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Robert A. Kamper
No full textROBERT A. KAMPER
NBS/NIST: 1963 1994
B: March 14, 1933, Surbiton, England
EDUCATION:
Oxford University: BA (Physics), 1954; PhD (Physics), 1957
PRINCIPAL FIELDS:
Electromagnetics; administration of scientific and technological facilities
POSITIONS HELD AT NBS/NIST (BOULDER):
Chief, Cryoelectronics Section
Associate Chief, Electromagnetic Division
Chief, Electromagnetic Technology Division
Director
HONORS:
U.S. Department of Commerce: Silver Medal, 1993; Gold Medal, 1975
National Conference of Standards Laboratories William A. Wildhack Award, 1972
Instrument Society of America Arnold O. Beckman Award, 1974
NBS Condon Award, 1977
U.S. Senior Executive Service Meritorious Executive Rank, 1981
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Harry Diamond Award, 1993
MEMBERSHIPS:
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (Fellow)
PUBLICATIONS:
Forty publications on electron spin resonance, superconductivity, superconducting devices, and electromagnetic measurements
A Unique Institution: The National Bureau of Standards, 1950-1969 (Foreword)
No full textA Unique Institution: The National Bureau of Standards, 1950-1969 (SP925) by Elio Passaglia chronicles the expansion of National Bureau of Standards (NBS) to Boulder, Colo., and the relocation of the main site from downtown Washington, DC to Gaithersburg, Md. The NBS encountered tremendous challenges during this period. When faced with extreme outside pressure, its technical integrity remained intact
Thermodynamic temperatures of the triple points of mercury and gallium and in the interval 217 K to 303 K
No full textWe measured the acoustic resonance frequencies of an argon-filled spherical cavity and the microwave resonance frequencies of the same cavity when evacuated. The microwave data were used to deduce the thermal expansion of the cavity and the acoustic data were fitted to a temperature-pressure surface to deduce zero-pressure speed-of-sound ratios. The ratios determine (T-T-90), the difference between the Kelvin thermodynamic temperature T and the temperature on the International Temperature Scale of 1990 (ITS-90). The acoustic data fall on six isotherms: 217.0950 K, 234.3156 K, 253.1500 K, 273.1600 K, 293.1300 K, and 302.9166 K and the standard uncertainties of (T-T-90) average 0.6 mK, depending mostly upon the model fitted to the acoustic data. Without reference to ITS-90, the data redetermine the triple point of gallium T-g and the mercury point T-m with the results: T-g/T-w = (1.108 951 6 +/- 0.000 002 6) and T-m/T-w = (0.857 785 5 +/- 0.000 002 0), where T-w = 273.16 K exactly. (All uncertainties are expressed as standard uncertainties.) The resonator was the same one that had been used to redetermine both the universal gas constant R, and T-g. However, the present value of T-g is (4.3 +/- 0.8) mK larger than that reported earlier. We suggest that the earlier redetermination of T-g was erroneous because a virtual leak within the resonator contaminated the argon used at T-g in that work. This suggestion is supported by new acoustic data taken when the resonator was filled with xenon. Fortunately, the virtual leak did not affect the redetermination of R. The present work results in many suggestions for improving primary acoustic thermometry to achieve sub-millikelvin uncertainties over a wide temperature range
Applicability of metrology to information technology
No full textIn 1959 the Director of the National Bureau of Standards declared "The emergence of science and technology as the paramount concern of the Nation in the 20(th) century...demanded the highest order of measurement competence, in order to provide the standards and measurement techniques on which maintenance of scientific progress depended." Since 1959, information technology has emerged as having a global impact on all facets of industry. However, the "standards and measurement techniques" needed to maintain the scientific progress of information technology into the next century may not be in place. This paper discusses the current state of software metrics
The NIST quantitative infrared database
