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    Assessing the localization, stability, and recovery of inorganic nanoparticles in tree bark using advanced degradation techniques

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    International audienceThis study presents methodological advancements for characterizing atmospheric nanoparticles (NPs) accumulated in tree bark, a passive bioindicator of urban nanoparticle pollution. Accurate assessment requires efficient degradation methods that remove organic matter while preserving inorganic NP properties. Preliminary imaging (SEM, X-ray microtomography) and chemical mapping revealed heterogeneous NP distributions, with preferential accumulation at the bark surface and partial penetration into internal porous structures. Two degradation strategies – tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAH) digestion and cold O2 plasma treatment – were evaluated using bark doped with enginereed NPs (Au, Fe2O3, MnO2, TiO2, Al2O3, CuO) at environmentally relevant concentrations. TMAH removed 27 % of bark dry weight, while O₂ plasma achieved 89 %, confirmed by FTIR analysis showing disappearance of lignin and cellulose peaks. spICP-MS quantification demonstrated that O2 plasma preserved TiO2 and Al2O3 (∼100 % recovery), partially degraded Fe2O3 (-43 % mass loss), and fully degraded CuO and MnO2, likely due to ionization energy thresholds and oxidation state transitions. TMAH induced partial Fe2O3 dissolution and CuO aggregation via complexation and electrostatic interactions. These results highlight the critical influence of degradation protocols on NP stability and underscore the need for optimized methods that efficiently remove organic matter while maintaining NP integrity. This work provides a robust analytical framework for environmentally relevant studies of nanoparticle behavior, persistence, and potential hazard in complex biological matrices.Cette étude présente des avancées méthodologiques pour la caractérisation des nanoparticules (NP) atmosphériques accumulées dans l'écorce des arbres, un bioindicateur passif de la pollution urbaine par les nanoparticules. Une évaluation précise nécessite des méthodes de dégradation efficaces qui éliminent la matière organique tout en préservant les propriétés inorganiques des NP. L'imagerie préliminaire (MEB, microtomographie aux rayons X) et la cartographie chimique ont révélé des distributions hétérogènes de NP, avec une accumulation préférentielle à la surface de l'écorce et une pénétration partielle dans les structures poreuses internes. Deux stratégies de dégradation – la digestion par l'hydroxyde de tétraméthylammonium (TMAH) et le traitement par plasma d'oxygène froid – ont été évaluées sur de l'écorce dopée avec des NP synthétiques (Au, Fe₂O₃, MnO₂, TiO₂, Al₂O₃, CuO) à des concentrations pertinentes pour l'environnement. Le TMAH a permis d'éliminer 27 % de la masse sèche de l'écorce, tandis que le plasma d'oxygène a atteint 89 %, ce qui a été confirmé par l'analyse FTIR montrant la disparition des pics de lignine et de cellulose. La quantification par spICP-MS a démontré que le plasma d'O₂ préservait le TiO₂ et l'Al₂O₃ (récupération d'environ 100 %), dégradait partiellement le Fe₂O₃ (perte de masse de 43 %) et dégradait totalement le CuO et le MnO₂, probablement en raison des seuils d'énergie d'ionisation et des transitions d'état d'oxydation. Le TMAH a induit une dissolution partielle du Fe₂O₃ et une agrégation du CuO par complexation et interactions électrostatiques. Ces résultats soulignent l'influence cruciale des protocoles de dégradation sur la stabilité des nanoparticules et mettent en évidence la nécessité de méthodes optimisées permettant d'éliminer efficacement la matière organique tout en préservant l'intégrité des nanoparticules. Ce travail fournit un cadre analytique robuste pour les études environnementales pertinentes portant sur le comportement, la persistance et les risques potentiels des nanoparticules dans des matrices biologiques complexes

