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Evaluación de la efectividad clínica del indice de salud prostática (phi) para diagnostico de cáncer de próstata y aplicabilidad en cribado poblacional
No full text159 p.Esta tesis doctoral se centra en la evaluación del valor diagnóstico y clínico del Índice de Salud Prostática (PHI) en la detección del cáncer de próstata clínicamente significativo (CaPcs), en comparación con otras herramientas diagnósticas.Se analizó una cohorte prospectiva de 559 varones con sospecha de cáncer de próstata. Los resultados muestran que PHI y PHI densidad presentan una capacidad discriminativa superior al PSA total, logrando reducir significativamente el número de biopsias innecesarias sin comprometer la sensibilidad diagnóstica. Asimismo, se validaron dos modelos de cálculo de riesgo: ERSPC-3/4 y ERSPC-PHI. Finalmente, se realizó un análisis de minimización de costes demostrando que la inclusión de PHI como prueba reflexiva en la estrategia diagnóstica puede reducir de forma sustancial los costes y la carga de biopsias innecesarias, manteniendo una elevada tasa de detección de CaPcs. En conjunto, los resultados respaldan la implementación de PHI como herramienta eficaz, costo-efectiva y segura para optimizar el diagnóstico del cáncer de próstata clínicamente significativ
Global patterns of colouration complexity in the Paridae: Effects of climate and species characteristics across body regions
No full text1. Avian plumage colouration is an iconic example of trait variability among species. Sexual, social and natural selection, and the environmental variables modulating them are the main drivers of this variability.
2. So far, most research exploring environmental effects on the variability of plumage colouration has focused on the variation in overall plumage darkness. Research on other aspects of colour variation, such as the diversity of colours exhibited by a species (i.e. colour complexity), is limited and has produced inconsistent results. Furthermore, colour complexity has mostly been analysed at the whole-plumage level, despite the possibility that the colour complexity of different plumage patches may be sensitive to different environmental factors.
3. Here, we quantify male and female colouration in 58 species of the family Paridae, and use multi-predictor Bayesian phylogenetic mixed models to estimate the relationship of colouration with biotic and climatic variables that quantify environment, and with several species-specific characteristics. We consider both the colouration of the whole plumage and the colouration of four separate colour patches (head, chest, back and wing).
4. We find that Paridae species in climates with intermediate temperatures present more complex colouration than do species in warmer/colder climates. In addition, males, relatively small species, and species with relatively greater sexual dichromatism have more complex plumage colouration. We find that the numbers of predators and sympatric conspecifics are more associated with female colouration than with male colouration. Finally, the strength of the associations with colour complexity is specific to each plumage region: species recognition, beak size and climate variables related to competition for reproductive resources (i.e. precipitation seasonality) are more strongly associated with colouration complexity of the head and breast than with that of the back and wing.
