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Core thermal hydraulic investigations of the BWRX-300 small modular reactor with the porous-media two-phase flow code TWOPORFLOW
No full text[EN] SMR technology has been on the rise lately due to the clear advantages that this trending nuclear field offers. Although there are many different designs, few are close to commercial-level development. In this reduced group, LWR reactors seem to be the preferred technology. Among these, the only reactor design that is not of the PWR type is GE Vernova-Hitachi’s BWRX-300. In spite of its small presence, BWR reactors have their own benefits and have proved to be worth researching. With this intention, a thermo-hydraulic characterization of BWRX-300’s core has been undertaken.
For the analysis work, it has been decided to use Karlsruhe Institute of Technology’s (KIT) TwoPorFlow code. The code is a tool designed for nuclear reactor core simulations which has already been successfully used in other instances. To guarantee the accuracy of the results, the code itself has undergone a validation process. To do so, the BFBT database has been selected as reference material and experiments regarding pressure drop, void fraction and critical power have been conducted.
Once the simulation tool models for BWR modelling is validated, a BWRX-300 core model has been developed based on public information available for it.
The present work has followed a step-by-step process, where simulations have scaled up from fuel rods to bundles, and then, to the whole core. At each step, results have been compared to determine the causes for different values and to explain the meaning behind the data.
The obtained results align with the expected behavior of a reactor of this kind and prove the reactor’s viability, ensuring its usefulness in satisfying the current energy needs. Further data is required to be able to carry out more complex work, since the estimated values seem to be inadequate for a fully precise characterization of the core.[ES] La tecnología SMR ha ido ganando protagonismo recientemente debido a las claras ventajas que ofrece este campo emergente de la energía nuclear. Aunque existen muchos diseños diferentes, pocos se encuentran cerca de un desarrollo a nivel comercial. Dentro de este grupo reducido, los reactores LWR parecen ser la tecnología preferida. Entre ellos, el único diseño que no es de tipo PWR es el BWRX-300 de GE Vernova-Hitachi. A pesar de su escasa presencia, los reactores BWR tienen sus propios beneficios y han demostrado merecer ser investigados. Con este objetivo, se ha llevado a cabo una caracterización termohidráulica del núcleo del BWRX-300.
Para el trabajo de análisis se ha decidido utilizar el código TwoPorFlow del Instituto de Tecnología de Karlsruhe (KIT). Este código es una herramienta diseñada para simulaciones de núcleos de reactores nucleares que ya ha sido utilizada con éxito en otras ocasiones. Para garantizar la precisión de los resultados, el propio código ha sido sometido a un proceso de validación. Para ello, se ha seleccionado la base de datos BFBT como material de referencia y se han analizado experimentos relacionados con la pérdida de carga, la fracción de vacío y la potencia crítica.
Una vez validado el modelado del código para reactores BWR, se ha desarrollado un modelo del núcleo del BWRX-300 basándose en la información pública disponible.
El presente trabajo ha seguido un proceso paso a paso, en el que las simulaciones han ido escalando desde barras de combustible a haces, y posteriormente al núcleo completo. En cada etapa, los resultados se han comparado para determinar las causas de las diferencias observadas y explicar el significado de los datos obtenidos.
Los resultados obtenidos se ajustan al comportamiento esperado de un reactor de este tipo y demuestran su viabilidad, garantizando su utilidad para satisfacer las necesidades energéticas actuales. No obstante, se requieren más datos para poder llevar a cabo trabajos más complejos, ya que los valores estimados resultan insuficientes para una caracterización completamente precisa del núcleo.[EU] SMR teknologia azkenaldian gero eta protagonismo handiagoa hartzen ari da, energia nuklearraren arlo berritzaile honek eskaintzen dituen abantaila argiei esker. Diseinu desberdin asko existitzen diren arren, gutxi batzuk baino ez daude merkataritza-mailako garapenetik gertu. Talde mugatu horren barruan, LWR erreaktoreak dira nagusiki hautatutako teknologia. Horien artean, PWR motakoa ez den diseinu bakarra GE Vernova-Hitachiren BWRX-300 da. Presentzia txikia izan arren, BWR erreaktoreek beren abantailak dituzte eta ikertzea merezi dutela frogatu dute. Helburu horrekin, BWRX-300aren nukleoaren karakterizazio termohidraulikoa egin da.