    La Guerre des sables de 1963

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    International audienceThis article revisits the 1963 “War of the Sands” and examines Cuba’s decisive role in providing military support to newly independent Algeria. Drawing on diplomatic archives, press sources and political testimonies, it argues that the Cuban intervention – the island’s first internationalist military mission – functioned both as an act of revolutionary solidarity and as a means of projecting influence within the Third World. The episode is shown to be central to the consolidation of Algerian-Cuban relations and to the emergence of an autonomous South–South diplomacy during the Cold War.Este artículo vuelve sobre la “Guerra de las Arenas” de 1963 y analiza el papel decisivo desempeñado por Cuba en el apoyo militar a la Argelia recién independizada. A partir de archivos diplomáticos, fuentes de prensa y testimonios de actores políticos, muestra que la intervención cubana – primera misión internacionalista de la isla – fue a la vez un gesto de solidaridad revolucionaria, un medio de afirmación en la escena del Tercer Mundo y un elemento clave en la consolidación de las relaciones argelino-cubanas. El estudio esclarece así la manera en que este episodio contribuyó a estructurar una diplomacia Sur-Sur autónoma en el marco de la Guerra Fría.Cet article revient sur la « Guerre des sables » de 1963 et analyse le rôle décisif joué par Cuba dans le soutien militaire à l’Algérie nouvellement indépendante. À partir d’archives diplomatiques, de sources de presse et de témoignages d’acteurs politiques, il montre que l’intervention cubaine – première mission internationaliste de l’île – a été à la fois un geste de solidarité révolutionnaire, un moyen d’affirmation sur la scène du Tiers-Monde et un élément clé dans la consolidation des relations algéro-cubaines. L’étude éclaire ainsi la manière dont cet épisode a contribué à structurer une diplomatie Sud-Sud autonome au sein de la guerre froide

    From climate to crop management: unraveling coffee berry borer infestation in Indonesia

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    International audienceThe coffee berry borer (CBB) is the main pest of Coffea arabica, causing major yield and quality losses worldwide. In Indonesia, climate, altitude, and farm management influence pest dynamics, but region-specific patterns remain unclear. We studied 40 Arabica farms in West Java (tropical monsoonal) and North Sumatra (equatorial) for 1 year to assess how climate, altitude, berry availability, and CBB management affect infestation. Monthly monitoring of 1,200 trees recorded infestation and berry load, complemented by CHIRPS climatic data. Generalized linear mixed models assessed regional differences, and longitudinal mixed models examined the temporal effects of altitude, management, shade-tree richness, and berry load. Infestation and berry production were higher in North Sumatra (18.8%) than West Java (11.6%), where infestation peaked at low berry availability and declined with altitude, whereas stable warm temperatures and continuous berry availability supported year-round populations in North Sumatra. Management practices, mainly sanitation harvesting and trap use, reduced infestation in both regions, with the stronger effects in West Java. These results highlight the multifactorial drivers of CBB infestation and the need for adaptive, region-specific management

    Réglementer n’est pas taxer : la Cour suprême encadre le pouvoir d’urgence économique

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    https://www.leclubdesjuristes.com/international/reglementer-nest-pas-taxer-la-cour-supreme-encadre-le-pouvoir-durgence-economique-14426

    Architectural singularities in wild Coffea species: integrated morphological perspectives for climate-resilient coffee cultivation

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    International audienceBackground: Global coffee production faces increasing threats from climate change, including rising temperatures, prolonged droughts, and the spread of diseases. Wild coffee species, notably those growing in seasonally highly arid environments in Madagascar, represent a critical genetic resource to address these challenges. Understanding adaptive traits allowing these species to establish into arid environments is essential to guide breeding strategies for creating resilient coffee varieties.Aims: We identified structural strategies likely to explain drought tolerance in wild Malagasy Coffea species.Methods: We used architectural analysis to describe three Baracoffea species, Coffea ambongensis, C. bissetiae, and C. boinensis, and compare them to known cultivated Coffee. Structural and functional traits were measured across developmental stages.Results: Our results suggest that, in addition to rhythmic growth and terminal flowering on shoots, Baracoffea species possess unique architectural characteristics including a complex architectural unit made of four different stem types, reflecting a high level of functional specialisation. Species-specific developmental strategies reflect different pathways into edifying plant architecture mainly depending on primary and secondary growth trade-offs.Conclusion: These findings highlight the architectural diversity of Baracoffea, identify potentially important drivers of ecological adaptation through development pathways and therefore highlight the potential of this group of species for breeding climate-resilient coffee varieties