No full textWith the recent developments in Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometers it is becoming more feasible to place these instruments in field environments. As a result, there has been enormous increase in the use of FTIR techniques for a variety of qualitative and quantitative chemical measurements. These methods offer the possibility of fully automated real-time quantitation of many analytes; therefore FTIR has great potential as an analytical tool. Recently, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S.EPA) has developed protocol methods for emissions monitoring using both extractive and open-path FTIR measurements. Depending upon the analyte, the experimental conditions and the analyte matrix, approximately 100 of the hazardous air pollutants (HAPs) listed in the 1990 U.S.EPA Clean Air Act amendment (CAAA) can be measured. The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) has initiated a program to provide quality-assured infrared absorption coefficient data based on NIST prepared primary gas standards. Currently, absorption coefficient data has been acquired for approximately 20 of the HAPs. For each compound, the absorption coefficient spectrum was calculated using nine transmittance spectra at 0.12 cm(-1) resolution and the Beer's law relationship. The uncertainties in the absorption coefficient data were estimated from the linear regressions of the transmittance data and considerations of other error sources such as the nonlinear detector response. For absorption coefficient values greater than 1 x 10(-4) mol/mol)(-1) m(-1) the average relative expanded uncertainty is 2.2 %. This quantitative infrared database is currently an ongoing project at NIST. Additional spectra will be added; to the database as they are acquired. Our current plans include continued data acquisition of the compounds listed in the CAAA, as well as the compounds that contribute to global warming and ozone depletion
Richard Kautz
No full textRICHARD L. KAUTZ
NBS/NIST: 1976 ‑ 1997
Birth: November 6, 1947, Burbank, California
Education:
University of Washington, BS, 1970
Massachusetts Institute of Technology degrees in Electrical Engineering: MS, 1972; PhD, 1975
Principal field:
Cryogenic electronics; nonlinear dynamics
Positions held at NBS/NIST (Boulder):
National Research Council Postdoctoral Fellow, Cryogenics Division
Electronics Engineer, Cryogenics Division and Electromagnetic Technology Division
Post‑retirement: Guest Researcher, Electromagnetic Technology Division
Honors:
U.S. Department of Commerce: Silver Medal, 1983; Gold Medal, 1989
NBS Stratton Award, 1985
Research and Development Magazine IR‑100 Award, 1986
NIST Condon Award, 1997
Memberships:
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (Senior Member)
American Physical Society (Fellow)
Publications:
More than 60 technical papers, two book chapters, and one handbook article; work particularly related to implementation of first practical series‑array Josephson voltage standard and development of stability analysis for nonlinear, nonequilibrium systems based on quasipotentials
John W. Cahn (1999)
No full textJohn Werner Cahn was a materials scientist at the National Bureau of Standards from 1977-2007. He was awarded the 27th Annual Kyoto Prize in Advanced Technology in 2011 for his outstanding contributions to alloy materials engineering through his establishment of the theory of spinodal decomposition. Image source: NIST Archive
Comparison of the NIST and BIPM air-kerma standards for measurements in the low-energy x-ray range
No full textA direct comparison was made between the air-kerma standards used for the measurement of low-energy x rays at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) and the Bureau International des Poids et Mesures (BIPM). The comparison was carried out at the BIPM using the BIPM reference beam qualities in the range from 10 kV to 100 kV. The results show the standards to be in agreement to around 0.5 % at reference beam qualities up to 50 kV and at 100 kV. The result at the 80 kV beam quality is less favorable, with agreement at the 1 % level
Primary phase field of the Pb-doped 2223 High-T-c superconductor in the (Bi, Pb)-Sr-Ca-Cu-O system
No full textBoth liquidus and subsolidus phase equilibrium data are of central importance for applications of high temperature superconductors in the (Bi, Pb)-Sr-Ca-Cu-O system, including material synthesis, melt processing and single crystal growth. The subsolidus equilibria of the 110 K high-T-c Pb-doped 2223 ([Bi, Pb], Sr, Ca, Cu) phase and the location of the primary phase field (crystallization field) have been determined in this study. For the quantitative determination of liquidus data, a wicking technique was developed to capture the melt for quantitative microchemical analysis. A total of 29 five-phase volumes that include the 2223 phase as a component was obtained. The initial melt compositions of these volumes range from a mole fraction of 7.3 % to 28.0 % for Bi, 11.3 % to 27.8 % for Sr, 1.2 % to 19.4 % for Pb, 9.8 % to 30.8 % for Ca, and 17.1 % to 47.0 % for Cu. Based on these data, the crystallization field for the 2223 phase was constructed using the convex hull technique. A section of this "volume" was obtained by holding two components of the composition at the median value, allowing projection on the other three axes to show the extent of the field