Journal of Next-Generation Research 5.0
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Imaging the Moho and the Main Himalayan Thrust in Western Nepal With Receiver Functions
No full textInternational audienceThe crustal structure of Western Nepal is studied for the first time by performing receiver function analysis on teleseismic waveforms recorded at 16 seismic stations. The Moho geometry is imaged as it deepens from ~40-km depth beneath the foothills and the Lesser Himalaya to ~58-km depth beneath the Higher Himalayan range. A midcrustal low-velocity zone is detected at ~15-km depth along ~55-km horizontal distance and is interpreted as the signature of fluids expelled from rocks descending in the footwall of the Main Himalayan Thrust. Our new image allows structural comparison of the Moho and of the Main Himalayan Thrust geometry along-strike of the Himalayas and documents long-wavelength lateral variations. The general crustal architecture observed on our images resembles that of Central Nepal; therefore, Western Nepal is also expected to be able to host large (M W > 8) megathrust earthquakes, as the 1505 CE event. Plain Language Summary We investigate the Earth's crust in Western Nepal. We use 16 stations to detect waves from faraway earthquakes, and using these we make an image of the structure of the crust. We find that the crust is getting thicker beneath the Himalaya and that fluids are locally present in the upper part of the crust. As this image is similar to the one we know in Central Nepal, where major earthquakes happened, it is possible that major earthquakes will also happen in Western Nepal in the future (without knowing when)
Brittle/ductile deformation of eclogites: insights from numerical models
No full textInternational audienceHow rocks deform at depth during lithospheric convergence and what are the magnitudes of stresses they experience during burial/exhumation processes constitute fundamental questions for refining our vision of short‐term (i.e. seismicity) and long‐term tectonic processes in the Earth's lithosphere. Field evidence showing the coexistence of both brittle and ductile deformation at high pressure – low temperature (HP‐LT) conditions particularly fuels this questioning. We here present 2D numerical models of eclogitic rock deformation by simple shear performed at cm‐scale. To approximate the eclogite paragenesis we considered the deformed medium as composed of two mineral phases: omphacite and garnet. We run a series of models at 2.0 GPa and 550°C for different background strain rates (from 10‐14 s‐1 to 10‐8 s‐1) and for different garnet proportions (from 0% to 55%). Results show that whole rock fracturing can occur under HP‐LT conditions for strain rates larger than ~10‐10 s‐1. This suggests that observation of brittle features in eclogites does not necessarily mean that they underwent extreme strain rate. Care should therefore be taken when linking failure of eclogitic rocks to seismic deformation. We also explore the ranges of parameters where garnet and omphacite are deforming with a different deformation style (i.e. frictional vs. viscous) and discuss our results in the light of naturally deformed eclogitic samples. This study illustrates that effective stresses sustained by rocks can be high at these P‐T conditions. They reach up to ~1 GPa for an entirely fractured eclogite and up to ~500 MPa for rocks that contain fractured garnet
Une analyse des exercices d’algorithmique et de programmation du brevet 2017
No full textNational audienceNous proposons une analyse critique de l’ensemble des exercices de l’épreuve de mathématiques 2017 du brevet ayant trait au thème « Algorithmique et programmation » du programme de cycle 4. Certains de ces exercices ne mettent en jeu que de manière très superficielle des compétences spécifiquement informatiques, mais portent plutôt sur des compétences mathématiques « traditionnelles », liées par exemple à l’algèbre ou la géométrie. Notre analyse met en regard ces différentes compétences, et propose des adaptations de certains énoncés afin d’en permettre une exploitation plus riche
L’information géospatiale au service de l’agriculture africaine, un investissement essentiel pour les politiques agricoles
No full textInternational audienceLes informations géospatiales et leurs produits dérivés, conçus pour contribuer à la définition des politiques publiques agricoles, sont peu utilisés en Afrique. Les infrastructures, la formation et les compétences manquent ; les activités de recherche et développement sont dispersées et insuffisantes. Mais, surtout, les besoins restent mal formalisés et l’offre technologique, impulsée par les pays industrialisés, est peu adaptée aux caractéristiques des agricultures africaines. Par ailleurs, pour que des services opérationnels produisent de l’information pertinente et utile, un environnement stable doit être garanti aux entreprises, aux institutions et aux projets. Ces services co-construits naissent dans le cadre d’un partenariat pérenne entre les chercheurs, les opérateurs chargés des études et les utilisateurs finaux. La recherche ouvre alors d’autres voies d’exploitation des images satellitaires pour documenter et expliciter les processus de transformation de l’agriculture. Enfin, des réseaux de compétences interdisciplinaires structurés sur le temps long sont nécessaires pour favoriser les échanges méthodologiques et thématiques
