NIST Digital Archives
Not a member yet
149436 research outputs found
Sort by
"A doubt is at best an unsafe standard": Measuring sugar in the early Bureau of Standards
No full textIn 1900, measuring the purity of sugar was a problem with serious economic consequences, and Congress created the Bureau of Standards in part to create accurate standards for saccharimetry. To direct the Polarimetry Section, Director Stratton hired the young chemist Frederick Bates, who went on to make significant contributions to the discipline of sugar chemistry. This paper explores four of Bates's greatest accomplishments: identifying the error caused by clarifying lead acetate, inventing the remarkable quartz-compensating saccharimeter with adjustable sensibility, discovering the significant error in the prevailing Ventzke saccharimetric scale, and reviving the International Commission for Uniform Methods of Sugar Analysis to unify the international community of chemists after the tensions of World War One. It also shows how accomplishments in saccharimetry reflected the growing importance and confidence of the Bureau of Standards, and how its scientific success smoothed the operation of American commerce
Holmium oxide glass wavelength standards
No full textHolmium oxide glass has been used as a wavelength standard for over four decades. These standards have shown insignificant spectral variation from batch to batch and from one manufacturer to another. The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) has certified and recertified holmium oxide glass samples for over four decades. Over this period of time there has been no recorded instance of a spectral shift of the certified bands for any of the samples measured. Moreover, these samples are known to be robust and relatively insensitive to a normal range of temperature and humidity. Based on the extensive experience that NIST has with this material and its long-term stability, NIST will no longer recommend the recertification of these standards. Furthermore, traceability may be established either through the supplier or by the end user without the need for NIST involvement
Ronald F. Dziuba
No full textRonald F. Dziuba
Inducted: 2007
Citation: For exceptional contributions to the realization of the ohm, to the use of the quantum Hall effect as a primary resistance standard, and to cryogenic current-comparator systems.
Tenure: 1961-2000
Birth: 1939, Batavia, New York
Education:
Canisius College, Buffalo, NY BS (Physics), 1961
American University, Graduate Courses, Physics
Positions held:
Researcher, Electricity Division, 1961’1980
Project Leader, 1980’2000
Honors:
NIST Allen V. Astin Measurement Science Award (1991)
U. S. Department of Commerce Bronze Medal (1982), Silver Medal (1988), Gold Medal (1989)
NBS Silsbee Award for Outstanding Young Scientist (1964)
Memberships:
Fellow, American Physical Society
Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers
National Conference of Standards Laboratories
Publications:
More than 60 publications and patents, including:
D. B. Sullivan and R. F. Dziuba, ‘Low Temperature Direct Current Comparators,’ Rev. Sci. Instrum. 45, No. 4, pp. 517’519 (April 1974).
D. C. Tsui, A. C. Gossard, B. F. Field, M. E. Cage, and R. F. Dziuba, ‘Determination of the Fine Structure Constant Using GaAs-AlxGa1-xAs Heterostructures,’ Physical Review Letters 48, No. 1, pp. 3’6 (4 January, 1982).
J. Q. Shields, R. F. Dziuba, and H. P. Layer, ‘New Realization of the Ohm and Farad Using the NBS Calculable Capacitor,’ IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas. IM-38, No. 2, pp. 263’269 (April 1989).
N. B. Belecki, R. F. Dziuba, B. F. Field, and B. N. Taylor, ‘Guidelines for Implementing the New Representation of the Volt and Ohm Effective January 1, 1990,’ NIST Technical Note 1263 (June 1989).
R. F. Dziuba, P. B. Boynton, R. E. Elmquist, D. G. Jarrett, T. P. Moore, and J. D. Neal, ""NIST Measurement Service for DC Standard Resistors,"" Nat. Inst. Stand. and Tech. (U.S.), NIST Technical Note 1298 (November 1992).