5. Overall, our results illustrate the importance of climatic and social variables, the link between colour complexity and dichromatism in both sexes, and the analysis of distinct plumage areas for understanding global patterns of colouration complexity and the processes that promote them.We thank H. van Grouw, M. Adams and A. Bond from the Bird Group at the Natural History Museum at Tring for providing access to and expertise in the collection used in this study. We also thank A. Estrada, D. G\u00F3mez, E. Harscouet, N. Merino\u2010Recalde and A. Fargevieille for their technical, analytical and conceptual help and U. Johansson for sharing the Paridae tree used in our analyses. We appreciate the work and time of the three anonymous reviewers who helped to improve previous versions of this manuscript. This work was funded by a Synthesis+ grant (GB\u2010TAF\u2010TA3\u2010027 20) from the European Commission granted to D.L.\u2010I. D.L.\u2010I. was funded by a postdoctoral grant from the Basque Government Department of Education (POS\u20102019\u20101\u20100026)
Water-soluble BODIPY dyes: a novel approach for their sustainable chemistry and applied photonics
No full textThe BODIPY family of organic dyes has emerged as a cornerstone in photonics research development, driving innovation and advancement in various fields of high socio-economic interest. However, the majority of BODIPY dyes exhibit hydrophobic characteristics, resulting in poor solubility in water and other hydrophilic solvents. This solubility is paramount for their optimal utilization in a myriad of photonic applications, particularly in the realms of biology and medicine. Furthermore, it facilitates safer and more sustainable manipulation and chemical modification of these expansive dyes. Nevertheless, bestowing BODIPYs with water solubility while preserving their other essential properties, notably their photophysical signatures, poses a significant challenge. In this context, we present a straightforward general chemical modification aimed at converting conventional hydrophobic BODIPYs into highly hydrophilic variants, thus enabling their efficient solubilization in water and other hydrophilic solvents with minimal disruption to the dye's inherent photophysics. The efficacy of this methodology is demonstrated through the synthesis of a number of water-soluble BODIPY dyes featuring diverse substitution patterns. Furthermore, we showcase their utility in a spectrum of photonics-related applications, including in-water BODIPY chemistry and dye-laser technology, and fluorescence microscopy.S. d. l. M. acknowledges support from Spanish MICINN, (AEI/10.13039/501100011033; research grants PID2020-114755GB-C32 and PID2024-157648-NB-C21). S. S.-B. acknowledges UCM for a pre-doctoral contract (CT58/21-CT59/21). J. B. acknowledges support from Spanish MICINN (AEI/10.13039/501100011033; research grants PID2020-114755GB-C33 and PID2024-157648-NB-C22) and Basque Government (research grant IT1639-22). C. D.-N. acknowledges Spanish MICINN for a pre-doctoral contract (PRE2018-086808). I. G.-M. acknowledges support from Spanish MICINN (AEI/10.13039/501100011033; research grant PID2023-149991NB-I00)
Advances in learning using privileged information for supervised classification
Get PDF110 p.This dissertation explores novel methods for improving machine learning models using the Learning Using Privileged Information paradigm in supervised classification scenarios. Firstly, two logistic regression-based methods that integrate privileged features by projecting the full model¿s parameters onto a space restricted to regular features are presented. Secondly, a knowledge distillation approach is proposed: a teacher model (trained with both regular and privileged features) transfers knowledge to a student model using only regular features. However, the teacher model may not be entirely reliable or error-free. Therefore, the proposed distillation framework includes a mechanism that guides the student to mimic the teacher when it is correct and to deviate in cases of misclassification. Furthermore, it is supported by a modified cross-entropy loss to properly penalize the interaction between the teacher and the student. Finally, the dissertation proposes a multi-task framework, where one task predicts privileged features from regular ones, and another uses regular and the predicted privileged features to perform the final prediction. Moreover, this framework is also addressed using knowledge distillation techniques. It is important to note that privileged information does not inherently guarantee improved model performance. Consequently, each chapter introduces different approaches designed to maximize the advantages of privileged information and to provide a clearer understanding of its impact on model performance. All methods are validated on various datasets, demonstrating significant improvements over current state-of-the-art techniques. The work contributes both theoretical insights and practical solutions for leveraging additional training-time information in real-world scenario
