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Is plasma GABA level a biomarker of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) severity? A preliminary study
No full textInternational audienceOBJECTIVES:An increased reactivity to the environment is observed in Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). It would be related to impairment of the Gamma Amino Butyric Acid (GABA) neurotransmission. The study aimed to evaluate plasma GABA concentration as a candidate for PTSD severity biomarker.METHODS:This hypothesis was studied in 17 PTSD patients and 17 healthy Controls using classic and emotional Stroop paradigms. Plasma GABA concentrations were assessed before and after both Stroop tests to evaluate GABA basal tone and GABA reactivity (change in GABAp), respectively.RESULTS:During baseline, PTSD had lower plasma GABA concentrations than the Controls. After the Stroop conflicts GABA reactivity was also lower in PTSD than in the Controls. The GABA baseline tone was negatively correlated with the severity of the PTSD symptoms. This relation was only marginally observed for GABA reactivity. The results produced a trend due to the small size of the sample compared to the number of statistical results given.CONCLUSION:Altogether, the reduced GABA concentration observed in PTSD could be considered as a possible biomarker for PTSD severity
Weekend as Community, Consumption, Colonization: Struggles over Liminal Time in 2 Days, 1 Night
No full textInternational audienceWork in contemporary society is hidden. Work’s products accumulate and fill the spaces of leisure with traces and memories of past labor. Yet, work, and workers, are both necessary and impossible in this accumulation; the memory of their efforts haunts consumer products like a premonition or a limit. This invisibility of work, like the modern subject itself, seems to exist outside of time, inhabiting another kind of time than the linear progression of objects that constitute its past. Symbolically positioned as the antechamber of subjectivity itself, the body and spirit of the worker are produced and repaired over the weekend.The weekend is a liminal, paradoxical space, an ending and a beginning of production, a place where subjects are free to be themselves, yet are faced with the anxiety of empty time to fill by subjects alienated by the weakening of personal ties. Bereft of thick social relations, consumer goods fill the gaps as atomized tokens of individualized work processes. These objects act as talismans against the social void they obscure, sparing us the trauma of facing directly our lack of solidarity. When the demand to help those near us confronts us in the form of a plea, an accusation, or merely the questioning gaze of a work colleague, we realize we are unprepared to meet this demand.A growing discussion is emerging around the relationality of individuals in work contexts, the relational subject, the people of organization. But what about the time of organization? If the workweek is the space of mundane ethics, the ethics of codes, rules and norms, of responsibilities, then the weekend has its own ethics, the messianic, liminal ethics of the sabbatical, where individuals ritualistically invoke the love behind the law. In the mythical space of work/leisure, if the workweek serves for the production of goods, the weekend serves for the reproduction of society. If the workweek works on standardized, linear time, the weekend comes to symbolize unstructured spontaneity. These two spheres co-constitute each other, the weekend giving meaning to the workweek, which frames and nourishes the weekend. Opposed, the two times exist in a tenuous balance.I reflect on the timing of work and leisure in response to a certain uneasiness I felt when watching the film 2 Days, 1 Night (2 Jours 1 Nuit) by Jean-Pierre and Luc Dardenne, one Saturday afternoon, with the goal of relating the film to contemporary understandings of work and organizations. The prima facie relation was obvious – a film about a firing, a burnout, the roller coaster of contingent work, the theater of workplace democracy faced with the brutal reality of self-interest. I combed through the many work-related themes, from the personal to the societal, from anxiety to alienation, searching for the hermeneutic key that would reveal to me the complexities of modern work as portrayed in the film. Yet a lingering question remained with me – where was the work in this film?I was struck, then, by the ironic fact that the film, a tour de force about working life, took place almost entirely on the weekend. It was right there in the title – 2 days, 1 night. The movie began just as the boss was leaving work, drew us inexorably through a Saturday and Sunday that seemed both endless and exhausting and yet all-too-quick, and ended at the beginning of the work week. I was left with the lingering question of why a movie