Journal of Next-Generation Research 5.0
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Redonner du sens au travail : la mission du cadre de santé pour sauver le travail
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Vers une école inclusive : pratiques collaboratives et processus de construction du collectif « Parents-Ecole » en Classe Passerelle
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Coviability of Social and Ecological Systems: Reconnecting Mankind to the Biosphere in an Era of Global Changevol2 Coviability questionne by a Diversity of Situations
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A minimum set of stable blocks for rational design of polypeptide chains Running head: A set of stable blocks for protein rational design
No full textInternational audienceThe aim of this work was to find a minimal set of structurally stable pentapeptides, which allows forming a polypeptide chain of a required 3D structure. To search for factors that ensure structural stability of the pentapeptide, we generated peptide sequences with no more than three functional groups, based on the alanine pentapeptide AAAAA. We analyzed 44,860 structures of peptides by the molecular dynamics method and found that 1,225 pentapeptides over 80% of the simulation time were in a stable conformation. Clustering of these conformations revealed 54 topological types of conformationally stable pentapeptides. These conformations relate to different combined elements of the protein secondary structure. So, we obtained a minimal set of amino acid structures of conformationally stable pentapeptides, creating a complete set of different topologies that ensure the formation of pre-folded conformation of protein structures
Displacement in the Poetry of 'Exiliance': Three Refugee Poets from the Indian Ocean and Asia
No full textInternational audienceThis article focuses on three poets (Salah Faik, Adeeb Kamal Ad-Deen and Ahmatjan Osman) who have fled their countries and thus experienced the internal or external disorders caused by geographical displacement. Refugee poetry is usually read as a testimony of the suffering connected with remoteness, a commemoration of the abandoned homeland and a reflection on the effects of migration, on the one hand on the poet's identity and on the other hand his relationship with the world. The article argues, however, that what can be termed 'the poetry of exiliance' - a word borrowed from Alexis Nouss - is not simply linked to the displacement of refugees, but rather to a new literary space where writing is itself an experience of displacement. In other words, it discusses the way in which such poetry transforms the displacement of refugees that is geographical migration into an experience of exile which is mainly a kind of mystical migration. Typically, the poets analyzed here express not only the dislocation specific to the refugee situation, but the serenity that can be gained through the experience of exile itself
Un Modèle basé sur les Grammaires Attribuées Gardées pour les Processus Dynamiques, Centrés sur l’Utilisateur, Distribués et Collaboratifs: Cas de la Surveillance Epidémiologique
No full textDynamic processes in which users need to work together and collaborate in myriad ways on process models defined on-the-fly are fast becoming the rule rather than the exception. This thesis presents the design of a purely declarative modelling approach for dynamic, collaborative, user-centred, and data-driven processes. First, we organize the work of a user into task hierarchies which we model as mindmaps, which are trees used to visualize, organize, and log information about tasks in which the user is involved. We introduce the model of guarded attribute grammars, or GAG, to help the automation of updating such maps. A GAG consists of an underlying grammar, that specifies the logical structure of the map, with semantic rules which are used both to govern the evolution of the tree structure (how an open node may be rened to a sub-tree) and to compute the values of some of its attributes. The map enriched with this extra information and with high-level constructs for task dependencies; collaborationand user-interactions is termed an active workspace or AW. Communication between AWs is essentially through the exchange of messages without a shared memory thus enabling convenient distribution on an asynchronous architecture. Lastly, we introduce a language syntax for GAG specification and design a prototype that includes an internal domain specific language (in Haskell) for their specification and a graphical user interface to simulate its execution in a distributed environment. We motivate our approach and illustrate its language syntax and features on a case study for a disease surveillance system.De plus en plus, les utilisateurs collaborent de multiples façons sur des processus dynamiques construit de manière progressive. Dans cette thèse, nous concevons une nouvelle approche d´déclarative de modélisation des processus dynamiques, centrés sur l’utilisateur et dirigés par les données. Tout d’abord, nous organisons le travail d’un utilisateur par des hiérarchies des taches, représentées par des cartes heuristiques (arbre de taches). Ces derniers sont utilisés pour visualiser, organiser, et sauvegarder les informations sur les tâches menés par l’utilisateur. Nous introduisons ensuite le modèle des grammaires attribuées gardées, ou GAG, pour faciliter l’automatisation de la manipulation de telles cartes. Une GAG consiste en une grammaire sous-jacente, qui spécifie la structure logique de la carte, avec des règles sémantiques qui servent à la fois a` gouverner l’évolution de l’arbre des taches (raffinement des nœuds ouverts) et a` calculer les valeurs de certains de ses attributs. La carte enrichie de ces informations supplémentaires et d’autres concepts de haut niveau pour les d´dépendances entre les taches, la collaboration et les interactions utilisateur est appelée Active Workspace ou AW. La communication entre AWs est essentiellement par échange des messages permettant ainsi une implémentation commode sur une architecture distribuée et asynchrone. Enfin, nous décrivons une syntaxe de langage pour la spécification des processus en utilisant les GAGs et concevons un prototype qui inclut un langage spécifique au domaine, interne `a Haskell, pour leur spécification et une interface utilisateur graphique pour la simulation de l’exécution dans un environnement distribué. Nous motivons notre approche et illustrons sa syntaxe et ses caractéristiques sur une étude de cas portant sur le processus de surveillance épidémiologique