R. F. Dziuba and D. G. Jarrett, ‘CCEM-K2 Key Comparison of Resistance Standards at 10 MΩ and 1 GΩ,’ Appendix B of Mutual Recognition Arrangement Bureau International des Poids et Mesures (BIPM)’ also in Appendix B, Bureau International des Poids et Mesures (BIPM) Key Comparison and Calibration Databas
Andre Deprit
No full textANDRE DEPRIT
Inducted: 2007
Citation:
For pioneering the use of symbolic computing to solve outstanding problems in celestial mechanics, including the theory of integrable dynamical systems, with applications to the motion of the moon and artificial satellites
Tenure: 1979-2003
Birth: 1926, Saint Servais, Belgium
Education:
College St. Alpert, Louvain, Lic.Phil., 1948
Universite de Louvain, Lic.Sci. (mathematiques), 1953
Christ’s College, Cambridge, 1953-1956
Universite de Louvain, Dr.Sci. (mathematiques), 1957
Positions held:
Guest Researcher, Time and Frequency Division, 1974-1977
Mathematician, Center for Applied Mathematics (CAM), 1979-1982
Senior Research Mathematician, CAM, 1982-1983
Senior NIST Fellow, 1983-1999
Guest Researcher, ITL Mathematical and Computational Sciences Division, 1999-2003
Honors:
James Craig Watson Medal, U.S. National Academy of Sciences (1972)
Dirk Brouwer Award, American Astronomical Society (1985)
Dirk Brouwer Award, American Astronautical Society (1986)
U.S. Department of Commerce Silver Medal (1982) and Gold Medal (1986)
Chaire Georges Lemaitre, Universite de Louvain (1986, 1983)
Alan Berman Research Publication Award, NRL (2000, 1989, 1988, 1982)
Doctor honoris causa, Russian Academy of Sciences (1994) and Universidad de Zaragoza (1989)
Fellow, AAAS (1984) and AIAA
Memberships:
International Astronomical Union (IAU), Vice Chairman (1988-1990)
IAU, Commission 4, Ephemerides, Commission 7, Celestial Mechanics, Organizing Committee (1973-1979, 1985-1990)
American Astronomical Society, Division of Dynamical Astronomy, Organizing Committee (1969-1972)
American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Technical Committee on Astrodynamics (1973-1979, 1981-1984)
Sigma Xi, Yale Chapter
Editorial Committee, Mathematical Research Communications (1973-)
Founder, Celestial Mechanics (1969), Editorial Board, (1969-1973, 1981-)
Publications:
Approximately 60 publications:
Coffey, S.L., Deprit, A., and Deprit, E., ‘Frozen Orbits for Satellites Close to an Earth-like Planet’, Celestial Mechanics and Dynamical Astronomy 59 (1): 37-72 (1994).
Coffey, S., Deprit, A., Deprit, E., and Healy, L., ‘Painting the Phase Space Portrait of an Integrable Dynamical System’, Science 247 (4944): 833-836 (1990).
Coffey, S.L., Deprit, A., and Miller, B.R., ‘The Critical Inclination in Artificial-Satellite Theory,’ Celestial Mechanics 39 (4): 365-406 (1986).
Cushman, R., Deprit, A., and Mosak, R., ‘Normal-Form and Representation Theory,’ Journal of Mathematical Physics 24 (8): 2102-2117 (1983).
Deprit, A., ‘The Elimination of the Parallax in Satellite Theory,’ Celestial Mechanics 24 (2): 111-153 (1981).
Deprit, A., ‘Canonical Transformations Depending on a Small Parameter,’ Celestial Mechanics 1 (1): 12-30 (1969)
Complex permittivity of planar building materials measured with an ultra-wideband free-field antenna measurement system
No full textBuilding materials are often incorporated into complex, multilayer macrostructures that are simply not amenable to measurements using coax or waveguide sample holders. In response to this, we developed an ultra-wideband (UWB) free-field measurement system. This measurement system uses a ground-plane-based system and two TEM half-horn antennas to transmit and receive the RF signal. The material samples are placed between the antennas, and reflection and transmission measurements made. Digital signal processing techniques are then applied to minimize environmental and systematic effects. The processed data are compared to a plane-wave model to extract the material properties with optimization software based on genetic algorithms
(Audio Part 3 of 3) Oral history interview of Barry Taylor, October 31, 2007 / with David Lide, Norman Belecki, Edwin Williams, and Ralph Hudson.