whose focal point is labor relations would so obviously situate the action outside of the temporality of work, even taking the title of those few moments outside of the working week.Despite the volumes that have been written about the intensification of work and the erosion of leisure, a quick search revealed that the weekend was a largely untheorized domain, perhaps an off-limits area where work considered taboo, at best a protected space whose social status had been won through historical struggle and whose subsequent erosion was a source of nostalgic lamentation. Perhaps scholars of work, I mused, had better things to do on a Saturday than write about the weekend. Watching a film, however, seemed to be a legitimate weekend activity, and I felt thus justified in using this film to enter into an exploration of the uses of leisure. Whether the film presented a welcome catharsis from the workweek, or a Trojan Horse bringing workplace issues into the leisure sphere, 2 Days 1 Night seemed to offer an experiment in cinematic representation that was worth exploring.In the present case, it must be said that watching this film is far from leisure; a hard film to sit through, it enacts through its pace the slow but urgent ticking away toward a moment of confrontation – with one’s own demons, with one’s boss, and most of all with one’s colleagues. Each shuffle-step of Marion Cotillard’s hesitant moments of encounter presents us the dread of a women who must face the judgment of her peers, as she demands the reinstatement of a social bond that has long been forgotten. Should she be expected to disrupt her colleagues’ hobbies, their shopping and drinking, their moments with their families, to stir up the injustice that they all face? Are her demands unfair, or just? As her colleagues ask her over the telephone or as she rings their doorbell – can’t this wait until Monday
Enabling and stabilizing institutional bricolage: The BBC Royal Charter, 1920-1937
No full textInternational audienceThis paper responds to recent calls to uncover the micro-processes at play in institutional bricolage. Based on a unique historical case study, we identify and discuss four central micro-processes enabling the early development of the BBC Royal Charter in the 1920s and 1930s in the context of bricolage across conflicting institutional logics. We further identify three mechanisms that enhanced the stability of institutional bricolage over time. The findings contribute to recent literature by adding to the understanding of actor-level processes that playing a fundamental role in institutional bricolage. We especially highlight the role of a hitherto underestimated process spanning multiple actors, which is directed at safeguarding and public welfare, and which contrasts with perspectives emphasizing power and authority as main sources of influence during institutional change processes
Experimental spaces and institutional innovation: The interplay of distancing work and anchoring work.
No full textInternational audienceThis paper explores the role of experimental spaces in processes of institutional innovation. Our case study is of the institutionalization of carbon markets in Europe, where dominant industrial actors built experimental spaces to alleviate the institutional pressures that constrained their ability to develop new solutions. We find that experimental spaces are the product of two forms of institutional work: distancing work and anchoring work. The interplay of distancing work and anchoring work generates specific conditions inside experimental spaces that catalyze the development and institutionalization of new solutions. We also highlight the pragmatic mechanisms of theorization held inside experimental spaces
Marketing Relationnel - Rentabiliser les politiques de satisfaction, fidélité, réclamation
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Le rhizome deleuzien, nouvel éclairage du processus entrepreneurial : une théorie de l’entreprendre rhizomatique
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Is plain food packaging plain wrong? Plain packaging increases unhealthy snack intake among males
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Monnaies électroniques : a revue de la littérature
