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Partial Least Squares Multimodal Analysis of Brain Network Correlates of Language Deficits in Aphasia
No full textLesion-symptom mapping techniques are essential to determine brain regions critical for language functions. However, high collinearity in neuroimaging and behavioural data remains a challenge for distinguishing neural substrates supporting multiple language domains (shared variance) and those subserving specific language functions (unique variance). Here, we employed a novel approach to multimodal lesion-symptom mapping using multivariate partial least squares regression to delineate the latent structure of lesion-behavioural mapping in aphasia and decompose the shared and unique neural determinants of language impairments. A total of 86 participants with chronic (\u3e12-month post-stroke) aphasia after left hemisphere strokes were examined. Language impairment was assessed with the Western Aphasia Battery-Revised, and brain damage was defined by multimodal neuroimaging (including lesion characteristics, structural and functional connectivity, volumetric measures and functional activity). Neuroimaging modality-specific models were constructed to evaluate the shared versus unique lesion anatomy associated with performance across Western Aphasia Battery-Revised subtests: auditory comprehension, naming, repetition and spontaneous speech. Model accuracy was validated using leave-one-out cross-validation. Latent decomposition revealed that 50% of the covariance between neuroimaging data and language performance was explained by two to six latent variables across models. The spontaneous speech subtest emerged as the most influential language measure across all models, with damage to regions surrounding the perisylvian fissure accounting for the largest amount of shared variance across Western Aphasia Battery-Revised subtests. Critically, the highest-ranking features represented in the latent variable models yielded moderately accurate simultaneous prediction for all language measures (highest r: auditory comprehension = 0.45; naming = 0.39; repetition = 0.38; spontaneous speech = 0.42), suggesting that clinically salient language impairments largely reflect damage to shared anatomical networks. Projection of subtest scores onto latent variables revealed that integrity of distributed left and right cortical and subcortical regions uniquely accounted for 5.0–27.9% of residual variance across subtests, with auditory comprehension involving the most extensive network of unique brain regions. These results highlight that dissociating shared versus unique lesion-symptom associations is important for understanding the neural basis of aphasia. Shared lesion anatomy involving perisylvian regions broadly impacts multiple language domains, while distributed regions uniquely explain deficits in specific language domains (e.g. auditory comprehension). These insights improve our understanding of post-stroke aphasia and facilitate future development of more precise, personalized treatment strategies based on each individual’s neuroanatomy
Integration of an Artificial Intelligence–Based Autism Diagnostic Device into the ECHO Autism Primary Care Workflow: Prospective Observational Study
No full textBackground: Pediatric specialist shortages and rapidly rising autism prevalence rates have compelled primary care clinicians to consider playing a greater role in the autism diagnostic process. The ECHO Autism: Early Diagnosis Program (EDx) prepares clinicians to screen, evaluate, differentiate, diagnose, and provide longitudinal care for children with autism in primary care settings. Canvas Dx is a prescription-only Software as a Medical Device designed to support clinical diagnosis or rule out of autism, including in primary care settings. It is authorized by the Food and Drug Administration for use, in conjunction with clinical judgment, in 18‐ to 72-month-olds with indicators of developmental delay.
Objective: This study aims to assess the feasibility and impact of integrating the device into the ECHO Autism: EDx workflow. Time from the first clinical question of developmental delay to autism diagnosis is the primary endpoint. Secondary endpoints explore clinician and caregiver experience of device use.
Methods: Children aged 18 to 72 months with concern for developmental delay indicated by either a caregiver or health professionals were eligible to participate in this prospective observational study. Experienced ECHO Autism: EDx clinicians were recruited to evaluate the inclusion of the device as part of their diagnostic evaluations. Outcome data were collected via a combination of electronic questionnaires, standard clinical care record reviews, and analysis of device outputs. Institutional review board approval was provided by the University of Missouri-Columbia (project number 2075722).
Results: Eighty children and 7 clinicians completed the study. On average, time from clinical concern at study enrollment to final autism diagnosis was 39.22 days, compared to 180‐ to 264-day waits at adjacent specialist referral centers. The vast majority (93%, 50/54) of caregivers reported being satisfied with the ECHO Autism: EDx plus device evaluation their child received and endorsed that they would recommend it to others and that they felt comfortable using the device. The device produced determinate autism predictions or rule-outs for 52.5% of participants, and in all cases, these were consistent with the final clinical determination. Participating clinicians reported that device use was feasible and reduced several challenges associated with their previous diagnostic process; however, they noted it did not obviate the need for additional structured observation in every case.
