NIST Digital Archives
Not a member yet
149436 research outputs found
Sort by
Simple Thermal-Efficiency Model for CMOS-Microhotplate Design
No full textSimple, semi-empirical, first-order, analytic approximations to the current, voltage, and power as a function of microhotplate temperature are derived. To lowest order, the voltage is independent of, and the power and current are inversely proportional to, the length of the microhotplate heater legs. A first-order design strategy based on this result is described
Russell A. Kirsch
No full textRUSSELL A. KIRSCH
Inducted: 2006
Citation:
For pioneering research initiating three branches of computer science: Image Processing, Syntactic Pattern Recognition and Chemical Structure Searching
Tenure: 1951-1985
Birth: 1929, New York City, New York
Education:
New York University, BEE (Electrical Engineering), 1950
Harvard University, MS (Engineering Science Applied Physics), 1952
American University, (Mathematics), 1954
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, (Computer Science), 1958
Positions held:
Electronic Engineer, Data Processing Systems Division, 1951-1970
Computer Scientist, Applied Mathematics Division, 1971-1985
Guest Researcher, Manufacturing Engineering Laboratory, 1985-2006
Honors:
American Association for the Advancement of Science, Fellow
First Digital Image included in “100 Photographs that Changed the World,” 2003
Memberships:
Association for Computing Machinery
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
American Association for the Advancement of Science
Publications:
More than 20 publications including:
Kirsch, R. A., Cahn, L., Ray, L. C., and Urban, G. H., “Experiments in Processing Pictorial Information with a Digital Computer,” Proceedings Eastern Joint Computer Conference, Inst. Radio Eng. and Assn. Computing Mach., (December 1957).
Kirsch, R. A., “Computer Interpretation of English Text and Picture Patterns,” IEEE Trans. Elect. Comp., EC-13, 363-376 (August 1964).
Kirsch, R.A., Computer Determination of the Constituent Structure of Biological Images, Computers and Biomedical Research, 4, 315-328, (1971).
Kirsch, Russell, Kirsch, J., The Anatomy of Painting Style: Description with Computer Rules, Leonardo, 21:4, (1988).
Kirsch, Russell, Photogrammetric Reconstruction of Petroglyphs, American Indian Rock Art, 23, 177-182, (1997).
Kirsch, R. A., SEAC and the Start of Image Processing at the National Bureau of Standards, IEEE Annals of the History of Computing, 20:2, (1998)
Projections Onto Order Simplexes and Isotonic Regression
No full textIsotonic regression is the problem of fitting data to order constraints. This problem can be solved numerically in an efficient way by successive projections onto order simplex constraints. An algorithm for solving the isotonic regression using successive projections onto order simplex constraints was originally suggested and analyzed by Grotzinger and Witzgall. This algorithm has been employed repeatedly in a wide variety of applications. In this paper we briefly discuss the isotonic regression problem and its solution by the Grotzinger-Witzgall method. We demonstrate that this algorithm can be appropriately modified to run on a parallel computer with substantial speed-up. Finally we illustrate how it can be used to pre-process mass spectral data for automatic high throughput analysis
Development of Argon Isotope Reference Standards for the U.S. Geological Survey
No full textThe comparison of physical ages of geological materials measured by laboratories engaged in geochronological studies has been limited by the accuracy of mineral standards or monitors for which reported ages have differed by as much as 2%. In order to address this problem, the U. S. Geological Survey is planning to calibrate the conventional Ar-40/K-40 age of a new preparation of an international hornblende standard labeled MMhb-2. The K-40 concentration in MMhb-2 has already been determined by the Analytical Chemistry Division at NIST with an uncertainty of 0.2%. The Ar-40 concentration will be measured by the USGS using the argon isotope reference standards that were recently developed by NIST and are described in this paper. The isotope standards were constructed in the form of pipette/reservoir systems and calibrated by gas expansion techniques to deliver small high-precision aliquots of high-purity argon. Two of the pipette systems will deliver aliquots of Ar-38 having initial molar quantities of 1.567 x 10(-10) moles and 2.313 x 10(-10) moles with expanded (k = 2) uncertainties of 0.058 % and 0.054 %, respectively. Three other pipette systems will deliver aliquots ( nominally 4 x 10(-10) moles) of Ar-40:Ar-36 artificial mixtures with similar accuracy and with molar ratios of 0.9974 +/- 0.06 %, 29.69 +/- 0.06 %, and 285.7 +/- 0.08 % ( k = 2). These isotope reference standards will enable the USGS to measure the Ar-40 concentration in MMhb-2 with an expanded uncertainty of approximate to 0.1 %. In the process of these measurements, the USGS will re-determine the isotopic composition of atmospheric Ar and calculate a new value for its atomic weight. Upon completion of the USGS calibrations, the MMhb-2 mineral standard will be certified by NIST for its K and Ar concentrations and distributed as a Standard Reference Material (SRM). The new SRM and the NIST-calibrated transportable pipette systems have the potential for dramatically improving the accuracy of interlaboratory calibrations and thereby the measured ages of geological materials, by as much as a factor of ten
Variable Magnification With Kirkpatrick-Baez Optics for Synchrotron X-Ray Microscopy