The Agricultural Revolution, Childe’s Theory of Economic Development as Outlined in Man Makes Himself , and Contemporary Economic Theories
No full textInternational audienceThis article assesses Childe’s theory of the impact of the commencement of agriculture on Neolithic economic development and its socioeconomic consequences, as outlined in his book Man Makes Himself. It also relates his theory to contemporary views on economic development, paying attention to current theories of sustainable economic development. After providing a biographical note on V. Gordon Childe (an Australian-born archaeologist and anthropologist) and introducing his basic ideas, it examines Childe’s criterion of successful economic development. Subsequently, the essence of Childe’s two-phase model of early agricultural development is summarized and its validity is evaluated. Childe is identified as a Marxist. The influence of Marxism on his life and theories is given careful consideration. It is suggested that contemporary economists should pay greater attention to the ‘big’ history of economic change, as Childe did
Ecological evaluation of a marine protected area network: a progressive-change BACIPS approach
No full textInternational audienceMarine protected area (MPA) networks, with varying degrees of protection and use, can be use ful tools to achieve both conservation and fisheries management benefits. Assessing whether MPA networks meet their objectives requires data from Before the establishment of the network to better discern natural spatiotemporal variation and preexisting differences from the response to protection. Here, we use a Progressive-Change BACIPS approach to assess the ecological effects of a network of five fully and three moderately protected MPAs on fish communities in two coral reef habitats (lagoon and fore reef) based on a time series of data collected five times (over three years) Before and 12 times (over nine years) After the network’s establishment on the island of Moorea, French Polynesia. At the network scale, on the fore reef, density and biomass of harvested fishes increased by 19.3% and 24.8%, respectively, in protected areas relative to control fished areas. Fully protected areas provided greater ecological benefits than moderately protected areas. In the lagoon, density and biomass of harvested fishes increased, but only the 31% increase in biomass in fully protected MPAs was significant. Non-harvested fishes did not respond to protection in any of the habitats. We propose that these responses to protection were small, relative to other MPA assessments, due to limited compliance and weak surveillance, although other factors such as the occurrence of a crownof-thorns starfish outbreak and a cyclone after the network was established may also have impeded the ability of the network to provide benefits. Our results highlight the importance of using fully protected MPAs over moderately protected MPAs to achieve conservation objectives, even in complex social–ecological settings, but also stress the need to monitor effects and adapt management based on ongoing assessments
IRE1α est essentiel pour la différenciation des neuroblastomes induits par le Kaempférol
No full textInternational audienceNeuroblastoma is an embryonic malignancy that arises out of the neural crest cells of the sympathetic nervous system. It is the most common childhood tumor known for its spontaneous regression via the process of differentiation. The induction of differentiation using small molecules such as retinoic acid is one of the therapeutic strategies to treat the residual disease. In this study, we have reported the effect of kaempferol in inducing differentiation of neuroblastoma cells in vitro. Treatment of neuroblastoma cells with kaempferol reduced the proliferation and enhanced apoptosis along with the induction of neuritogenesis. Analysis of the expression of neuron‐specific markers such as β‐III tubulin, neuron‐specific enolase and NRDG1 (N‐myc down‐regulated gene 1) revealed the process of differentiation accompanying kaempferol‐induced apoptosis. Further analysis to understand the molecular mechanism of action showed that the effect of kaempferol is mediated by the activation of the endoribonuclease activity of IRE1α (Inositol‐requiring enzyme 1 alpha), an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) resident transmembrane protein. In silico docking analysis and biochemical assays using recombinant human IRE1α confirm the binding of kaempferol to the ATP binding site of IRE1α, which thereby activates IRE1α ribonuclease activity. Treatment of cells with the small molecule STF083010, which specifically targets and inhibits the endoribonuclease activity of IRE1α, showed reduced expression of neuron‐specific markers and curtailed neuritogenesis. The knockdown of IRE1α using plasmid‐based shRNA lentiviral particles also showed diminished changes in the morphology of the cells upon kaempferol treatment. Thus, our study suggests that kaempferol