Multiscale variability in coral recruitment in the Mascarene Islands : From centimetric to geographical scale
No full textInternational audienceCoral recruitment refers to the processes allowing maintenance and renewal of coral communities. Recruitment success is therefore indispensable for coral reef recovery after disturbances. Recruitment processes are governed by a variety of factors occurring at all spatial and temporal scales, from centimetres to hundreds of kilometres. In the present context of rising disturbances, it is thus of major importance to better understand the relative importance of different scales in this variation, and when possible, the factors associated with these scales. Multiscale spatio-temporal variability of scleractinian coral recruitment was investigated at two of the Mascarene Islands: Reunion and Rodrigues. Recruitment rates and taxonomic composition were examined during three consecutive six-month periods from regional to micro-local scales (i.e. from hundreds of kilometres to few centimetres) and between two protection levels (no-take zones and general protection zones). Very low recruitment rates were observed. Rodrigues displayed lower recruitment rates than Reunion. Recruit assemblage was dominated by Pocilloporidae (77.9%), followed by Acroporidae (9.9%) and Poritidae (5.2%). No protection effect was identified on coral recruitment, despite differences in recruitment rates among sites within islands. Recruits were patchily distributed within sites but no aggregative effect was detected, i.e. the preferentially colonised tiles were not spatially grouped. Recruits settled mainly on the sides of the tiles, especially at Rodrigues, which could be attributed to the high concentration of suspended matter. The variability of recruitment patterns at various spatial scales emphasises the importance of micro- to macro-local variations of the environment in the dynamics and maintenance of coral populations. High temporal variability was also detected, between seasons and years, which may be related to the early 2016 bleaching event at Rodrigues. The low recruitment rates and the absence of protection effect raise questions about the potential for recovery from disturbances of coral reefs in the Mascarene Islands
Lateritic weathering of trachyte, and bauxite formation in West Cameroon : Morphological and geochemical evolution
No full textInternational audienceBauxites and Fe laterites were formed on Neogene volcanics from Fongo-Tongo region in the highlands ofwestern Cameroon, and are distributed on plateaus, slopes and downslope surfaces. Bauxitic profiles result fromintense in-situ weathering of trachytes that implied depletion of silica and labile elements from the saprolite,while alumina relatively accumulated from parent minerals pseudomorphosis by primary gibbsite formation.During ongoing lateritization and bauxite maturation, important leaching and illuviation processes resulted insecondary gibbsite crystallizations. Late incision and dissection of upper bauxitic plateau resulted in degradationand dismantling of bauxitic duricrusts with Fe-depletion and increasing silica. Compared to trachyte, bauxiticduricrusts are relatively enriched in Nb, Zr, Ga, Ni, Cu, Co, V, Cr, As, Pb, Th, Hf, U and Ta, while Y, Sr, Rb, Ba andZn are depleted. Trace elements contents depend on relative proportions of gibbsite, kaolinite, iron oxides andanatase and their affinity with these minerals across the weathering sequence. The overall REE composition andC1-Chondrite normalized REE patterns highlight significant fractionations with enrichment in the upslopeprofile and labile behavior in other profiles of the sequence. REE behavior and Eu/Ce anomalies are controlledby intensity of weathering and lateritic processes during the evolution of profiles. Our results document twomajor bauxitic phases in the Fongo-Tongo area, i.e., mid-Miocene primary in situ bauxitic weathering of trachyteand late Miocene secondary bauxitization of previously formed bauxitic profiles that led to alumina enrichmentup to 53.50 wt%. Combined together, the morphological distribution and geochemical composition of the studiedbauxitic profiles constitute guides for bauxite exploration, and more generally document the dynamics andmorphogenetic evolution of lateritic landforms in West Cameroon
Quand la Terre tremble. Séismes, éruptions volcaniques et glissements de terrain en France
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Caractérisation de la dynamique des oasis de Djérid
