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Patricia W. Berger
No full textPATRICIA W. BERGER
NBS/NIST: 1976-1978 and 1979-1992
B: 1 May 1926 Washington, D.C.
D: 27 March 2011
EDUCATION:
George Washington University, BA, (Psychology), 1965
Catholic University of America, MLS, (Library and Information Science), 1974
PRINCIPAL FIELDS:
Science and technology information delivery systems, online catalog, information access
POSITIONS HELD AT NBS/NIST:
Chief, Library and Information Services Division, 1976-1978 and 1979-1983
Director, Information Resources and Services, 1983-1990
Director, Office of Information Services, 1991-1992
HONORS:
Beta Phi Mu Honor Society (1974)
The Catholic University of America, Outstanding Alumna Award (1988)
U.S. Department of Commerce Bronze Medal (1980), Silver Medal (1984), Outstanding Administrative Management Award (1985), Merit Pay Task Force Award (1980), International Women’s Year Award (1976)
H.W. Wilson Company Award 1981 (best article published in Special Libraries 1980)
American Library Association, Federal Librarians Round Table Achievement Award (1985)
The University of Richmond Libraries, Distinguished Service Award (1989)
U.S. Postmaster General’s Special Advisory Board on Literacy (1990)
Elected on of Virginia’s Ten Outstanding 20th Century Library Trustees (2000)
MEMBERSHIPS:
American Association for the Advancement of Science, elected a Fellow (1992)
National Information Standards Organization, ANSI, Chair (1980-82), elected a Fellow (1989)
American Library Association, President (1989-90)
Special Libraries Association, President, DC Chapter (1977-1978), elected a Fellow (1987)
Washington, D.C. Library Association, Ainsworth Rand Spofford President’s Award (2001)
The Library of Virginia Board of Trustees (1986-1995), Board Chair (1993-1994), Chair, Advisory Committee on State Supported Access to the Internet (1994-1995)
PUBLICATIONS:
More than 60 publications including:
Berger, P. W., “Managing Revolutions: Coping with the Emerging Information Technologies,” Special Libraries 71 (9): 386-397, (1980).
Berger, P. W. and Cerutti, E., “Management of Online Reference Search Services in Federal Libraries,” Science and Technology Libraries 1: 81-107, (1980).
Berger, P. W., “Federal Data Banks as Potential Information Resources to Meet the Needs of Local Communities; a Commentary on the White House Conference on Libraries and Information Services,” Special Libraries 71: 77-82, (1980).
Berger, P. W., “Complying with Copyright in Scientific Libraries,” Journal of Chemical Information and Computer Science 22 (2): 74-78, (1982).
Berger, P. W., “Government Information Access Issues,” Library Administration and Management 2: 69-76, (1988).
Berger, P. W., “Information Access—Back to the Basics,” Inaugural Address of Patricia Wilson Berger, President, American Library Association, June 28, 1989, Dallas, Texas and Chicago, American Library Association, (1989)
Louis Costrell
No full textLOUIS COSTRELL
NBS/NIST: 1946-1987
Birth: 26 June 1915, Bangor, Maine
Death: 8 June 2009
EDUCATION:
University of Maine, BS (Electrical Engineering), 1939,
University of Pittsburgh, Graduate studies (Electrical Engineering), 1939-41 and University of Maryland, Graduate studies (physics/mathematics), 1948-50
University of Maryland, MS (Electrical Engineering), 1949
PRINCIPAL FIELDS:
Nuclear and Radiation Physics Instrumentation, Nuclear and Radiation Physics Measurements, Nuclear Radiation and High-Energy Particle Physics Instrumentation Standards, NBS Nuclear Instrument Module System
POSITIONS HELD AT NBS/NIST:
Physicist, Nuclear and Radiation Physics, 1946-1951
Chief, Nuclear Instrumentation Section, 1951-1987
Deputy Chief, Accelerator Division, 1980-1987
Retired annuitant 1987- present
HONORS:
U.S. Department of Commerce Silver Medal (1955), Gold Medal (1968)
NBS Edward Bennett Rosa Award (1979)
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Harry Diamond Award, Centennial Award, Standards Medallion, A Century of Honors Award, Third Millennium Medal, Nuclear & Plasma Sciences Society Merit Award, Distinguished Member Award, Computer Applications in Nuclear & Plasma Physics Award
MEMBERSHIPS:
Fellow, Washington Academy of Science
Life Fellow, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
Member, American Physical Society
Member, American National Standards Institute Nuclear Standards Board
Member, U.S. National Committee of International Electrotechnical Commission and Technical Advisor, Chief U.S. Delegation
PUBLICATIONS:
More than 100 publications including:
Costrell, L., “Accurate determination of dead time and recovery characteristics of Geiger-Mueller Counters,” NBS Journal of Research, 42, (March 1949).