induces differentiation of neuroblastoma cells via the IRE1α ‐XBP1 pathway.Le neuroblastome est une tumeur maligne embryonnaire qui provient des cellules de la crête neurale du système nerveux sympathique. Il s’agit de la tumeur infantile la plus courante, connue pour sa régression spontanée via le processus de différenciation. L'induction de la différenciation à l'aide de petites molécules comme l'acide rétinoïque est l'une des stratégies thérapeutiques pour traiter la maladie résiduelle. Dans cette étude, nous avons rapporté l'effet du kaempférol (KFL) sur l'induction de la différenciation des cellules de neuroblastome in vitro. Le traitement des cellules de neuroblastome avec KFL a réduit la prolifération et amélioré l'apoptose ainsi que l'induction de la neuritogenèse. L'analyse de l'expression de marqueurs spécifiques des neurones tels que la tubuline β-III, l'énolase spécifique des neurones et le gène 1 régulé négativement par N-myc a révélé le processus de différenciation accompagnant l'apoptose induite par le KFL. Une analyse plus approfondie visant à comprendre le mécanisme d'action moléculaire a montré que l'effet du KFL est médié par l'activation de l'activité endoribonucléase de l'enzyme 1 alpha (IRE1α) nécessitant l'inositol, une protéine transmembranaire résidant dans le réticulum endoplasmique. L'analyse in silico docking et les analyses biochimiques utilisant l'IRE1α humain recombinant confirment la liaison du KFL au site de liaison ATP de l'IRE1α, qui active ainsi l'activité ribonucléase de l'IRE1α. Le traitement des cellules avec la petite molécule STF083010, qui cible et inhibe spécifiquement l’activité endoribonucléase d’IRE1α, a montré une expression réduite de marqueurs spécifiques des neurones et une neurotogenèse réduite. L'inactivation d'IRE1α à l'aide de particules lentivirales shRNA à base de plasmide a également montré une diminution des changements dans la morphologie des cellules lors du traitement au KFL. Ainsi, notre étude suggère que KFL induit la différenciation des cellules de neuroblastome via la voie IRE1α -XBP1
Impact of humidity biases on light precipitation occurrence: observations versus simulations
No full textInternational audienceThis work uses a network of GPS stations over Europe from which a homogenized integrated water vapor (IWV) dataset has been retrieved, completed with colocated temperature and precipitation measurements over specific stations to (i) estimate the biases of six regional climate models over Europe in terms of humidity; (ii) understand their origins; and (iii) finally assess the impact of these biases on the frequency of occurrence of precipitation. The evaluated simulations have been performed in the framework of HYMEX/Med-CORDEX programs and cover the Mediter-ranean area and part of Europe at horizontal resolutions of 50 to 12 km. The analysis shows that models tend to overestimate the low values of IWV and the use of the nudging technique reduces the differences between GPS and simulated IWV. Results suggest that physics of models mostly explain the mean biases, while dynamics affects the variability. The land surface-atmosphere exchanges affect the estimation of IWV over most part of Europe, especially in summer. The limitations of the models to represent these processes explain part of their biases in IWV. However, models correctly simulate the dependance between IWV and temperature, and specifically the deviation that this relationship experiences regarding the Clausius-Clapeyron law after a critical value of temperature (T break). The high spatial variability of T break indicates that it has a strong dependence on local processes which drive the local humidity sources. This explains why the maximum values of IWV are not necessarily observed over warmer areas, which are often dry areas. Finally, it is shown over the SIRTA observatory (near Paris) that the frequency of occurrence of light precipitation is strongly conditioned by the biases in IWV and by the precision of the models to reproduce the distribution of IWV as a function of the temperature. The results of the models indicate that a similar dependence occurs in other areas of Europe, especially where precipitation has a predominantly convective character. According to the observations, for each range of temperature, there is a critical value of IWV from which precipitation starts to increase. The critical values and the probability of exceeding them are simulated with a bias that depends on the model. Those models, which generally present light precipitation too often, show lower critical values and higher probability of exceeding them
Mesoporous titania-coated biosensor and FEM model design for highly sensitive detection of low molecular weight targets