No full textWe describe the distinction between the operation of a short focal length x-ray microscope forming a real image with a laboratory source (convergent illumination) and with a highly collimated intense beam from a synchrotron light source (Kohler illumination). We demonstrate the distinction with a Kirkpatrick-Baez microscope consisting of short focal length multilayer mirrors operating at an energy of 8 keV. In addition to realizing improvements in the resolution of the optics, the synchrotron radiation microscope is not limited to the usual single magnification at a fixed image plane. Higher magnification images are produced by projection in the limit of geometrical optics with a collimated beam. However, in distinction to the common method of placing the sample behind the optical source of a diverging beam, we describe the situation in which the sample is located in the collimated beam before the optical element. The ultimate limits of this magnification result from diffraction by the specimen and are determined by the sample position relative to the focal point of the optic. We present criteria by which the diffraction is minimized
Optical diffraction in close proximity to plane apertures. IV. Test of a pseudo-vectorial theory
No full textRayleigh's pseudo-vectorial theory of the diffraction of polarized light by apertures which are small compared to the wavelength of light is analyzed with respect to its mathematical rigor and physical significance. It is found that the results published by Rayleigh and Bouwkamp for s-polarized incident do not obey the conditions assumed in their derivation and must therefore be dismissed. It is also found that the theory leads to paradoxical predictions concerning the polarization of the diffracted field, so that the pseudo-vectorial approach is intrinsically incapable of describing polarization effects
Portrait of James E. Hill
No full textDr. James E. Hill, Mechanical Engineer, was at NIST from 1972-2007. He was Director of Building and Fire Research Laboratory. He served as the acting Deputy Director of NIST from the summer of 2006 until his retirement in April 2007
EDGAR BUCKINGHAM
No full textEDGAR BUCKINGHAM
Inducted: 2006
Citation: For leadership in logical and practical development of dimensional reasoning, and development of the principle of dynamic similarity used in model testing, thermodynamics, heat flow, acoustics, fluid mechanics, and dimensional analysis (known as “The Buckingham Pi Theorem”)
Tenure: 1906-1937
Birth: 1867, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Death: 1940
Education:
Harvard University, AB (Physics), 1887
University of Leipzig, PhD (Physics), 1893
Positions held:
Assistant Physicist, 1906-1911
Associate Physicist, 1911-1918
On Detail as Associate Scientific Attaché to US Embassy in Rome, 1918-1919
Physicist, 1919-1924
Senior Scientist, 1924-1937
Honors:
Lecturer on Thermodynamics, US Naval Academy, 1910-1912
Associate Scientific Attaché US Embassy in Rome, Italy, 1918
Memberships:
The Philosophical Society of Washington, President (1917)
Council of National Defense and Consulting Physicist to the War and Navy Departments (WW I)
American Physical Society; American Society of Naval Engineers; Acoustical Society of America
French Physical Society
Newcomen Society of England
Publications:
More than 50 publications including:
Buckingham, E., An Outline of the Theory of Thermodynamics The MacMillan Co., New York, 1900.
Buckingham, E., Studies on the Movement of Soil Moisture, Bulletin 38, US Bureau of Soils, 61 (1907).
Buckingham, E., “Physically Similar Systems: Examples of the Use of Dimensional Equations,” Phys. Rev. (II), 4, 345-76, (Oct. 1914); Journal Washington Academy of Sciences, 4, 347-53, (July 1914).
Buckingham, E., “Theory and Interpretation of Experiments on the Transmission of Sound Through Partition Walls,” Scientific Papers, Bureau of Standards, No 506, 20, 93-219 (1925).
Buckingham, E., Bean, H. S., and Murphy, P. S., “Discharge Coefficients of Square Edged-Orifices for Measuring the Flow of Air,” NBS Journal of Research, Vol. 2, 561 (March 1929).
Buckingham, E., “Dimensional Analysis of Model Propeller Tests,” Journal American Society of Naval Engineers, 48, 147-98 (May 1936)
Portrait of Cita M. Furlani
No full textCita M. Furlani was a computer scientist and director of the NIST Information Technology Laboratory from 2006-2012. She had previously served as the NIST Chief Information Officer from 2002-2005, and as Acting Director of the Advanced Technology Program (ATP) and Director of the ATP Information Technology and Electronics Office. She first joined the National Bureau of Standards (NBS) in 1981 to work in the Automated Manufacturing Research Facility, and later was a computer scientist and group leader in the Manufacturing Engineering Laboratory. She began her career at the Army’s Diamond Ordnance Fuze Laboratory in 1960, then located on the NBS campus in Washington, DC. Furlani earned an M.S. in electronics and computer engineering from George Mason University and a B.A. in physics and mathematics from Texas Christian University
A Column-Generation and Branch-and-Cut Approach to the Bandwidth-Packing Problem
No full textThe telecommunications problem of assigning calls with point to point demand to a capacitated network where each call can be assigned to at most one path has been called the Bandwidth-Packing Problem. For a given network, with specified arc costs and arc capacities, one wishes to route calls ( defined by a starting and ending point) through the network to maximize the profit from the calls routed. Each such call is single path routed and not all calls will be routed. We propose a branch-and-cut methodology coupled with column generation to optimally solve such problems. We examine the alternative approaches in the literature and explain how this new method takes the best of all components of methods suggested previously. The method we suggest is new in that it includes a linear programming-based heuristic for obtaining good lower bounds, uses lifted minimal covers that take into account special-ordered set constraints, and dynamically choose among three alternative branching strategies. In addition, whenever a new column is generated, it is lifted into all existing cuts. We also discuss the need to generate all tied optimal linear optimization solutions if one wishes to assure that the solution obtained is optimal. Our computational results provide solutions to problems previously unsolvable