Energía de fusión como energía de sustitución. Análisis de combustibles
Get PDF[ES] Este Trabajo Fin de Máster trata la energía de fusión nuclear como posible alternativa en el mix energético actual. La energía de fusión nuclear es una alternativa atractiva, ya que con relativamente poco combustible se obtienen grandes cantidades de energía. En el trabajo, se realiza una descripción general de la fusión nuclear tratando temas desde la física del plasma hasta el calentamiento y confinamiento del mismo, e incluso la tecnología de los reactores de fusión de confinamiento magnético y los posibles retos. Posteriormente, se tratan los diseños de los reactores nucleares de confinamiento magnético actuales (tokamaks, stellarators y otros diseños), con sus perspectivas a futuro. En la última parte, se presenta un análisis del combustible del reactor ITER para comprobar la viabilidad de la energía de fusión nuclear.[EU] Master Amaierako Lan honek fusio nuklearreko energia aztertzen du gaur egungo energia mixean alternatiba posible gisa. Fusio nuklearreko energia alternatiba erakargarria da. Izan ere, erregai gutxirekin energia kantitate handiak lortzen dira. Lan honetan, fusio
nuklearraren ikuspegi orokorra egiten da, plasma-fisikatik hasi eta plasma beroketa eta konfinamenduarekin jarraituz, konfinamendu magnetikoko fusiozko erreaktore nuklearren teknologia eta fusio nuklearraren erronkekin bukatzeko. Ondoren, gaur egungo konfinamendu magnetikoko erreaktore nuklearren diseinuak aztertzen dira (tokamak, stellarator eta beste diseinu batzuk), hauen etorkizuneko aukerekin batera. Lanaren azken zatian, ITER erreaktorearen erregaiaren analisia aurkezten da, fusio nuklearraren energiaren
bideragarritasuna egiaztatzeko.[EN] This Master’s Thesis addresses nuclear fusion energy as a potential alternative in the current energy mix. Nuclear fusion is an attractive option, since large amounts of energy can be obtained with relatively little fuel. The work provides a general overview of nuclear fusion, covering topics from plasma physics to heating and confinement, including the technology of magnetic confinement nuclear reactors and the posible challenges of nuclear fusion.
Subsequently, the designs of current magnetic confinement nuclear reactors (tokamaks, stellarators and other designs) are examined, along with their future prospects. In the final section, an analysis of the ITER reactor fuel is presented to assess the feasibility of nuclear
fusion energy
Análisis termohidráulico de un canal de combustible en un reactor de agua a presión (PWR)
Get PDF[ES] El presente Trabajo Fin de Máster pretende como objetivo principal llevar a cabo un análisis termohidráulico de un canal de combustible de un modelo de reactor de agua a presión (PWR). Se selecciona esta tipología porque actualmente a nivel mundial es la más abundante dentro del parque nuclear debido a su fiabilidad, eficiencia, robustez estructural y consolidación tecnológica. El interés en este estudio nace del creciente interés por la energía nuclear como fuente sostenible y libre de emisiones de efecto invernadero (GEI) directas (no emisiones de CO2), en un contexto energético global donde la demanda aumenta, pero se requiere una transición energética sostenible y con una seguridad de suministro.
Para ello, se ha va a llevar a cabo una labor de investigación sobre el funcionamiento térmico e hidráulico de este tipo de tecnología. Se recogerán los datos y formulación necesaria para desarrollar un modelo físico-matemático simplificado (unidimensional, monofásico y en régimen estacionario) que devuelva los parámetros que nos ayuden a comprender y valorar el comportamiento del canal. El modelo se implementa mediante la herramienta MATLAB.
Por tanto, este trabajo constituye un medio de aprendizaje y formación para el estudiante que lo está desarrollando en competencias de termohidráulica, transferencia de calor, mecánica de fluidos y programación. Además, genera una herramienta que puede ser utilizada de forma didáctica por el ámbito académico o en un contexto industrial.[EU] Master Amaierako Lan honen helburu nagusia da ur presioko erreaktore (PWR) motako erregai-kanal baten analisi termohidraulikoa egitea. Erreaktore mota hau aukeratu da gaur egun mundu mailan ohikoena delako parke nuklearrean, bere dagarritasuna,raginkortasuna, egitura-indarra eta teknologia finkatua direla eta.Ikerketa honek duen interesa energia nuklearraren inguruan gero eta handiagoa den interesa dela eta sortzen da, iturri jasangarri gisa eta berotegi-efektuko gas (BEG) zuzenik isurtzen ez duelako (ez du CO₂ isurtzen). Testuinguru energetiko globalean, non energia-eskaera gero eta handiagoa den, trantsizio energetiko jasangarri eta hornidura-segurtasun egonkorra behar da.