No full textInternational audienceThis paper presents the interest of a highly sensitive biosensor coated with a TiO2 mesoporous film as sensitive layer. The main novelty is related to the modelling of the device and simulation by using Finite Element Method with COMSOL Multiphysics software, as a good way to take into account the physical properties of porous 3D-layers. The strategy of using such Love wave devices, with 3D porous layers, offering further easy functionalization, aims not only to increase the amount of targets caught on the sensor surface, but also to enhance the detection mechanism by a higher perturbation of the Love wave acoustic energy which could be trapped inside the 3D sensitive layer. First, as a proof of concept, experimental devices with a 3D titania mesoporous layer were realized, and they have shown a good agreement with simulated results. Furthermore, experimental test with several Newtonian liquids are investigated, in a range of viscosities from 1 to 7 cP, typical of those concerned by our biochemical applications. The sensitivity with a 300 nm thick porous sensing layer was 10 times that of the bare device, with interesting dynamical issues to be further studied, giving rise to the great potentialities of such architectures for biological detection of low weight biochemical targets
: La nouvelle revue. Éducation et société inclusives, numéro 85
No full textInternational audiencePrésentation du dossier : Comment dépasser une conception minimaliste de l’éducation inclusive, celle de l’accueil des enfants handicapés ? En explorant, par la recherche, en quoi elle suppose tout autant d’anticiper des fragilités que de lever des barrières, afin que soient donnés à chaque élève, dans un environnement scolaire accessible à tous, les moyens de réussir et de trouver ainsi sa place légitime à l’école, puis dans la société. Quelles transformations de pratiques sont nécessaires, quels territoires professionnels sont désormais à partager ?À ces questions, on tente ici de répondre : http://inshea.fr/fr/printpdf/content/vers-une-soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9-inclusive%E2%80%89-diversit%C3%A9s-de-formations-et-de-pratiques-innovantes*** Sommaire :Éditorial - Hervé BenoitIntroduction : Liliane Pelletier et Serge Thomazet « Vers une société inclusive : diversités de formations et de pratiques innovantes »// Chapitre 1. D’une recherche sur le travail conjoint AESH-enseignants vers la mise en oeuvre d’une ingénierie coopérative : un moyen pour renouveler les pratiques ? - Marie Toullec-Théry// Chapitre 2. Des communautés de pratiques de directions d’écoles et de commissions scolaires : une voie pour soutenir la mise en place d’écoles inclusives - Jean Bélanger, Alexis Gagné, Michel Janosz, Isabelle Archambault et Laurent Fahrni// Chapitre 3. L’implantation d’un dispositif d’inclusion en collège : appropriation singulière dans un cadre collectif - Florence Savournin, Emmanuelle Brossais, Émilie Chevallier-Rodrigues, Amélie Courtinat-Camps et Myriam de Leonardis// Chapitre 4. Les dispositifs Ulis. Enjeux d’un dispositif de transition - Julia Midelet// Chapitre 5. Étude d’un projet numérique de pratiques collaboratives innovantes. Défis et transformations pour des enseignants du secondaire - Muriel Epstein et Karine Millon-Fauré// Chapitre 6. Vers une société inclusive : des liens nécessaires entre formation, pratique et recherche - Serge Thomazet et Corinne Mérini// Chapitre 7. Le dispositif de la Classe passerelle à la Réunion ou comment développer le sentiment d’appartenance dans un espace intermétiers ? - Marie-Laure Bardy, Marie-Hélène Chizat, Cécile Pedro, Aurore Salvan et Liliane Pelletier// Chapitre 8. Le sens de l’expérience scolaire d’élèves en situation de handicap - Émilie Chevallier-Rodrigues, Amélie Courtinat-Camps et Myriam de Leonardis// Chapitre 9. Du « cas de Gaël » à Pauline : vers un défi pédagogique et didactique pour une éducation plus inclusive ? - Maryvonne Priolet// Chapitre 10. Cohérence cardiaque et éducation. Une pratique comme soutien à l’inclusion scolaire ? - Michaël Vauthier, David O’hare, Alessio Guarino et Marie-Laure Bardy// Chapitre 11. La résolution de problèmes au cycle 3 : une gestion de l’hétérogénéité des élèves caractéristique des enseignants stagiaires - Christine Françoise// Chapitre 12. La contextualisation, une compétence professionnelle au centre du master MEEF 1er degré de Mayotte - Jean-Jacques Salone// Chapitre 13. Du témoignage au savoir d’expérience en EFTS : vers l’inclusion des personnes accompagnées et/ou vulnérables - Flavie Plante// Chapitre 14. Chronique de l’international : Prise de psychostimulants et attention : l’expérience de deux adolescents diagnostiqués TDAH au Brésil et en France - Luciana Caliman et Maria Renata Prado Martin// Chapitre 15. Études et formations : Une ingénierie coopérative en Esat : quand travailler ensemble rend capable de créativité. L’exemple emblématique : une idée farfelue - Caroline Perraud// Chapitre 16. Politiques inclusives d’éducation : Construire une culture commune entre enseignants spécialisés et infirmiers en hôpital de jour : vers une identification d’objets migrants - Valérie Guinard et Marie Toullec-Théry// Chapitre 17. Pédagogie et psychopédagogie : Vers une société plus inclusive :des Unités localisées d’inclusion scolaire à l’emploi grâce à la formation professionnelle. L’expérience « Plateforme d’accompagnement à l’inclusion professionnelle » de l’académie de Toulouse - Nathalie Bepmale// Chapitre 18. NTIC : Une expérience de télé-présence avec Nao - Marie-Hélène Heitz Ferrand et Christelle Avril// Chapitre 19. Lire, voir, entendre : Comptes rendus de lecture, Parutions récente