No full textBarry Taylor recalls his career at NIST from June 1970 untill his retirement in March 2001
Howard S. Bean
No full textHOWARD S. BEAN
NBS/NIST: 1917-1958
B: 23 October 1893, Santa Clara, California
EDUCATION:
University of California Berkeley, BS (Mechanical Engineering), 1917
CITATION:
For outstanding contributions that produced and disseminated the first US database, empirical equations, standards, and associated technologies for orifice metering of gases and liquids. His results directly led to the U.S. standards used for orifice meters of equitable custody transfer of gases and liquids, including natural gas and oil. These standards were used from the 1920s through the 1980s.
POSITIONS HELD AT NBS/NIST:
Engineer Inspector of Weights and Measures at NBS’ NYC Office, 1917-18
Chief, NBS’ NYC Office for Gauge Calibration, 1918-19
Chief, Gas Measuring Instruments Section, 1920-48
Chief, Capacity, Density and Fluid Meters Section, 1948-58
HONORS:
U.S. Department of Commerce Gold Medal (1958)
ASME Worcester Reed Warner Gold Medal (1955)
American Gas Association, Gold Award of Merit (2) (1956 and 1964)
MEMBERSHIPS:
Fellow, American Society of Mechanical Engineers
American Gas Association
ASTM
ISO
Washington Academy of Sciences
The Society of the Sigma XI
American Association for the Advancement of Science
State of Maryland - Professional Engineer
PUBLICATIONS:
36 papers, Editor of ASME Text: Fluid Meters-Their Theory and Application (editions 4-6), and two patents with F.C. Moray on components (shock absorbing landing gear) for WW II target gliders:
Bean, H.S., Buckingham, E., and Murphy, P.S., “Discharge Coefficients of Square Edged-Orifices for Measuring the Flow of Air”, NBS Journal of Research, R.P. 49, Vol. 2 P 561 (Mar 1929).
Bean, H.S., “An Apparatus and Method for Determining the Compressibility of a Gas and the Correction for Supercompressibility”, Oil & Gas Journal, p. 42 (Jan. 1930); Western Gas Journal, p 46 (Feb. 1930); and NBS Journal of Research., R.P. 170, Vol. 4, p. 645 (May 1930).
Bean, H.S., Buckingham, E., and Benesh, M.E., “Experiments on the Metering of Large Volumes of Air”, NBS Journal of Research, R.P. 335, Vol. 7, p.93 (Jul. 1931).
Bean, H.S. and Buckingham, E., “Values of Discharge Coefficients of Square-Edged Orifices”, A.G.A Monthly, p. 259 (July 1935).
Bean, H.S., “Intermediate Static Pressures for Orifice Meters Used in the Measurement of Gas”, Natural Gas, p. 10 (Sept. 1935) and Oil & Gas Journal, p. 46 (Sept. 26, l935).
Bean H.S. and Morey F.C., “Correction Factors for the Balancing Effect of Gas in One Leg of a Manometer”, Instruments, Vol. 528 (May 1951); Oil & Gas Journal, (July 1951) p. 107; and Gas, Vol. 28 (Aug. 1951) p. 48
Measurement tools for the immersive visualization environment: Steps toward the virtual laboratory
No full textThis paper describes a set of tools for performing measurements of objects in a virtual reality based immersive visualization environment. These tools enable the use of the immersive environment as an instrument for extracting quantitative information from data representations that hitherto had be used solely for qualitative examination. We provide, within the virtual environment, ways for the user to analyze and interact with the quantitative data generated. We describe results generated by these methods to obtain dimensional descriptors of tissue engineered medical products. We regard this toolbox as our first step in the implementation of a virtual measurement laboratory within an immersive visualization environment
Portrait of David W. Allan
No full textDavid W. Allan was a Group Leader of the Atomic Time Scale Generation and Coordination Group and a Senior Scientist in the Time and Frequency Division at NIST in Boulder.
