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Middle‐Managerial Deviance as a Response to Structural Strain: Rescoping, Reconfiguring and Replacing Norms
No full textInternational audienceAbstract This paper examines how middle managers subvert organizational norms through diverse forms of deviance. Considering deviance not only in its negative sense, but including elements of adaptability and innovation, we draw on Mertonian theorizing around structural strains to explain deviance as resulting from mismatches between organizational norms and everyday work ‘on‐the‐ground’, with deviance practices feeding back iteratively into norm formation itself. Drawing upon observations, shadowing and interviews in a Brazilian accounting firm, we explore how deviance follows from incompatible pressures and norms across organizational levels and locations, and is realized in creative practical operationalizations of, and reaction to, conflicting norms. Through thick descriptions of three exemplary cases, we examine middle‐managerial deviance at varying level of detachment from, and dialogical relation to, norms. On this basis, we advance a multifaceted conceptualization of deviance – rescoping, reconfiguring and replacing norms – accounting for its conditions of emergence, diversity of mechanisms, and repercussions on middle managers' agency and organizational functioning and norms. Our findings demonstrate that deviance paves the way for new norm formation, reconciling contradictory constraints while consolidating middle managers' power over and beyond their official mandates
What you don’t know, can’t hurt you: Self-image motivation in charitable giving
No full textWhile people frequently behave prosocially, they also tend to avoid situations that call for prosocial behavior. We study this phenomenon in the context of a donation request in the absence of social interactions, thereby focusing on the effect of self-image motivation. We conduct an incentivized online experiment involving two consecutive dictator games with a charity. In the first stage, we employ a 2×2 between-subject design, varying the characteristics of the dictator game and the information provided: (i) standard dictator game or dictator game with a costly opt-out, and (ii) with or without social information (mean donation in a previous session). The second stage is a standard dictator game for all participants. We find that the opt-out option leads to significantly fewer donations to the charity, supporting our hypothesis that opting out is a strategy to preserve the self- image while not donating. The provision of social information increases opt-outs, although not statistically significant. Finally, we observe distinct behaviors in the second stage based on the options and decisions in the first stage, suggesting a role for self-image motivation in temporal dynamics of prosocial behavior
Let's Laugh About It! Using Humor to Address Complainers’ Online Incivility
No full textInternational audience"This research investigates whether companies’ use of humor is an effective strategy to address complainers’ incivility on social media. Using three main experiments, the authors examine observers’ evaluation of companies’ humorous responses on social media in relation to the degree of incivility of the complaints. The authors find, first, that observers develop greater purchase intentions toward companies that use humor to respond to uncivil complaints. Drawing on benign violation theory, they explain that observers are less committed to uncivil complainers, which makes the use of humor more benign and thus more amusing. Second, they compare the effectiveness of humor with an accommodative recovery (e.g., apologies). When the complaint is civil, an accommodative recovery is a more effective strategy than affiliative humor. However, when the complaint is uncivil, affiliative humor is more interesting than an accommodative recovery because of greater engagement with the post (i.e., likes and shares) and similar purchase intentions. Theoretical and managerial implications of these results are then discussed."<br/
Speeds of post-merger integration: The roles of chronos and kairos in M&As
No full textInternational audienceMergers and acquisitions (M&A) are major events in organizational development and the post-merger phase is widely recognised as being crucial for value creation. One of the most important decisions in this process is the speed of integration. However, despite a growing body of literature on this subject, conclusions remain a source of persistent equivocality. In fact, this debate has been dominated by diametrically opposed, and often highly normative, views advocating either fast or slow post-merger integration (PMI). One commonality within this discussion though, is the shared assumption that integration proceeds at a linear, constant rate, whatever the speed. We challenge this assumption.We undertook a 30-month, longitudinal study of two merging, not-for-profit, organisations. Using detailed and multiple sources of process data, we were able to identify and track periods of comparatively rapid and equally comparatively slower integration during the two-and-a-half- year PMI process. We thus offer a novel empirical demonstration of the changes in speed during the PMI process. We support this with a theoretical discussion using the temporal concepts of chronos and kairos. We analyse the determinants and mechanisms of changes in speed, asking why and how these variations occur. We call this mechanism the kairotic switch and discuss its theoretical and managerial uses and implications
Can we curb algorithmic bias? An experiment on a social network with teens
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The Impacts of Incentive Contracts and Hormones on Risk Taking
No full textInternational audienceClassic corporate finance literature often emphasizes executive incentives, such as stock options, as a way to encourage risk-averse executives to adopt more risk-neutral stances. Behavioral finance studies also note the potential impact of personality variables. In a further step, the current study suggests the relevance of human biology, in the form of hormones, for predicting risk-taking. Experimental results affirm that stock-options contracts drive risk-neutral behavior, mainly due to a shift in focus from losses to gains. Among women, lower testosterone levels and higher cortisol levels encourage greater risk-taking; for men, the findings indicate an inverted U-shaped relationship between testosterone and risk-taking. These impacts are comparable in degree to the effects of contracts, for both their predictive power and economic effect. By establishing the impact of biological variables on risk-taking, this study emphasizes the need for a comprehensive behavioral approach to contract setting
Digging deep or scratching the surface? Contingent innovation outcomes of seeking advice from geographically distant ties
No full textInternational audienceAdvice-seeking is an essential, daily R&D task. Therefore, the configuration of advice ties around a focal R&D worker likely determines their individual performance. Among the network dimensions considered in prior research, the geographical distance between advice providers and a focal advice seeker rarely has been investigated, despite widespread recognition that geography strongly affects knowledge circulation. To capture the effects of geographical distance on advice-seeking success, the current study takes a mixed method approach and investigate R&D engineers in a French cluster related to the semiconductor industry. By analyzing the lived experience of 17 R&D workers, as recounted in in-depth interviews, we draw a conceptual distinction between surface and deep advice-seeking (study 1). These types differ in terms of their temporality, form of reciprocity and expected contribution. Consistent with this dual conceptualization and previous literature on the geography of knowledge, we predict that distant ties in the context of deep advice-seeking are beneficial to the innovation performance of R&D workers, but detrimental in the context of surface advice-seeking. A test of these hypotheses, involving 113 R&D workers, provides support for the proposed model (study 2). All in all, the paper sheds new light on geography and location as essential factors of innovation
Use of personal data for monetization purposes: the case of mobile applications
No full textABS 2International audienceIn the mobile apps market, most apps can be downloaded for free. This study reviews the economic literature on the three most popular monetization strategies used to generate revenue: Advertising, freemium, and personal data. We discuss the part played by personal data in each of these three monetization strategies, and highlight why the lack of knowledge about the ultimate uses of personal data by market stakeholders should be of concern