No full textInternational audienceToday, the banking sector enjoys the privilege of creating around 95% of money supply. Moreover, as bank money bears interest as a condition of its existence, it has long been argued that a systemic growth imperative is inherent to its design, which has a clear impact on the exploitation of scarce natural resources, the increasing pollution of the environment, and the looming threat of climate change. The pursuit of the interrelated goals of ecological sustainability and social justice calls for changes to money-as-usual. This article focuses on electronic currencies by looking at them through the novel Degrowth paradigm which advances radical changes in money nature and distribution. Our research question is: does the literature say something about how electronic currency shapes our society for purposive Degrowth? We employ a literature review and we structure our findings basing on the Work System Framework. This literature review shows that electronic currencies can facilitate purchases, build inclusive communities, and support optimal allocation of resources. We contribute to the Degrowth literature by attesting that there is no evidence to support the notion that electronic currency could shape our society for purposive Degrowth.Aujourd'hui, le secteur bancaire a le privilège de créer environ 95% de la masse monétaire. En outre, étant donnée que l'argent permet l'intérêt, l'argent impose systématiquement la Croissance économique. Cette dernière a un impact évident sur l'exploitation des ressources naturelles rares, la pollution croissante de l'environnement, et la menace du changement climatique. La poursuite des objectifs interdépendants de la soutenabilité écologique et la justice sociale appelle à des changements par rapport à « money-as-usual ». Cet article se concentre sur les monnaies électroniques en les regardant à travers le paradigme de la Décroissance qui avance la nécessité de changements radicaux pour l'argent, sa nature et sa distribution. Notre question de recherche est ainsi: Qu'est ce que la littérature nous dit sur la façon dont les monnaies électroniques peuvent façonner notre société pour la Décroissance ? Nous employons une revue de la littérature et nous structurons nos résultats en s'appuyant sur le Work System Framework. Cette revue de la littérature montre que les monnaies électroniques peuvent faciliter certains achats, développer des communautés, et soutenir une allocation optimale des ressources. Nous contribuons à la littérature sur la Décroissance en attestant qu'il n'y a aucune preuve dans la littérature pour soutenir l'idée que les monnaies électroniques pourraient façonner notre société pour la Décroissance
Effect of age on perceptions of a Clinical Information System by physicians in a French Teaching hospital
No full textInternational audienceObjective. Previous research highlighted generation and age effects on the perceptions and uses of technology. The goal of this study was to examine the relationship between age and perceptions of a Clinical Information System (CIS) for physicians, surgeons, anesthesiologists and residents. Methods. A survey was conducted in September 2015 in a French Teaching Hospital, based on a questionnaire consisting of items on the Likert scale. Results. The impact of age has a strong impact on Perceived Ease of Use, anxiety and Self-efficacy. The result related to Perceived Ease of Use is unexpected. Younger staff reported to be less comfortable with technology than olders. This result is not consistent with literature. We propose an explanation consisting in the importance of clinical process and organization knowledge and skills while general technology skills of young generations may be less significant. Conclusion. This study shows that age does have an effect of self-efficacy, anxiety and ease of use but the relationship between age and ease of use is not the same as expected
Développer des relations collaboratives avec ses fournisseurs : quelles implications pour la fonction achats ?
No full textNational audienceThe aim of this conceptual paper is to highlight how to support implementation of collaborative relationships with suppliers within the purchasing firm. We contend that firms have to develop their internal collaborative purchasing capital to then be capable of implementing greater collaborative relationships with suppliers. First, we explore the importance of consistency in internal and external relationships. Second, we address specificities of a collaborative approach with suppliers. Third, we propose ways to develop collaborative capital inside the purchasing firm at the buyer level, at the buying center level and for the entire firm.Cet article conceptuel a pour objectif d’identifier et de comprendre la mise en œuvre de relations de collaboration avec les fournisseurs au sein de l'entreprise acheteuse. Nous soutenons que les entreprises doivent développer leur capital d'achat collaboratif interne (entre services de l’entreprise concernés par l’achat) pour ensuite être capables de mettre en œuvre de meilleures relations de collaboration avec les fournisseurs. Dans un premier temps, nous explorons l'importance de la cohérence dans les relations internes et externes. Dans un deuxième temps, nous présentons les spécificités d'une approche collaborative avec les fournisseurs. Enfin, nous proposons des moyens de développer le capital de collaboration à l'intérieur de l’entreprise acheteuse au niveau de l'acheteur, au niveau du centre d'achat et pour l'ensemble de l’organisation