No full textIn southern Tunisia, not all irrigated oasis-type perimeters have undergone the same development, we observed an evolution of the covered surfaces which more than doubled in the last half-century, while for other regions they have remained practically stable and in some cases, a decrease in these areas. These changes have affected environmental and economic systems. In this context, the evaluation of the state of oases and the development of a typology of oases systems is a key-issue for sustainable agriculture. To know the state of vegetation in these oases, monitoring systems for oasis ecosystems must be informed by data on cultivated areas. These data can be obtained in part by satellite observation systems with high and moderate spatial resolution and high temporal repetitiveness, offer a synoptic vision that makes them a particularly appropriate information source for the estimation of such data. The research work presented here focuses on the exploration of methods developed from two types of time series of Earth observation images: those produced by the SPOT-5 experiment (Take5) and the MOD13Q1 product of the MODIS sensor, at 10m and 250m spatial resolution respectively. These methods and data were tested in the Djerid region with the final aim of setting up an oasis monitoring system based on the analysis of time signatures from Earth observation images made very regularly over time.Two change detection approaches based on NDVI time series. The first consists on temporal variations in vegetation activity over a short period from April to September 2015 through the SPOT-5 time series (Take5): the comparison between oases was made at the scale of the irrigated perimeter (an oasis can be composed of several irrigated perimeters) using agglomerative hierarchical clustering (AHC) method.The second uses a temporal decomposition technique to extract the trend from a multi-year time series at the scale of a geographical point (a 250mx250m pixel) across the MOD13Q1 time series (2000-2016).Results obtained from the processing and analysis of optical time series have shown that it is possible to identify the main types of irrigated perimeters present in the Djerid region, and to retrospectively trace their recent development history. They also highlight the fact that SPOT-5 (Take5) images, which prefigure those currently available with images produced by Sentinel2 satellites, significantly improve the spatio-temporal characterization of oases functioning through their 10m spatial resolution and 5-day temporal repetitiveness.The results of this thesis highlight new possibilities for the combination of remote sensing, field data and statistical analysis, delivering nonstop information in time and space on the characterization of oases systems. Indeed, with a single sensor such as Sentinel2, coupled with the historical data of MOD13Q1, it is now possible to accurately characterize oases on a continuous basis.Dans le sud tunisien, tous les périmètres irrigués de type oasis n’ont pas connu le même développement au cours de 50 dernières années. On observe ainsi depuis plusieurs décennies, une évolution des surfaces couvertes qui dans certaines régions ont plus que doublé, alors que pour d’autres elles sont restées pratiquement stables et dans certains cas, ont même connu une régression. Face aux enjeux que ces changements impliquent tant sur le plan environnemental qu’économique et social, l’élaboration d’une typologie des oasis ainsi que l’estimation de leur état sont d’une importance stratégique aux niveaux national, régional et international. Pour connaître l'état de la végétation dans ces oasis, des systèmes de surveillance de ces écosystèmes oasiens devraient être mis au point et renseignés régulièrement par des données prises sur ces surfaces cultivées. Ces données peuvent être obtenues en partie par les systèmes d’observations satellitaires à haute et à moyenne résolution spatiale, et forte répétitivité temporelle, qui par leur vision synoptique, constituent une source d’informations particulièrement adéquate. Le travail de recherche présenté ici porte sur l’exploration de méthodes développées à partir de deux types de séries temporelles d’images d’observation de la Terre : celles produites par l’expérience SPOT-5 (Take5) et le produit MOD13Q1 du capteur MODIS, respectivement à 10m et 250 m de résolution spatiale, et avec des répétitivités de 5 et 26 jours. Ces méthodes et données ont été testées sur la région du Djérid dans le but final de mettre en place un système de surveillance des oasis basé sur l'analyse des signatures temporelles à partir d’images d’observations de la Terre prises très régulièrement dans le temps.Deux démarches différentes d’analyse ont été menées pour chaque type de données, basées sur le traitement de séries temporelles d’un indice de végétation, le NDVI. La première repose sur les variations temporelles de l’activité végétale sur une courte période d’avril à septembre 2015 à travers la série d’images SPOT-5 (Take5) : la comparaison entre oasis s’est faite à l’échelle du périmètre irrigué (une oasis peut être composée de plusieurs périmètres irrigués) en utilisant la méthode statistique de classification ascendante hiérarchique. La seconde utilise une technique de décomposition temporelle d’un signal pour extraire la tendance d’une série d’images pluriannuelles à l’échelle d’un point géographique (un pixel de 250mx250m) à travers la série temporelle MOD13Q1 de 2000 à 2016.Les résultats obtenus à partir du traitement et de l’analyse de ces séries temporelles optiques ont permis de montrer qu’il est possible d’identifier les principaux types de périmètres irrigués présents dans la région de Djérid, et retrouver rétrospectivement l’histoire récente de leur développement. Ils mettent aussi en évidence le fait que les images SPOT-5 (Take5), qui préfigurent celles actuellement disponibles avec les images produites par les satellites Sentinel2, améliorent considérablement la caractérisation spatio-temporelle du fonctionnement des oasis grâce à la finesse de leur résolution spatiale et de leur répétitivité temporelle.Les résultats de cette thèse permettent de dégager de nouvelles pistes de couplage entre télédétection, données de terrain et analyses statistiques en apportant une information continue dans le temps et dans l’espace pour le suivi et la surveillance des écosystèmes oasiens. En effet avec deux capteurs tel que Sentinel2, couplé aux données historiques de MOD13Q1, il est permis désormais de caractériser précisément les oasis d’une façon presque continue