Analisi-lanerako Karlsruheko Teknologia Institutuko (KIT) TwoPorFlow kodea erabiltzea erabaki da. Kode hau erreaktore nuklearren nukleoen simulazioetarako diseinatutako tresna da, eta aurretik ere arrakastaz erabili izan da. Emaitzen zehaztasuna bermatzeko, kodea bera baliozkotze-prozesu baten mende jarri da. Horretarako, BFBT datu-basea erreferentzia gisa hautatu da, eta karga-galerari, huts-frakzioari eta potentzia kritikoari lotutako esperimentuak aztertu dira.
BWR erreaktoreetarako kodearen modelizazioa baliozkotu ondoren, BWRX-300aren nukleoaren eredu bat garatu da, eskuragarri dagoen informazio publikoan oinarrituta.
Lan honek urratsez urratseko prozesu bat jarraitu du: simulazioak erregai-barretatik sortetara eskalatu dira, eta ondoren, nukleo osora. Etapa bakoitzean, emaitzak alderatu dira, behatutako desberdintasunak zerk eragiten dituen zehazteko eta lortutako datuen esanahia azaltzeko.
Lortutako emaitzak mota honetako erreaktore baten portaera esperotuarekin bat datoz eta haren bideragarritasuna erakusten dute, egungo energia-beharrak asetzeko duen erabilgarritasuna bermatuz. Hala ere, datu gehiago behar dira lan konplexuagoak egin ahal izateko, kalkulatutako balioak ez baitira nahikoak nukleoaren karakterizazio erabat zehatza lortzeko
Cultura y educación para todas las personas. Iniciativas desarrolladas desde el campus de Gipuzkoa de la Universidad del País Vasco
No full textA iniciativa del Servicio de Cultura del Vicerrectorado del Campus de Gipuzkoa de la UPV/EHU se recogen en este libro algunos ejemplos de Trabajos de Fin de Grado en Pedagogía y Educación Social que tienen por objeto impulsar la educación y difundir la cultura entre y para todas las personas. Estos trabajos están claramente alineados con los propósitos que Naciones Unidas tiene definidos como prioridades de acción: inclusión, género, educación de calidad, alianzas, etc
Neural representation of the musical beat is facilitated but not contingent on the repetition of rhythmic patterns
No full textPublished on 17th December, 2025.Music often entails perception of periodic beats which serve as internal temporal references to coordinate movements to music. Crucially, beat perception arises even in syncopated musical rhythms, which only weakly cue the beat periodicity. However, syncopated rhythms are often looped in music, suggesting that repetition of rhythmic patterns may facilitate beat perception by providing a periodic structure at a supra-second timescale. Here, we tested this hypothesis by recording separately electroencephalographic (EEG) and behavioral responses (finger tapping) while participants listened to different syncopated rhythmic sequences. These sequences either consisted of a repeated pattern (repetition of 4.8 and 9.6-s-long patterns) or were generated without repetition. Despite the degradation of pattern repetition, neural activity showed a periodized representation of the rhythmic input across conditions, at periodicities corresponding to those expressed in behavioral responses. However, this neural activity was further enhanced in the condition with shorter repeated patterns. Thus, pattern repetition was not necessary but strengthened the neural representation of the beat, demonstrating that supra-second periodicities in the rhythmic input further enhance sub-second periodicities in neural activity. These findings highlight the multiscale temporal processing of musical rhythm, and, more generally, complex rhythmic inputs involved in interpersonal interaction and communication.The study is receiving financial support from the European Research Council (ERC Starting Grant Rhythm and Brains, ref. 801872). We would like to thank CATL, the technical support team of the Institute of Neurosciences at the Université Catholique de Louvain for providing the custom-built tapping box used in this experiment
How can we alleviate transport poverty? Insights from a cluster analysis for Spain
Full text linkAddressing transport poverty in the context of rising energy prices is increasingly relevant, given the fundamental role that transportation plays in facilitating access to basic needs and rights. Identifying and characterising transport-poor households is crucial to developing targeted policies and compensation schemes. During the 2022 energy crisis, where such data was not available, many countries decided to implement large universal fuel subsidies. These measures, which were widely criticized by environmental NGOs and institutions such as the IMF and OECD as ineffective and costly, underscore the urgency of finding alternative policy designs. This paper addresses this shortcoming, using the Low-Income-High-Cost (LIHC) transport poverty indicator and hierarchical cluster analysis to identify and analyse six profiles of transport-poor households in Spain. We assess whether a universal discount of 20 cents per litre of fuel, a policy in place in Spain during 2022 and similar in many other countries, could be replaced by more targeted measures. Our results show that targeted interventions based on this type of cluster analysis could significantly reduce transport poverty levels more effectively and economically than universal subsidies, resulting in a just energy transition.This research has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon Europe Research and Innovation Programme under grant agreement No 101069880 – AdJUST, Advancing the understanding of challenges, policy options and measures to achieve a JUST EU energy transition; by María de Maeztu Excellence Unit 2023–2027 Ref. CEX2021–001201-M, funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033; and by the Basque Government through the BERC 2022–2025 program