In 1995 he was inducted into the NIST Gallery of Distinguished Scientists, Engineers, and Administrators for the development of mathematical algorithms — most notably the Allan variance — widely used to evaluate the stability, noise, and other important parameters of standard clocks and frequency standards.
He has authored or co-authored more than 100 technical papers and chapters in several books. Particular emphasis has been on the Global Positioning System (GPS) and its relationship to International Atomic Time and Coordinated Universal Time (UTC), the official time reference for the world
John J. Rush
No full textJOHN J. RUSH
NBS/NIST: 1962-2004
Birth: 20 April 1936, Brooklyn, New York
EDUCATION:
St. Francis College, NY, BS (Chemistry), 1957
Columbia University, NY, MA (Chemistry), 1958
Columbia University, NY, PhD (Physical Chemistry), 1962
PRINCIPAL FIELDS:
Dynamics and structure of hydrogen in metals; orientationally disordered solids and phase transformations; spectroscopy of molecular solids and molecules on surfaces; neutron scattering methods
POSITIONS HELD AT NBS/NIST:
Research Chemist, 1962-1971; assigned to joint ANL/NBS program at Argonne National Laboratory (1962-1966)
Chief, Neutron Solid State Physics Section (1971-1980)
Leader, Neutron Condensed Matter Science Group (1981-2004) (SES)
Post Retirement: NIST Fellow Emeritus (2005- ); Adjunct Professor, University of Maryland, Materials Science and Engineering Department (2006- )
HONORS:
U.S. Department of Commerce Silver Medal (1970 and 1978), Gold Medal (1983)
National Bureau of Standards (NIST) Fellow (1983)
U.S. Department of Commerce Meritorious Federal Executive (1986)
NIST Senior Fellow (1992)
NIST Samuel Wesley Stratton Award (1993)
Fellow, American Physical Society-Condensed Matter Physics (1990)
MEMBERSHIPS:
Fellow, American Physical Society
Materials Research Society
DOE Review Panel on Neutron Scattering (Brinkman Committee), 1980-1983
Chair, National Research Council Panel on Neutron Scattering, 1983
NAS/NRC Major Facilities for Materials Research and Related Disciplines (Seitz-Eastman Committee), 1984
Chair, National Steering Committee for the Advanced Neutron Source, 1986-1992
Vice-Chair, DOE Basic Energy Science Panel: Neutron Sources for America’s Future, 1993
National Research Council Solid State Sciences Committee, 1992-1998
Office of Science and Technology Working Group on Structural Biology at Synchrotron Facilities, 1999; and Working Group on Neutron Science, 2001-2004
PUBLICATIONS: more than 230 publications including:
Rush, J.J., “Neutron-Study of Hindered Rotations in Methylbenzenes,” J. Chem. Phys. 47, 3936 (1967).
Rowe, J.M., Rush, J.J., Hinks, D.G., Susman, S., “Neutron Scattering Study of the Dynamics of KCN0.5KBr0.5,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 43, 1158 (1979).
Rush, J.J., Rowe, J.M., Glinka, C.J., Vagelatos, N., Flotow, H.E., “Coherent Neutron Scattering Study of the Vibrations of Interstitial Deuterium in µ-VD0.7,” Phys. Rev. B 21, 5613 (1980).
Rush, J.J., Rowe, J.M., Richter, D., “Dynamics of Dilute H in µ-Phase Palladium Deuteride: A Model Mass Defect,” Phys. Rev. B 31, 6102 (1985).
Rowe, J.M., Rush, J.J., Schirber, J.E., Mintz, J.M., “Isotope Effects in the PdH System-Lattice Dynamics of PdT0.7,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 57, 2955 (1986).
Rush, J.J., Udovic, T.J., Berk, N.F., Richter, D., Magerl, A., “Excited-State Vibrational tunnel Splitting of Hydrogen Trapped by Nitrogen in Niobium,” Europhys. Lett., 48, 187 (1999)