Costrell, L., “Standard Nuclear Instrument Modules,” USAEC Report TID-20893, (July 1964).
Costrell, L., “An Introduction to CAMAC,” CAMAC Bulletin, Issue # 2, (March 1972).
Costrell, L., The FASTBUS Data Acquisition System, presented in Hamburg to the ESONE (European Studies on Norms for Electronics) Committee of European Laboratories, (1978).
Costrell, L. and Dawson, W. K., “FASTBUS Modular High Speed Data Acquisition System,” Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Communications, (June 1982).
Costrell, L. and Brueckman, R. E., “Charge-Storage Pulse Height Analyzers for use with Pulsed Accelerators,” Nuclear Instruments and Methods, Volume 3, (1958)
(Audio Part 3 of 4) Oral history interview of Emanuel Horowitz , May 25, 2006 / with David Lide, Jerome Kruger, Curt Reimann, and Harry Hertz.
No full textOral history interview of Emanuel Horowitz, May 25, 2006. Emanuel Horowitz first came to NBS on December 26, 1951
PhaseTransformations in the High-Tc Superconducting Compounds, Ba2RCu3O7-delta (R = Nd, Sm, Gd, Y, Ho, and Er)
No full textThe phase transformation between the orthorhombic and tetragonal structures of six high-Tc superconductors, Ba2RCu3O7-delta, where R=Nd, Sm, Gd, Y, Ho, and Er, and delta=0 to 1, has been investigated using techniques of x-ray diffraction, differential thermal analysis/thermogravimetric analysis (DTA/TGA) and electron diffraction. The transformation from the oxygen-rich orthorhombic phase to the oxygen-deficient tetragonal phase involves two orthorhombic phases. A superlattice cell caused by oxygen ordering, with a'=2a, was observed for materials with smaller ionic radius (Y, Ho, and Er). For the larger lanthanide samples (Nd, Sm, and Gd), the a'=2a type superlattice cell was not observed. The structural phase transition temperatures, oxygen stoichiometry and characteristics of the Tc plateaus appear to correlate with the ionic radius, which varies based on the number of f electrons. Lanthanide elements with a smaller ionic radius stabilize the orthorhombic phase to higher temperatures and lower oxygen content. Also, the superconducting temperature is less sensitive to the oxygen content for materials with smaller ionic radius. The trend of dependence of the phase transformation temperature on ionic radius across the lanthanide series can be explained using a quasi-chemical approximation (QCA) whereby the strain effect plays an important role on the order-disorder transition due to the effect of oxygen content on the CuO chain sites
An Examination of New Paradigms for Spline Approximations
No full textLavery splines are examined in the univariate and bivariate cases. In both instances relaxation based algorithms for approximate calculation of Lavery splines are proposed. Following previous work Gilsinn, et al. [ 7] addressing the bivariate case, a rotationally invariant functional is assumed. The version of bivariate splines proposed in this paper also aims at irregularly spaced data and uses Hseih-Clough-Tocher elements based on the triangulated irregular network ( TIN) concept. In this paper, the univariate case, however, is investigated in greater detail so as to further the understanding of the bivariate case
Synthetic Incoherence via Scanned Gaussian Beams
No full textTomography, in most formulations, requires an incoherent signal. For a conventional transmission electron microscope, the coherence of the beam often results in diffraction effects that limit the ability to perform a 3D reconstruction from a tilt series with conventional tomographic reconstruction algorithms. In this paper, an analytic solution is given to a scanned Gaussian beam, which reduces the beam coherence to be effectively incoherent for medium-size ( of order 100 voxels thick) tomographic applications. The scanned Gaussian beam leads to more incoherence than hollow-cone illumination
Evaluation of Aerodynamic Drag and Torque for External Tanks in Low Earth Orbit
No full textA numerical procedure is described in which the aerodynamic drag and torque in low Earth orbit are calculated for a prototype Space Shuttle external tank and its components, the "LO2" and "LH2" tanks, carrying liquid oxygen and hydrogen, respectively, for any given angle of attack. Calculations assume the hypersonic limit of free molecular flow theory. Each shell of revolution is assumed to be described by a series of parametric equations for their respective contours. It is discretized into circular cross sections perpendicular to the axis of revolution, which yield a series of ellipses when projected according to the given angle of attack. The drag profile, that is, the projection of the entire shell is approximated by the convex envelope of those ellipses. The area of the drag profile, that is, the drag area, and its center of area moment, that is, the drag center, are then calculated and permit determination of the drag vector and the eccentricity vector from the center of gravity of the shell to the drag center. The aerodynamic torque is obtained as the cross product of those vectors. The tanks are assumed to be either evacuated or pressurized with a uniform internal gas distribution: dynamic shifting of the tank center of mass due to residual propellant sloshing is not considered