Number maintenance in subject-verb agreement: evidence from Basque
Full text linkPublished on 12th February, 2026.In this paper, we investigate whether number is actively maintained as part of matrix subject-verb dependency establishment, and whether it is active enough to be used to resolve temporary number ambiguity of an interpolated noun. In a visual world paradigm, we tested whether number-ambiguous Basque nouns within embedded relative clauses can be disambiguated by the number of the matrix subject-verb dependency actively maintained over them. We manipulated the number of the matrix subject (singular/plural), and measured the proportion of looks toward singular/plural images in the moment when the number-ambiguous noun is heard (and still not disambiguated). The analysis showed that the proportion of looks followed the matrix subject number, as the plural bias increases significantly in the plural matrix subject condition, implying active maintenance of the number feature. These findings add to the literature on the content of the maintained representation in subject-verb dependency establishment, showing that number information is actively maintained, and they don't align with cue-based sentence comprehension models that presume matrix verb maintenance in an inactive, out-of-focus state. We also demonstrate that the parser uses available morphosyntactic information of items kept active in working memory in order to resolve temporary ambiguity.The author(s) declared that financial support was received for this work and/or its publication. This research was supported by the Basque government through the PRE_2018_2_0074 grant and the BERC 2022-2025 program, by the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and University, (grants PID2022-136991NB-I00; PCI2022-135031-2; PDC2022-133917-I00; RTI2018-096311-B-I0), as well as by the Spanish State Research Agency through BCBL Severo Ochoa excellence accreditation CEX2020-001010/AEI/10.13039/501100011033
Posiciones jurídicas de los Estados y organizaciones internacionales en el tema ‘Necesidad de poner fin al bloqueo económico, comercial y financiero impuesto por los Estados Unidos de América contra Cuba’ (2020-2025)
No full textEste documento presenta las posiciones jurídicas de los Estados y organizaciones internacionales en el tema “Posiciones jurídicas de los Estados y organizaciones internacionales en el tema ‘Necesidad de poner fin al bloqueo económico, comercial y financiero impuesto por los Estados Unidos de América contra Cuba’ (2020-2025)”, con el objetivo de clarificar la práctica estatal y opinio iuris sobre la posible creación o existencia de una norma relativa a la prohibición de las medidas coercitivas unilaterales, así como su hipotético contenido.Este documento se ha elaborado gracias a la financiación del Programa Posdoctoral de Perfeccionamiento de Personal Investigador Doctor del Gobierno Vasco y durante una estancia de investigación posdoctoral en el Programa de Posgrado en Derecho de la Universidad Federal de Río de Janeiro
Sequence effects during speech perception reveal multi-accent processing costs
No full textPublished on 23rd February, 2026.Alternating between different talkers during listening typically incurs a cognitive processing cost. How these processing costs manifest, and potentially differ, in a multi-accent setting remains to be examined. Across two experiments, we investigate (1) whether talker and accent switching costs are driven by engagement of a recalibration mechanism, and (2) whether global listening context affects the magnitude of talker and accent switching costs. The results of our first experiment indicate that
switching between speakers of the same second language (L2) accent (e.g., between two Mandarin-accented speakers of English) was less cognitively challenging than switching between speakers of different L2 accents (e.g., between a Mandarin-accented speaker and a Turkish-accented speaker of English). This outcome suggests that the perceptual distance (i.e., the holistic estimate of spectral and temporal differences in acoustic signals) between two speakers’ productions determines
the size of associated switching costs, such that recalibration is less cognitively demanding for speakers with the same L2
accent. In our second experiment, we examine whether a more challenging block-wide listening context results in a global
upregulation of cognitive resources, and, subsequently, reduces the cognitive resources required to (a) process L2 accent and (b) resolve local talker and accent changes. Here, the overall cognitive demands of processing L2 accent were reduced, as predicted, but talker and accent switching costs were not. We conclude that talker and accent switching are supported by a recalibration mechanism and that global upregulation of cognitive resources may reduce L2 accent processing costs but not local switching costs.This work was supported by National Science Foundation Grant 2146993 and Graduate Research Fellowship DGE-1745038, the Basque Government through the BERC 2022-2025 program, the Spanish State Research Agency through BCBL Severo Ochoa excellence accreditation CEX2020-001010-S, and the European Union’s Horizon Europe research and innovation programme under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement No 10110396
