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Normalization and Technical Variation in Gene Expression Measurements
No full textUsing data from the Microarray Quality Control (MAQC) project, we demonstrate two data-analysis methods that shed light on the normalization of gene expression measurements and thereby on their technical variation. One is an improved method for normalization of multiple assays with mRNA concentrations related by a parametric model. The other is a method for characterizing limitations on the effectiveness of normalization in reducing technical variation. We apply our improved normalization to the four project materials as part of testing the linearity of the probe responses. We find that the lack of linearity is statistically significant but small enough that its sources cannot be easily identified. Applying our characterization method to assays of the same material, we show that there is a source of variation that cannot be eliminated by normalization and therefore must be dealt with by other means. Four high-density, single probe, one-color microarray platforms underlie our demonstration
Hans P. R. Frederikse
No full textHans P. R. Frederikse
Inducted: 2006
Citation: For internationally respected contributions to research in solid-state physics, semiconductors, cryophysics, and the physics and chemistry of high-temperature materials.
Tenure: 1953-1996
Birth: 1920, The Hague, Netherlands
Death: 2008
Education:
University of Leiden, BS (Physics), 1941
University of Leiden, post-graduate research 1945-1950
University of Leiden, PhD (Physics), 1950
Positions held:
Materials Scientist, 1953-1956
Chief, Solid-state Physics Section, 1956-1978
Chief, Ceramics, Glass and Solid-state Sciences Division, 1978-1981
Scientific Assistant to the Director, Institute of Materials Science, 1981-1988
Guest Researcher, 1989-1996
Honors:
Fulbright Grant-US (1950-1953)
Guggenheim Fellow (1961-1962)
U.S. Department of Commerce Gold Medal (1963)
Memberships:
Fellow, American Physical Society (1960- )
Correspondent Member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Sciences (1982- )
Publications:
More than 75 publications including:
Frederikse, H.P.R, �Thermoelectric Power of Germanium Below Room Temperature,� Phys. Rev. 92, 248 (1953).
Frederikse, H.P.R. and Blunt, R. F., �Photoeffects in Intermetallic Compounds,� Proceedings Institute Radio Engineers 43, 1828 (1955).
Frederikse, H.P.R. and Hosler, W.R., �Oscillatory Galvanomagnetic Effects in n-type Indium Arsenide,� Phys. Rev. 110, 880 (1958).
A.H. Kahn and Frederikse, H.P.R., �Oscillatory Behavior of Magnetic Susceptibility and Electronic Conductivity,� chapter in book, Advances in Solid State Physics, Vol IX, ed. by Seitz and Turnbull, Academic Press, Inc. New York (1959).
Frederikse, H.P.R., �Superconducting Semiconductors,� Electronic Structures in Solids, Plenum Press, New York, (1969).
One of 9 editors and part-author of Section 9 in American Institute of Physics Handbook, 2nd Edition McGraw-Hill, New York, (1963)
Analysis of Interior-Point Paths
No full textInfeasible-interior-point paths are the main tools in interior-point methods for solving many kinds of optimization problems. These paths are usually parametrized by a penalty-parameter r down arrow 0 and further parameters describing their off-centrality and infeasiblilty. Starting with an early result of C. Witzgall et al. [ 12] in linear programming, this paper gives an overview on results concerning the existence of these paths, their analyticity and the limiting behavior of their derivatives as r down arrow 0, and this also for degenerate problems in the areas of linear programming, linear complementarity problems, and semidefinte programming
Methods to Characterize Ricin for the Development of Reference Materials
No full textRicin is an abundant protein from the castor bean plant Ricinus communis. Because of its high toxicity and the simplicity of producing mass quantities, ricin is considered a biological terrorism agent. We have characterized ricin extensively with a view to develop Reference Materials that could be used to test and calibrate detection devices. The characterization of ricin includes: 1) purity test of a commercial batch of ricin using electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gels, 2) biological activity assay by measuring its ability to inhibit protein synthesis, 3) quantitation of protein concentration by amino acid analysis, 4) detection of ricin by an immunoassay using a flow cytometer, and 5) detection of ricin genomic DNA by polymerase chain reaction using nine different primer sets. By implementing these five methods of characterization, we are in a position to develop a reference material for ricin
Portrait of David W. Allan
No full textDavid W. Allan was a Group Leader of the Atomic Time Scale Generation and Coordination Group and a Senior Scientist in the Time and Frequency Division at NIST in Boulder.
In 1995 he was inducted into the NIST Gallery of Distinguished Scientists, Engineers, and Administrators for the development of mathematical algorithms — most notably the Allan variance — widely used to evaluate the stability, noise, and other important parameters of standard clocks and frequency standards.
He has authored or co-authored more than 100 technical papers and chapters in several books. Particular emphasis has been on the Global Positioning System (GPS) and its relationship to International Atomic Time and Coordinated Universal Time (UTC), the official time reference for the world
(Audio Part 2 of 4) Oral history interview of Emanuel Horowitz , May 25, 2006 / with David Lide, Jerome Kruger, Curt Reimann, and Harry Hertz.
No full textOral history interview of Emanuel Horowitz, May 25, 2006. Emanuel Horowitz first came to NBS on December 26, 1951
(Audio Part 4 of 4) Oral history interview of Emanuel Horowitz , May 25, 2006 / with David Lide, Jerome Kruger, Curt Reimann, and Harry Hertz.
No full textOral history interview of Emanuel Horowitz, May 25, 2006. Emanuel Horowitz first came to NBS on December 26, 1951
(Transcript) Oral history interview of Emanuel Horowitz , May 25, 2006 / with David Lide, Jerome Kruger, Curt Reimann, and Harry Hertz.
No full textOral history interview of Emanuel Horowitz, May 25, 2006. Emanuel Horowitz first came to NBS on December 26, 1951
(Audio Part 3 of 4) Oral history interview of Thomas Gary, November 4, 2005 / with David Lide, Hans Oser, Harriet Hassler, Sam Kramer, Joyce Brown, and Mike Stogsdill
No full textOral history interview of Thomas Gary, November 4, 2005.
Thomas Gary came to the National Bureau of Standards (NBS) in 1962 and began his career at the Laboratory General Mechanic in the Microscopy and Diffraction Section of the Metallurgy Division. He discusses the jobs he had at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) as a scientist, engineer, and administrato