Journal of Next-Generation Research 5.0
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D'un modèle conceptuel à un un modèle d’implémentation appliqué à une étude de cas multi-niveau au Cameroun.
No full textInternational audienceThis paper presents the application of a Multi-Level Agent Based Model technology through a Natural Model based Design in Context (NMDC) to describe and model a class of environ-mental problems. NMDC allow training domain expert to design a conceptual model for a concrete environmental problem. This model describes the underlying application domain in terms of environmental concepts and neither requires specific technical skills nor involves implementation details. We show how the associated TiC (Tool-in-Context) develop through NMDC can help the domain expert to describe in semi-natural (specific) language the environmental problem. This description is the basis for TiC to generate a simulation tool. On the base of this, we transform the specific language to NetLogo agent based code, thereby facilitating an early prototype application to be used by the domain expert. Finally, we applied this approach to explain and analyze the process of deforestation around the Laf Forest Reserve and discuss the prototype resulting from our approach.Cet article présente une application de l’approche de modélisation multi-échelle à base d’agent en s’appuyant sur un modèle spécifique (NMDC) pour décrire et modéliser une classe de problèmes environnementaux. Le modèle NMDC permet à l’expert du domaine de décrire le domaine d’application sous-jacent en termes de concepts environnementaux et ne nécessite pas de compétences techniques spécifiques, ni de détails de mise en oeuvre. Nous montrons comment l’outil TiC (Tool-in-Context) associé développé à partir du modèle NMDC peut aider l’expert du domaine à décrire dans un langage naturel (spécifique) le problème environnemental. Cette description est la base pour l’outil TiC de générer un outil de simulation. A travers cet outil, nous transformons le langage spécifique en code multi-agents NetLogo, facilitant ainsi un premier prototype de l’application pouvant être utilisé par l’expert de domaine. Enfin, nous appliquons cette approche pour expliquer et analyser le processus de déforestation autour de la réserve forestière de Laf et discuter du prototype résultant de notre approche
Peer Community In: A free process for the recommendation of unpublished scientific papers based on peer review
No full textInternational audienceThe current system of scientific publication is faced with several serious problems: its cost and lack of transparency and the long time from the obtainment of scientific results to their publication. We also believe that the economic model on which the current publishing system is based perverts the system. We have created Peer Community In (PCI)—https://peercommunityin.org/ ; https://youtu.be/4PZhpnc8wwo—to tackle all these problems. This project is based on the publication of critical evaluations and recommendations of articles that have not yet been published, but are freely available in electronic form from open archives on the Internet, in which they have been deposited. These evaluations and recommendations are performed by researchers acting on a voluntary basis with no links to private publishers. Publication costs disappear: PCI validates, distributes and allows consultation of the articles submitted free of charge. The time lag to information access is eliminated: the scientific articles evaluated are deposited in open archives as soon as they are written. The system becomes transparent: reviews, editorial decisions, authors’ responses and recommendations are published on the website of the scientific community concerned (e.g. PCI Evolutionary Biology, PCI Ecology, PCI Paleontology…
Les usages pédagogiques du jeu de rôle dans la formation des professionnels du paysage
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Feral cats do not play a major role in leptospirosis epidemiology on Reunion Island
No full textInternational audienceAlthough previous studies have reported Leptospira carriage in kidneys and urine of cats, the role of these animals in leptospirosis epidemiology remains poorly understood. Using molecular methods, we investigated Leptospira renal carriage in 172 feral cats from Reunion Island, an oceanic geographically isolated island located in the South West Indian Ocean. Only one out of the 172 analysed specimens tested positive for Leptospira DNA through quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Using this positive sample, we could obtain sequences at three Leptospira loci (rrs2, lipL32 and lipL41) allowing to report for the first time Leptospira borgpetersenii naturally infecting cats. Comparisons with bacterial sequences from both acute human cases and animal reservoirs revealed similarities with Leptospira sequences previously reported on Reunion Island. However, the low prevalence (0.6%) reported herein does not support any major role of feral cats in leptospirosis epidemiology on Reunion Island, contrasting with results recently reported on another Indian Ocean Island, Christmas Island. The significance of these discrepancies is discussed
Reef Grief: investigating the relationship between place meanings and place change on the Great Barrier Reef, Australia