La constitución de la otra España". La ley de vagos y maleantes y su aplicación en el Madrid republicano
No full textArtikulu honek Alfer eta Gaizkileen Legearen jatorria eta aplikazioa sakonkiago uler-tzea bilatzen du, gutxi jorratutako aldi bati (Bigarren Errepublika) eta orain arte aztertu gabeko tokiko esparru bati (Madril) erreparatuta. Helburu hori betetzeko bi jarduera dira beharrezkoak. Lehenik eta behin, araudi horren aurrekariak aztertu dira, xx. mendearen hasieratik ikus daitezkeenak gizarte se-guruago bat antolatzeko gobernu ekimenetan. Bigarren, aipatutako legea indarrean jarri zenetik hari jarraikiz hasitako espedienteen azterketa sistematikoa egin da. Azterketa horrek aukera ematen du tresna juridiko horren errepresiozko praxian sortutako gorabeherak zehazteko, haren eraginpean egon zirenei ezarritako arriskugarritasun kategorien adierazgarritasuna zehazteko eta, batez ere, azken ho-rien belaunaldi, soziologia, bizitegi eta lan arloko ezaugarriak zehazteko.; This article aims to provide a deeper understanding of the Ley de Vagos y Maleantes (Law of Vagrants and Thugs) in terms of its origins and its application, focusing on a period scarcely dealt with by historiography (Second Republic) and a local framework not explored so far (Madrid). In order to achieve this goal, two interconnected exercises must be carried out. Firstly, the explora-tion of the background of that regulation, evidenced since the beginning of the 20th century in the governmental plans invoked for the construction of a more secure society. Secondly, the systematic analysis of the judicial proceedings initiated under the aforementioned law since its entry into force. Its study allows us to specify the fluctuations in the repressive praxis of this legal tool, the representa-tiveness of the categories of dangerousness established for those who were affected by it, and, espe-cially, the generational, sociological, residential and occupational characteristics of the latter.; Este artículo ambiciona una comprensión más profunda sobre los orígenes y la aplica-ción de la Ley de Vagos y Maleantes, centrando la atención en un período escasamente tratado (Se-gunda República) y un marco local no explorado hasta el momento (Madrid). El cumplimiento de tal pretensión requiere dos ejercicios. En primer término, la exploración de los antecedentes de esa nor-mativa, visibles desde comienzos del siglo xx en las iniciativas de gubernamentalidad invocadas para la articulación de una sociedad más segura. En segundo lugar, el análisis sistemático de los expedien-tes judiciales incoados en virtud de la citada ley desde su entrada en vigor. Su estudio permite precisar las fluctuaciones presentadas en la praxis represiva de esa herramienta jurídica, la representatividad de las categorías de peligrosidad fijadas sobre quienes se vieron afectados por la misma y, ante todo, las características generacionales, sociológicas, residenciales y laborales de estos últimos
MATÉS-BARCO, Juan Manuel y María VÁZQUEZ-FARIÑAS (eds.), Economía y globalización. Cien años de crisis económicas, Tirant Humanidades, Valencia, 2025, 333 pp.
No full textConventional approaches to indicators and metrics undermine urban climate adaptation
Full text linkMeasurement is essential for effective adaptation management and operation, and indicators and metrics (I&M) have a pivotal role. Surprisingly, systematic efforts to assess advances in the provision of adaptation I&M are scarce, and those that do exist often lack in-depth analysis of the types, characteristics, and applicability of the collected information. Here, we analyse 137 publications and 901 I&M sourced in the scientific literature (2007–2022) to measure adaptation to climate change in urban areas where governments are increasingly placing efforts to prepare populations and infrastructures. A lack of common terminology, standardisation, and guidelines has resulted in a field that is complex to track and understand. This complexity has led to a fragmented methodological landscape, marked by diverse, context-dependent, and occasionally conflicting approaches to the development of I&M. We argue that conventional approaches to I&M are largely inadequate and must better emphasise quantifiability, long-term assessment, and alignment with policy objectives.MO, AM and WL have been funded by the European Union (ERC, IMAGINE adaptation, 101039429). Their research is also supported by the María de Maeztu Excellence Unit 2023-2027 Ref. CEX2021-001201-M, funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033; and by the Basque Government through the BERC 2022-2025 program. MO would like to acknowledge the support of the grant RYC2022-037585-I funded by MCIU/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and ESF+. LG, AV and MO are members of the SAREN Research Group funded by the Basque Government IT1619-22 and AV is funded by UPV/EHU PIF 2020 grant. This work was originally conceived during discussions of the Cities Committee of the International Platform of Adaptation Metrics (IPAM), led by MO