RM 8111: Development of a Prototype Linewidth Standard
No full textStaffs of the Semiconductor Electronics Division, the Information Technology Laboratory, and the Precision Engineering Laboratory at NIST, have developed a new generation of prototype Single-Crystal CD (Critical Dimension) Reference (SCCDRM) Materials with the designation RM 8111. Their intended use is calibrating metrology instruments that are used in semiconductor manufacturing. Each reference material is configured as a 10 mm x 11 mm silicon test-structure chip that is mounted in a 200 mm silicon carrier wafer. The fabrication of both the chip and the carrier wafer uses the type of lattice-plane-selective etching that is commonly employed in the fabrication of micro electro-mechanical systems devices. The certified CDs of the reference features are determined from Atomic Force Microscope (AFM) measurements that are referenced to high-resolution transmission-electron microscopy images that reveal the cross-section counts of lattice planes having a pitch whose value is traceable to the SI meter
Comparison of the NIST and BIPM Standards for Air Kerma in Medium-Energy X-Rays
No full textA comparison has been made of the air-kerma standards for medium-energy x-rays of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) and the Bureau International des Poids et Mesures (BIPM). The comparison involved a series of measurements at the BIPM and the NIST using the air-kerma standards and three NIST reference-class transfer ionization chamber standards. Reference beam qualities in the range from 100 kV to 250 kV were used. The results show the standards to be in reasonable agreement within the combined standard uncertainty of the comparison of 0.37 %, although a significant trend with radiation quality is observed and the possible sources discussed
Measurement of 100 nm and 60 nm Particle Standards by Differential Mobility Analysis
No full textThe peak particle size and expanded uncertainties (95% confidence interval) for two new particle calibration standards are measured as 101.8 nm +/- 1.1 nm and 60.39 nm +/- 0.63 nm. The particle samples are polystyrene spheres suspended in filtered, deionized water at a mass fraction of about 0.5 %. The size distribution measurements of aerosolized particles are made using a differential mobility analyzer (DMA) system calibrated using SRM(R) 1963 (100.7 nm polystyrene spheres). An electrospray aerosol generator was used for generating the 60 nm aerosol to almost eliminate the generation of multiply charged dimers and trimers and to minimize the effect of non-volatile contaminants increasing the particle size. The testing for the homogeneity of the samples and for the presence of multimers using dynamic light scattering is described. The use of the transfer function integral in the calibration of the DMA is shown to reduce the uncertainty in the measurement of the peak particle size compared to the approach based on the peak in the concentration vs. voltage distribution. A modified aerosol/sheath inlet, recirculating sheath flow, a high ratio of sheath flow to the aerosol flow, and accurate pressure, temperature, and voltage measurements have increased the resolution and accuracy of the measurements. A significant consideration in the uncertainty analysis was the correlation between the slip correction of the calibration particle and the measured particle. Including the correlation reduced the expanded uncertainty from approximately 1.8% of the particle size to about 1.0%. The effect of non-volatile contaminants in the polystyrene suspensions on the peak particle size and the uncertainty in the size is determined. The full size distributions for both the 60 nm and 100 nm spheres are tabulated and selected mean sizes including the number mean diameter and the dynamic light scattering mean diameter are computed. The use of these particles for calibrating DMAs and for making deposition standards to be used with surface scanning inspection systems is discussed