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A chemical bonding based descriptor for predicting the role of anharmonicity induced by quantum nuclear effects in hydride superconductors
No full textQuantum nuclear effects (QNEs) can significantly alter a material’s crystal structure and phonon spectra, impacting properties such as thermal conductivity and superconductivity. However, predicting a priori whether these effects will enhance or suppress superconductivity, or destabilize a structure, remains a grand challenge. Herein, we address this unresolved problem by introducing two possible descriptors, based upon the integrated crystal orbital bonding index (iCOBI) or the bond valence function, to predict the influence of QNEs on a crystal lattice’s dynamic stability, phonon spectra and superconducting properties. We find that structures with atoms in symmetric chemical bonding environments exhibit greater resilience to structural perturbations induced by QNEs, while those with atoms in asymmetric bonding environments are more susceptible to structural alterations, resulting in enhanced superconducting critical temperatures.Funding for this research is provided by the National Science Foundation, under awardDMR-2136038 and the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program (Grant Agreement No. 802533). Partial funding for this research is provided by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Fusion Energy Sciences funding the award entitled High Energy Density Quantum Matter, under Award No. DE-SC0020340. I.E. also acknowledges financial support from the Department of Education, Universities and Research of the Eusko Jaurlaritza, and the University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU (Grant No. IT1527-22); and the Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (Grant No. PID2022-142861NA-I00)
Speech onset time at home or in the lab: The role of testing environment and experimenter presence
No full textPublished on 9th January, 2026.Psycholinguistic research has become increasingly reliant on online experimentation, making it an attractive approach for studying speech production. However, concerns remain about data quality and participant engagement in online settings. In this preregistered study, we used two tasks—picture naming and reading aloud—to test whether the lexical frequency effect (low-frequency words having shorter speech onset times than high-frequency words) could be reliably detected in the online environment (run at home), both with and without experimenter supervision. Participants completed the same two tasks at home and in the lab. Half of the participants performed both tasks with supervision and the other half unsupervised. In the naming task, all conditions yielded consistent frequency effects (~27–41 ms), comparable to previous online and lab findings. In the reading aloud task, lexical frequency effect emerged in all conditions except for the home-supervised, where the effect was in the expected direction but nonsignificant (~12 ms). Notably, participants were overall faster at home than in the lab (~10 ms), and unsupervised settings yielded the largest effect sizes. This suggests that experimenter presence may inadvertently dampen subtle effects, possibly due to increased self-monitoring or reduced comfort. Such findings indicate the reliability of online platforms for speech production research in psycholinguistics and highlight the nuanced influence of supervision on speech outcomes.This research was supported by a Doctoral Fellowship (LCF/BQ/DI19/11730045) from the “La Caixa” Foundation (ID 100010434), by the Italian Ministry of University of Research with the PRIN grant (code number: MUR 2022FT8HNC) awarded to G.P. This research was also supported by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (PID2020-113926GB-I00 and PID2023-148756NB-I00 to C.D.M.) and the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (grant agreement no. 819093 to C.D.M.). This research was supported by the Basque Government through the BERC 2022–2025 program and by the Spanish State Research Agency through BCBL Severo Ochoa excellence accreditation CEX2020-001010-S
Legal Positions of States and International Organizations on the item ‘Unilateral economic measures as a means of political and economic coercion against developing countries’ (1983-2025)
Full text linkThis paper presents the legal positions of States and International Organizations on the item “Legal Positions of States and International Organizations on the item ‘Unilateral economic measures as a means of political and economic coercion against developing countries’ (1983-2025)”, in order to clarify both the state practice and opinio iuris on the possible creation or existence of a rule on the prohibition of unilateral coercive measures, as well as its hypothetical content.Basque Government's Postdoctoral Programme for the Improvement of Doctoral Research Personnel
Data-driven defrost-on-demand scheduling in reefer ships: A predictive maintenance framework using real-world sensor data
No full textDefrost cycles in shipboard refrigeration plants are typically initiated on fixed schedules
or by operator judgement, which can lead to unnecessary energy use and temperature
variability during the transport of frozen products. This study proposes a data-driven
predictive maintenance approach to trigger defrost on demand in a merchant reefer vessel
carrying frozen tuna. A total of 76,692 operational records from cargo-hold air coolers and
holds were analysed, including delivery and return air temperatures, hold air temperature
and relative humidity. The records were modelled to show their behaviour under real
voyage conditions. The modelled strategy indicates that 66.55% of defrost cycles performed
during the study period were unnecessary, suggesting substantial scope to reduce defrost
frequency and associated disturbances. These findings demonstrate the feasibility of
implementing machine learning (ML)-based decision support for maritime refrigeration.