    Transition énergétique et industrie électronucléaire : enjeux, défis et perspectives

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    The energy transition is a major strategic challenge for organizations in the nuclear power industry, in a global context marked by the need to reduce dependence on fossil fuels and increase the share of low-carbon and renewable energy sources. This profound change requires the nuclear power industry to address several interrelated challenges. On the one hand, it is called upon to improve its environmental performance by contributing to the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions, while ensuring the rigorous, safe, and socially acceptable management of radioactive waste. On the other hand, it must adapt to changing energy and environmental regulatory frameworks, characterized by increased requirements in terms of safety, sustainability, and transparency, which may constrain the operation of existing facilities. From a technical and economic standpoint, the nuclear power industry faces heavy, long-term investments and high operating costs, which require strategies to optimize plant performance and extend their lifespan. At the same time, sustained research and development efforts are needed to design innovative, safer, and more efficient nuclear technologies. Looking ahead, the nuclear power industry is set to play a key role in the energy transition by providing stable, low-carbon energy, provided that it integrates coherently with developments in the energy market, particularly the rise of renewable energies and storage solutions.La transition énergétique constitue un enjeu stratégique majeur pour les organisations de l'industrie électronucléaire, dans un contexte mondial marqué par la nécessité de réduire la dépendance aux énergies fossiles et d'accroître la part des sources d'énergie bas-carbone et renouvelables. Cette mutation profonde impose à l'industrie électronucléaire de relever plusieurs défis interdépendants. D'une part, elle est appelée à renforcer sa performance environnementale en contribuant à la réduction des émissions de gaz à effet de serre, tout en assurant une gestion rigoureuse, sûre et socialement acceptable des déchets radioactifs. D'autre part, elle doit s'adapter à l'évolution des cadres réglementaires énergétiques et environnementaux, caractérisés par des exigences accrues en matière de sûreté, de durabilité et de transparence, susceptibles de contraindre l'exploitation des installations existantes. Sur le plan technique et économique, l'industrie électronucléaire fait face à des investissements lourds et de long terme, ainsi qu'à des coûts d'exploitation élevés, qui nécessitent des stratégies d'optimisation de la performance des centrales et de prolongation de leur durée de vie. Parallèlement, des efforts soutenus de recherche et développement s'imposent afin de concevoir des technologies nucléaires innovantes, plus sûres et plus efficientes. En perspective, l'industrie électronucléaire est appelée à jouer un rôle structurant dans la transition énergétique, en fournissant une énergie stable et faiblement émettrice de carbone, à condition de s'intégrer de manière cohérente aux évolutions du marché énergétique, notamment à la montée en puissance des énergies renouvelables et des solutions de stockage

    Geochemical characterisation of shallow pre-eruptive magma degassing at Marapi Volcano, Sumatra (Indonesia)