Conclusions: The ECHO Autism: EDx plus device workflow offers considerable time savings compared to specialty center referral and was strongly endorsed by caregiver participants. Embedding the device into the ECHO Autism: EDx workflow was feasible and helped streamline several workflow efficiencies. Clinicians still utilized their training and application and interpretation of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition, criteria when formulating the diagnosis for indeterminate cases
Phi Beta Kappa, Psi of California Chapter, Induction Ceremony 2025
No full texthttps://digitalcommons.chapman.edu/pbk_induction_ceremony_2025/1009/thumbnail.jp
Phi Beta Kappa, Psi of California Chapter, Induction Ceremony 2025
No full texthttps://digitalcommons.chapman.edu/pbk_induction_ceremony_2025/1024/thumbnail.jp
Phi Beta Kappa, Psi of California Chapter, Induction Ceremony 2025
No full texthttps://digitalcommons.chapman.edu/pbk_induction_ceremony_2025/1046/thumbnail.jp
Minimum Resale Price Maintenance in the Absence of Point-of-Sale Service, Agency or Free-Rider Problems
Get PDFWe show that MRPM can increase manufacturer profits and total output even in the ab- sence of traditional justifications based on point-of-sale services, retailer effort, or free-riding. The key insight is that MRPM mitigates channel conflict by altering how retailers balance extracting surplus from loyal customers and competing for price-sensitive shoppers. When a manufacturer optimally chooses a wholesale price and MRPM policy, this can intensify com- petition and create systematic distributional effects: prices fall for loyal consumers but rise for shoppers, and the profits of smaller, shopper-dependent retailers decline. We characterize the conditions under which MRPM raises output, benefits a majority of consumers, and reallocates surplus among the manufacturer, retailers, and different consumer segments. The model helps explain why the political economy of MRPM varies across jurisdictions: even when it increases output, it creates predictable winners and losers, and there is no guarantee that the median consumer or retailer -- or the median voter -- benefits when minimum resale prices are imposed. These results suggest that the welfare and distributional effects of MRPM are inherently context-dependent and that its legal evaluation is best approached through a rule-of-reason framework that accounts for demand structure, retailer asymmetries, and the composition of consumer types
Operation Paperclip and the Use of National Security: \u3cem\u3eSi vis pacem, para bellum\u3c/em\u3e
No full textNational security is a term that many are familiar with in the twenty-first century. In the United States it is commonly believed that its widespread use began after the attacks on the World Trade Center in New York on September 11, 2001. However, this work examines how the United States government has used the term and changed its definition in its application during Operation Paperclip. Operation Paperclip was a Second World War operation created to secure the scientific and technical research of German scientists at the end of the war in 1945.
This thesis examines Operation Paperclip and its expansion in the postwar period to include not just the collection of scientists and technical research but the exploitations and immigration of German scientists to the United States. The arrival of these scientists caused tension among some Americans once the intention to give them U.S. citizenship was made public. Those who opposed this move argued that this was the equivalent of rewarding former enemies and could open the United States and its citizens to unnecessary risk.
By looking at Operation Paperclip and the government\u27s implementation of national security after the Second World War and the response by those who opposed the governments actions we can begin to see how the liberal definition and use of national security in the twenty-first century caused many to question the government\u27s use and authority of national security as a means on interest of the elites over the security of the nation
Phi Beta Kappa, Psi of California Chapter, Induction Ceremony 2025
No full texthttps://digitalcommons.chapman.edu/pbk_induction_ceremony_2025/1003/thumbnail.jp
Phi Beta Kappa, Psi of California Chapter, Induction Ceremony 2025
No full texthttps://digitalcommons.chapman.edu/pbk_induction_ceremony_2025/1012/thumbnail.jp
Phi Beta Kappa, Psi of California Chapter, Induction Ceremony 2025
No full texthttps://digitalcommons.chapman.edu/pbk_induction_ceremony_2025/1013/thumbnail.jp