This enables defrost-on-demand scheduling, which has the potential to enhance operational
efficiency while supporting product quality, sustainability and traceability in the frozen
tuna supply chain.This research was funded by LeaderSHIP—Learning European Alliance for Digital, Environmental and Resilient Shipbuilding (EU), code: 101111595
Replicating the unconscious working memory effect: a multisite Registered Report
Full text linkAlthough in recent years some studies have found evidence suggesting that working memory (WM) may operate on unconscious perceptual contents, decisive demonstrations of the existence of unconscious WM are lacking. In the present Registered Report, we replicate the first study on this topic by Soto et al. (Working memory without consciousness. Curr Biol 2011;21:R912–3.): a visual discrimination task asking participants to report the direction in which a subliminal Gabor grating was rotated after a 2-s delay. We acquired a multisite sample from 19 laboratories, with a larger number of participants (N = 531) and trials (720 in two sessions) than those typically used in previous studies. As a result, a large-sample, international, and open-access dataset is now available for researchers and future analyses. Furthermore, some minimal baseline requirements were guaranteed for the experimental task (i.e. number of valid trials, motivation, and consistent labels for the Perceptual Awareness Scale). The results showed (1) above-chance WM performance in cue-present trials reported as unseen (.55 accuracy), (2) a significant positive correlation between WM performance and cue detection sensitivity (r = .228), and (3) a significant above-chance intercept in the regression of performance on sensitivity (β0 = .521). These findings suggest that WM can operate on unconscious representations, although it remains positively associated with perceptual sensitivity. Crucially, because measurement error could compromise the interpretation of these three results, we provide evidence for our measures’ excellent reliability and, more fundamentally, for their validity.This Registered Report was funded by the ‘Funding Consciousness Research with Registered Reports’ initiative from the Center for Open Science. A.F.M. was supported by grant PRE2021-097654 from the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation. R.R.S. and M.A.V. were supported by grant CNS2022-135346 from Agencia Estatal de Investigación/FEDER UE. D.R.S. was supported by grant ES/S014616/1 from the UK Economic and Social Research Council. D.S. acknowledges support from the Basque Government through the BERC 2022–2025 programme, from Agencia Estatal de Investigación, through the ‘Severo Ochoa’ Programme for Centres/Units of Excellence in R&D (CEX2020-001010-S), and also from project grant PID2019-105494GB-I00. M.A.V. and A.F.M. were supported by grant PID2020-118583GB-I00 from Agencia Estatal de Investigación/FEDER UE. External collaborators were also supported by the following funders: P.A. was supported by an F.R.S.-FNRS Research Project T003821F (40003221) to A.C. F.B. was supported by Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia (CEECIND/03661/2017). A.C. is a Research Director with the F.R.S.-FNRS (Belgium) and a fellow of the Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (Brain, Mind and Consciousness programme), funded by European Research Council Advanced Grant #101055060 ‘EXPERIENCE’. F.G.F. was supported by a predoctoral fellowship from the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities (FPU20/00826). J.A.H., A.P., P.R.M., and M.J. were supported by grant PID2021-125842NB-I00 from Agencia Estatal de Investigación. S.M.H. was supported by the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) KAKENHI ‘Early-Career Scientists’ (24K16877). A.I. was supported by the HSS Seed Fund from the National University of Singapore (#A-8001370-00-00). A.I. would like to thank Shiyang Wu and Mingyuan Yang for help with data collection. P.S. was supported by FPU grant FPU20/01946 from the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation
Reinforcement Learning in action: Powering intelligent intrusion responses to advanced cyber threats in realistic scenarios
Full text linkGiven the increasing incidence of sophisticated cyber-attacks, particularly Advanced Persistent Threats (APTs), there is a growing need for intelligent and adaptive intrusion response solutions. In this paper, we propose a Reinforcement Learning (RL)-based model for APT intrusion response that can manage dynamic, multi-stage attacks and large observation spaces. The model supports both policy-based and value-based learning approaches, enabling comparative evaluation between different strategies. We introduce a realistic RL training environment based on emulation infrastructure, which accurately reproduces APT scenarios using real systems and executes a wide range of authentic Intrusion Response System (IRS) actions. This setup includes time and variability constraints commonly encountered in operational environments, offering a more practical alternative to traditional simulations. The RL agents, implemented using Proximal Policy Optimization (PPO) and Deep Q-Network (DQN) algorithms, were both trained and evaluated within this industrial-style emulated environment. Empirical results demonstrate that both DRL algorithms successfully learned effective and well-timed defensive actions under realistic constraints, confirming their capability to operate in dynamic, real-world APT scenarios.This work has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon Europe research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 101070450 (AI4CYBER)
The oxidative stress-related peroxiredoxin Tsa1b of Candidozyma (Candida) auris contributes to virulence and infection
No full textThe number of Invasive Fungal Infections (IFI) has been globally increasing in recent years. Nowadays, more than 300 million IFI cases per year are detected, with mortality rates ranging from 20 % to almost 100 % (Denning, 2024). The main infectious agents are Candida species (Magill et al., 2014), with Candida albicans, Candida glabrata (recently renamed as Nakaseomyces glabratus), Candida parapsilosis and Candida tropicalis being the main causative ones (Kim et al., 2020, Webb et al., 2018). Infections caused by Candidozyma auris (previously named as Candida auris (Liu et al., 2024)) have gained importance over the last years (Du et al., 2020) after the initial identification in 2009 (Satoh et al., 2009). As a result, this fungus has been the first fungal species for which the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC, USA) has issued a public health global alert (CDC, 2016). Moreover, it has been included on the Critical Group of the Fungal Pathogen Priority List published by the World Health Organization (WHO) (World Health Organization, 2022).Basque Government, grant numbers IT1362–19 and IT1657–2
Diskriminazioaren pertzepzioa Euskadin eta Europan
No full text102 p.Berdintasunaren eta diskriminaziorik ezaren aldeko borrokan bidea egin den arren, gizarte bidezko bat lortzea gaur egungo gizarteen erronka nagusietako bat da oraindik ere. Desparekotasuna eta diskriminazioa, pertsonen eskubide eta askatasunen benetako erabilerarako muga izateaz gain, oztopo ere badira aniztasuna modu positiboan kudeatzeko zein gizarte-harmonia eta -kohesioa sustatzeko. Euskal gizartea ez dago dinamika horietatik kanpo, eta, horregatik, erakundeek nahiz gizarte zibilak konpromiso aktiboa dute bidezkoagoa eta ekitatiboagoa izango den gizarte bat lortzeko.
Txosten honek bi bloke nagusi ditu, ohar metodologiko komun batez gain. Ikuspegiko lantaldeak landutako lehenengo bloke honen lehen kapitulua diskriminazio kontzeptua definitzera eta horrekin lotuta indarrean dagoen legeria berrikustera bideratuta dago. Gainera, fenomeno honetara hurbiltzeko aukera ematen duten ikuspegi teoriko nagusiak jorratzen dira, baita haren neurketan eragina duten alderdi metodologikoak ere. Horrez gain, horrekin lotuta eskualde-mailan, estatu-mailan eta Europan dauden erreferentzia eta ikerketa nagusiak biltzen dira, problematika alderaketa-esparru zabalago batean kokatzeko.
