le Sud-Ouest de Madagascar
No full textInternational audienc
De la maison de retraite à l’EHPAD : mutations institutionnelles et enjeux psychiques du soin en fin de vie. Histoire, organisation et paradoxes du lieu de vie-soin
No full textInternational audienceThis article is the first in a series of four papers devoted to Établissements d’Hébergement pour Personnes Âgées Dépendantes (EHPAD, French long-term residential care facilities for dependent elderly adults). The first volume (I) analyzes the historical and institutional transition from the former “retirement/nursing home” to the modern EHPAD, highlighting the contemporary paradoxes inherent in the “living-care environment”: clashes between the home-like model and hospital-based approach, between security issues and freedom of movement, between managerial rationalization and the recognition of subjectivity. By integrating demographic data, legal frameworks, and assessment tools (AGGIR, PATHOS), the study examines their effect on the quality of life, the temporality of dying, and the psychic containment provided within institutions. The second paper will explore the subjective experiences of residents and their relatives — including transitions, consent, relational bonds, and loss. The third will propose a comprehensive approach to palliative care in an EHPAD, integrating psychological, social, and legal dimensions around the medical axis. The fourth will focus on clinical and organizational expertise within an EHPAD — addressing issues of sexuality, addictions, grief, behavioral disorders, and the environmental development of the living space. These interviews, undertaken and conducted by Professor Jean-Pierre Bouchard, a clinical psychologist, bring together a multidisciplinary group of professionals — clinical psychologists and researchers, a geriatrician and facility coordinator, a neuropsychologist and nursing home director, and a professor of private law and criminal sciences — offer a pluralistic, dialogical, and interdisciplinary perspective of the contemporary challenges in institutional care. Through a series of cross-disciplinary interviews, the reader is invited to explore the ethical, clinical, and existential complexity of palliative care in an EHPAD, examining how these institutions might once again become settings of life, relationships, and meaning, rather than mere systems of maintenance or dependency management. The authors advocate for the development — with the support of public authorities — of a genuine palliative culture of presence and relational care, centered on recognizing the individual in their vulnerability and desires. Grounded in the concept that subjectivity is at the very heart of care, this approach invites us to reimagine the EHPAD as a space of hospitality, where the elderly person remains a subject of history, memory, and temporality, even when faced with their own mortality.Cet article inaugure une série de quatre textes consacrés aux Établissements d’hébergement pour personnes âgées dépendantes (EHPAD). Le présent volet analyse la trajectoire historique et institutionnelle allant de la « maison de retraite » à l’EHPAD, et met au jour les paradoxes contemporains du « lieu de vie-soin » : tensions entre modèle domiciliaire et logique hospitalière, entre sécurité et liberté d’aller et venir, entre rationalisation gestionnaire et reconnaissance de la subjectivité. En articulant données démographiques, cadre légal et outils de tarification (AGGIR, PATHOS), nous interrogeons leurs effets sur la qualité de vie, la temporalité du mourir et la contenance psychique au sein des institutions. Ces entretiens, entrepris et conduits par le Professeur Jean-Pierre Bouchard, psychologue clinicien, rassemblent un collectif pluridisciplinaire de professionnels — psychologues, médecin gériatre et coordonnateur d’établissement, neuropsychologue et directrice d’EHPAD, ainsi qu’une professeure de droit privé et de sciences criminelles —, proposent une lecture plurielle, dialogique et interdisciplinaire des enjeux contemporains du soin en institution. À travers une série d’entretiens croisés, le lecteur est invité à explorer la complexité éthique, clinique et existentielle de la prise en charge palliative en EHPAD, en interrogeant la manière dont ces lieux peuvent redevenir des espaces de vie, de relation et de sens, plutôt que de simples dispositifs de maintien ou de gestion de la dépendance. Les auteurs plaident pour le développement, avec le soutien des pouvoirs publics, d’une véritable culture palliative de la présence et du lien, centrée sur la reconnaissance du sujet dans sa vulnérabilité et son désir. Cette approche, fondée sur la subjectivité comme cœur du soin, invite à repenser l’EHPAD comme un espace d’hospitalité, où la personne âgée demeure sujet d’histoire, de mémoire et de temporalité