No full textInternational audienceIt is well established that ecosystems bring meaning and well-being to individuals, often articulated through attachment toplace. Degradation and threats to places and ecosystems have been shown to lead to loss of well-being. Here, we suggestthat the interactions between ecosystem loss and declining well-being may involve both emotional responses associated withgrief, and with observable impacts on mental health. We test these ideas on so-called ecological grief by examining individualemotional response to well-documented and publicized ecological degradation: coral bleaching and mortality in the GreatBarrier Reef ecosystem. The study focuses both on one off events of coral loss and the prospect of continuing decline on theself-reported well-being of residents living within the ecosystem, visitors, and those whose livelihood is dependent on themarine resource: data from face-to-face surveys of 1870 local residents, 1804 tourists, and telephone surveys of 91 fishersand 94 tourism operators. We hypothesise that the extent to which individuals experience ecological grief is dependent onthe meanings or intrinsic values (such as aesthetic, scientific, or biodiversity-based values), and is moderated by their placeattachment, place identity, lifestyle dependence, place-based pride, and derived well-being. Results show that around halfof residents, tourists and tourist operators surveyed, and almost one quarter of fishers, report significant Reef Grief. ReefGrief is closely and positively associated with place meanings within resident and tourist populations. By contrast respond-ents who rated high aesthetic value of the coral ecosystem report lower levels of Reef Grief. These findings have significantimplications for how individuals and populations experience ecosystem decline and loss within places that are meaningfulto them. Given inevitable cumulative future impacts on ecosystems from committed climate change impacts, understand-ing and managing ecological grief will become increasingly important. This study seeks to lay conceptual and theoreticalfoundations to identify how ecological grief is manifest and related to meaningful places and the social distribution of suchgrief across society
Distributed deformation along the subduction plate interface: The role of tectonic mélanges
No full textInternational audienceRecent geophysical monitoring of subduction zones has unraveled a complete spectrum of plate coupling behaviors, from coupled portions rupturing during earthquakes to decoupled portions slipping aseismically. However, the deformation mechanisms and the exhumed rock corresponding to these contrasted behaviors are not yet identified. Tectonic mélange zones are thought to play a major role in the deformation of the plate interface as they represent remnants of the subducted plate scraped off by the overriding plate. In this work we examine several tectonic mélange zones (Hyuga, Okitsu, Mugi) from the Shimanto Belt, an accretionary prism in southwest Japan connecting to the active Nankai subduction zone. These tectonic mélange zones have a block-in-matrix structure, with lenses of sandstones and basalts within a metapelitic matrix, and their deformation is distributed over zones of hundreds of meters in thickness. In addition, the examples of mélange considered here are bounded by sharp faults, some of them bearing pseudotachylyte layers, so that distributed deformation within the mélange and localized deformation on its boundary are juxtaposed. Distributed deformation involves the development of a foliation, as well as of a pervasive network of macroscopic and microscopic shear zones. Along with slip on this network, strain proceeds by fracturing and precipitation of quartz, in long veins parallel to the foliation or in smaller cracks perpendicular to stretching and forming in the neck of competent lenses of sandstones or former quartz veins. The analysis of shear band kinematics shows in all three examples a dominant, top-to-the-trench sense of shear, consistent with deformation along the plate boundary during subduction. Moreover, most shear zones, when foliation is restored back to syn-subduction position, are extensional structures. Finally, the geometry and kinematics of the mélange-bounding faults, as well as radiometric constraints, show that in most cases the faults (=localized structures) were formed during a later stage than mélange internal deformation. These findings bear several consequences on the structure and dynamics of the subduction plate boundary at seismogenic depths. First, there is no support for a model of plate boundary fault zone composed simultaneously of localized slip zones and domains of more distributed deformation. Second, rather than proposed models of underplating, where all deformation is localized into the thrusts bounding the tectonic sheets, we suggest that underplating was to a large extent accommodated by distributed deformation within the mélange sheets. This underplating model accounts for (i) the large amount of strain within the mélange, (ii) the absence of contractional structures during underplating, (iii) thinning of the mélange required by the network of extensional shear bands and stretched boudins. Third, mélanges appear as likely candidates for portions of the plate interface deforming by aseismic slip. The seismic vs. aseismic character of the plate interface might depend on the ability of sediments on top of the subducting plate to undergo distributed strain, which in turn depends on the efficiency of pressure solution to operate