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    International audienceAbstract Marapi, Sumatra’s most persistently active volcano, exhibits frequent short-lived explosive activity and sporadic prolonged eruptions, often occurring with little to no detectable geophysical precursory signals. Despite advances in monitoring, our understanding of Marapi’s eruptive dynamics remains limited by a lack of information on its gas emissions. Here we present the first chemical dataset of Marapi’s volcanic gases measured using a Multi-component Gas Analyser System (Multi-GAS) from the rim of the active Verbeek crater during inter-eruptive activity in 2014 and 2018. Both datasets reveal gas compositions typical of magma-derived arc gases and a puffing degassing regime, with a periodicity of ~ 26 min in 2014 that decreased to 8–10 min in 2018. Notably, our 2018 measurements—performed just one month before two explosive outbursts on 27 April and 2 May 2018—show comparable SO₂/H₂S molar ratios (3.3 and 2.5) but a marked increase in total sulphur relative to CO 2 , resulting in a CO 2 /SO 2 ratio more than three times lower than in 2014. This chemical shift is consistent with shallower magma degassing preceding the April and May 2018 explosive activity. Our findings underscore the importance of regular, ideally continuous, gas monitoring at Marapi to better resolve magmatic processes that drive its explosive activity. We also report the first CO 2 /S T gas ratio measured for a Sumatran volcano, providing further evidence for sulphur-limited degassing along the Sunda Arc compared with other subduction zones.Abstract Gunung Marapi, gunung api paling aktif di Sumatra, dicirikan oleh letusan-letusan singkat yang sering terjadi dan sesekali mengalami erupsi yang berlangsung dalam jangka waktu panjang, sering kali tanpa pendahulu geofisika yang jelas. Meskipun pemantauan telah mengalami kemajuan, pemahaman kita terhadap dinamika erupsi Marapi masih terbatas karena kurangnya data emisi gas vulkanik. Dalam studi ini, kami menyajikan dataset kimia pertama dari gas vulkanik Gunung Marapi selama periode inter-eruptif, yang dikumpulkan menggunakan Multi-component Gas Analyser System (Multi-GAS) dari tepi kawah Verbeek yang aktif pada tahun 2014 dan 2018. Kedua dataset menunjukkan komposisi gas yang khas dari magma busur vulkanik dan pola pelepasan gas berupa hembusan kecil dan berulang, dalam periode waktu ~ 26 menit pada tahun 2014, yang kemudian menjadi lebih singkat, yaitu 8–10 menit pada tahun 2018. Secara khusus, pengukuran tahun 2018, dilakukan satu bulan sebelum dua letusan eksplosif pada 27 April dan 2 Mei—menunjukkan rasio molar SO₂/H₂S yang serupa (3,3 dan 2,5), namun terjadi peningkatan signifikan jumlah total belerang relatif terhadap CO₂, sehingga menghasilkan rasio CO₂/SO₂ tiga kali lebih kecil dari tahun 2014. Perubahan ini konsisten dengan proses degassing magma yang lebih dangkal menjelang letusan April dan Mei 2018. Temuan ini menegaskan pentingnya pemantauan gas yang rutin dan idealnya kontinu di Gunung Marapi untuk memperdalam pemahaman tentang proses magmatik yang memicu aktivitas eksplosif. Selain itu, kami juga melaporkan rasio CO₂/ST pertama yang pernah diukur untuk gunung api di Sumatra, memberikan bukti tambahan terkait pola pelepasan gas belerang yang terbatas di sepanjang Busur Sunda dibandingkan dengan zona subduksi lain

    Phaeolus neoschweinitzii sp. nov. causing dieback of Pinus wallichiana

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    International audienceThe genus Phaeolus has a cosmopolitan distribution and includes several brown rot fungi capable of causing damaging by tree diseases. Some of them are also regarded important for the formulation of pharmaceutical, biotechnological and food products. This paper describes a new species of Phaeolus named Phaeolus neoschweinitzii sp. nov. with striking morphological similarities to Phaeolus schweinitzii. Fruiting bodies of P. neoschweinitzii sp. nov. were attached to the base and to the lower parts of the trunks of Pinus wallichiana. The new species, although morphologically similar to P. schweinitzii. is characterized by a unique DNA sequence of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions, by sessile basidiomata, ellipsoid to oval-shaped basidiospores (5–6.8 × 3.1–4.5 μm), and by a brown non-laccate pileal surface with blackish-brown margin. The new species is a close relative of the Eurasian P. schweinitzii and like its relative, it causes significant disease of pine trees, by infecting and causing a brown cubicle rot in root systems and butts of living trees as well as in stumps

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