Sarrerako lehen atal honen ondoren, Europako aniztasunarekiko jarreren eta diskriminazioari buruzko pertzepzioen analisi konparatibo bat garatzen da, eta arreta berezia jartzen zaie Euskadik Europako beste lurralde batzuekin eta Espainiar estatuarekin dituen antzekotasun eta desberdintasunei. Inkesta hauek hartu dira oinarritzat: ‘Euskadiko biztanleek diskriminazioaren inguruan dituzten pertzepzioei eta jarrerei buruzko inkesta — EPADE 2024’ (Ikuspegi, 2025) eta ‘535 Eurobarometro Berezia. Discrimination in the EU 2023’ (European Commission, 2023). Atal honetan, hauek guztiak jorratzen dira: Europar Batasuneko eta Euskadiko biztanleek aniztasunarekiko eta gizartetalde minoritarioekiko dituzten jarrerak, diskriminazioaren garrantziaren pertzepzioa, zuzeneko diskriminazio-esperientziak, defentsa-jokaera aktiboak eta erakundeek berdintasunaren alde egindako ahaleginekiko gogobetetzea.
Jarraian, Mª Ángeles Cea D’Anconak egindako kapituluan Euskadiko diskriminazio anizkoitzean sakontzen da, EPADE 2024 inkestako datuetatik abiatuta. Sentitutako eta autodeklaratutako diskriminazioa aztertzen da, identitate eta zaurgarritasun-faktore anitzen konbinazioak diskriminazioarekiko esposizio anitzean eragiten duela azpimarratuz
Indigenous Peoples and local communities as agents of transformative change for sustainability
No full textAchieving just, equitable, and effective sustainability transformations requires diverse social engagement. This paper identifies five key roles played by Indigenous Peoples and local communities as agents of transformative change: embodying sustainable lifeways, resisting harm and defending rights, extending their practices to influence broader systems, and offering foundational models for care-oriented economies and governance. Through illustrative examples, we show how Indigenous Peoples and local communities actively contribute to global transformation. We emphasize the importance of engaging with a wide range of actors in supporting, expanding, and deepening these contributions to realize meaningful, systemic change toward a sustainable and just future.We are grateful to IPBES Member States for their strategic vision and to former IPBES Executive Secretary, A. Larigauderie, Chair, D. Obura, and the members of the Technical Support Unit, L. Périanin and A. Renaud, for continued advice. We are also grateful for the discussions with authors of the Transformative Change Assessment, on which this article is based. We received no specific funding for this work; all authors involved in the IPBES do so on a voluntary basis. The IPBES Transformative Change Assessment was made possible thanks to many contributions to the IPBES trust fund from governments (www.ipbes.net/donors). VRG and SV acknowledge support from the European Research Council (VRG: FP7-771056-LICCI and SV: FP7-101002784-EQUALSEA). SV also acknowledges the financial support to CRETUS from the Rede CIGUS, and the support of the Earth Commission and Future Earth. HCW acknowledges support from the Canada-Inuit Nunangat-United Kingdom Arctic Research Programme (CINUK). NF acknowledges the support from the Department Board and the Faculty of Geosciences of Utrecht University who supported financially and institutionally her participation in the IPBES Transformative Change Assessment. HG acknowledges support from the U.S. Global Change Research Program for her participation in the IPBES Transformative Change Assessment. This work contributes to the ‘María de Maeztu’ Programme for Units of Excellence of the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (CEX2019-000940-M)
The philosophy of moral responsibility in the arab legal system: a comparative study of religious values and legal norms
No full textThis paper introduces the concept of moral responsibility and explores the justifiability of the moral practices associated with holding people responsible for their behavior. Among the most important and familiar of these practices are moral praise and moral blame. This paper also investigates the concept of moral responsibility and its significance for international law. Moral responsibility, understood as the attribution of praise or blame for actions or omissions, provides a philosophical foundation for the development and legitimacy of international legal norms. The study first reviews definitional approaches linguistically and legally of responsibility in general, Then the research classifies the types of responsibilities as moral responsibility and legal responsibility, and after that we explain the types of legal responsibility