Spatial Patterns and Short-term Changes of Coral Assemblages Along a Cross-shelf Gradient in the Southwestern Lagoon of New Caledonia
No full textInternational audienceCoral reef assemblages generally form gradients of spatial structures which are governed by a variety of interacting physical and biological processes that vary in intensity, frequency, and spatial scale. Assessing the structure of contemporary reef assemblages may help to understand future changes and to identify appropriate conservation actions. The spatial distribution and interannual variability (from 2006 to 2008) of coral assemblages were investigated at 10 stations in the southwestern lagoon of New Caledonia, and the strength of the cross-shelf gradient was evaluated. Coral cover, generic richness, and abundance of adult and juvenile assemblages were highly variable within and among the three major reef habitats (fringing, mid-shelf, and barrier reefs). Abundance increased with distance from shore, whereas generic richness and cover were not correlated with shelf position. Assemblage composition was generally related to habitat, even though some mid-shelf and fringing reef assemblages resembled those observed on other habitats. A significant correlation between juvenile and adult distributions was recorded, suggesting that adult assemblages are partly controlled by the short-term history of recruitment patterns. The interannual variation of coral assemblages was far less pronounced, with significant changes only detected at some mid-shelf and barrier reefs, for a few genera characterised by high turnover
Random sampling from joint probability distributions defined in a bayesian framework
No full textInternational audienceRandom variables characterized by a joint probability distribution function (jpdf) defined in a Bayesian framework are generally sampled with Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC). The latter can be computationally demanding when the number of variables is high. As an alternative , the maximal conditional probability distribution (MCPD) sampler was recently introduced by some of the authors of the present article to readily and efficiently draw values randomly sampled from the desired jpdf. The MCPD approach provides the probability distribution of a given variable under the condition that the other variables maximized the conditional jpdf. However, contrarily to MCMC, MCPD does not provide enough draws to allow posterior uncertainty and sensitivity analyses of the computer model responses. In the present work, we show how to draw random samples from the MCPD draws under the requirement that the target jpdf possesses a particular dependence structure. Several numerical tests are carried out to prove the efficiency of the new sampling method. The new approach is used to perform the predictive uncertainty and sensitivity analyses of numerical models posterior to their statistical calibration from experimental data
Pre-mission InSights on the Interior of Mars
No full textInternational audienceAbstract The Interior exploration using Seismic Investigations, Geodesy, and Heat Trans-port (InSight) Mission will focus on Mars’ interior structure and evolution. The basic structure of crust, mantle, and core form soon after accretion. Understanding the early differentiation process on Mars and how it relates to bulk composition is key to improving our understanding of this process on rocky bodies in our solar system, as well as in other solar systems. Current knowledge of differentiation derives largely from the layers observed via seismology on the Moon. However, the Moon’s much smaller diameter make it a poor analog with respect to interior pressure and phase changes. In this paper we review the current knowledge of the thickness of the crust, the diameter and state of the core, seismic attenuation, heat flow, and interior composition. InSight will conduct the first seismic and heat flow measurements of Mars, as well as more precise geodesy. These data reduce uncertainty in crustal thickness, core size and state, heat flow, seismic activity and meteorite impact rates by a factor of 3–10× relative to previous estimates. Based on modeling of seismic wave propagation, we can further constrain interior temperature, composition, and the location of phase changes. By combining heat flow and a well constrained value of crustal thickness, we can estimate the distribution of heat producing elements between the crust and mantle. All of these quantities are key inputs to models of interior convection and thermal evolution that predict the processes that control subsurface temperature, rates of volcanism, plume distribution and stability, and convective state. Collectively these factors offer strong controls on the overall evolution of the geology and habitability of Mars
LINEAR EXTENDERS AND THE AXIOM OF CHOICE
No full textIn set theory without the axiom of Choice ZF, we prove that for every commutative eld K, the following statement D_K : On every non nul K-vector space, there exists a non null linear form implies the existence of a K-linear extender on every vector subspace of a K-vector space. This solves a question raised in [9]. In the second part of the paper, we generalize our results in the case of spherically complete ultrametric valued elds, and show that Ingleton's statement is equivalent to the existence of continuous linear extenders