Horretarako, teknologia horren portaera termiko eta hidraulikoari buruzko ikerketa egingo da. Beharrezko datuak eta formulazioak bilduko dira eredu fisiko-matematiko sinplifikatu bat garatzeko (dimentsio bakarrekoa, fase bakarrekoa eta egoera egonkorrean), kanalaren portaera ulertzen eta baloratzen lagunduko duten
parametroak emango dituena. Eredua MATLAB tresnarekin inplementatuko da.
Beraz, lan hau ikaslearentzat ikasketa- eta prestakuntza-bide bat da, termohidraulika,bero-transferentzia, fluidoen mekanika eta programazio gaitasunak garatzeko. Gainera, tresna didaktiko gisa erabili daiteke unibertsitate-esparruan edo industria-testuinguru batean.[EN] The main objective of this Master’s Thesis is to realize a thermal-hydraulic analysis of a fuel channel in a Pressurized Water Reactor (PWR). This type of reactor has been chosen because it is currently the most common one in the world’s nuclear fleet. It’s thanks to its reliability, efficiency, structural strength, and well-established technology. The interest in this study comes from the growing focus on nuclear energy as a sustainable source that doesn’t produce direct greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions (no CO2 emissions), which is especially important in today’s global energy context, where demand is increasing and is a need for a sustainable energy transition with a secure energy supply.
To achieve this, research has been done on the thermal and hydraulic behaviour of this type of reactor. The necessary data and formulas are used to build a simplified physical- mathematical model (one-dimensional, single-phase, and steady-state), which provides parameters that help us understand and evaluate the channel’s performance. The model is implemented using MATLAB software.
Therefore, this work is a learning and training tool for the student, helping to develop skills in thermohydraulic, heat transfer, fluid mechanics, and programming. In addition, it provides a tool that can be used for educational purposes in academic settings or even in an industrial context
La funa como delito. De la justicia social a la criminalización digital
Get PDFEste trabajo analiza el denominado «delito de funa» regulado en el artículo 172 ter 5 del Código Penal español, introducido con el fin de dar respuesta a nuevas formas de violencia digital. A través del estudio de su justificación político-criminal, encaje en el sistema penal, análisis jurisprudencial y relación con otros tipos penales, se evalúan los retos interpretativos y las lagunas normativas que presenta esta figura. El estudio incorpora una mirada con enfoque de género e interseccional, y propone medidas para una mejor prevención y protección frente a este fenómeno, caracterizado por la utilización no consentida de la imagen para causar humillación, acoso u hostigamiento a través de medios digitales
Sinhogarismo e inmigración: la territorialización de la exclusión social en el barrio bilbaíno de San Francisco
Get PDF[ES] El presente trabajo se centra en el análisis de la territorialización en los barrios a través de las experiencias de personas migrantes en situación de sinhogarismo. Para llevar a cabo este estudio se ha investigado acerca del sinhogarismo, se ha analizado el impacto del sinhogarismo y la inmigración en Euskadi concluyendo la existencia de un gueto ubicado en San Francisco. Para la consecución de esta investigación cualitativa, se ha diseñado una entrevista semi-estructurada a 40 personas inmigrantes y sin hogar. Observando los resultados, se concluye que la sociedad debe fomentar el sentimiento de pertenencia de todo el mundo.[EU] Lan honek auzoetako lurraldetasuna aztertzen du, etxerik gabeko egoeran dauden migratzaileen esperientzien bidez. Ikerketa hau aurrera eramateko, etxegabetasunari buruz ikertu da, etxegabetasunaren eragina eta Euskadin dagoen inmigrazioa aztertu da, San Frantzisko auzoan gheto bat existitzen dela ondorioztatuz.. Ikerketa kualitatibo hau lortzeko, etxerik gabeko 40 migratzaileei zuzendutako elkarrizketa erdi-egituratua diseinatu da. Emaitzak behatuta, ondoriozta daiteke gizarteak pertsona guztien jatorrizko sentimendua sustatu behar duela.[EN] The present work focuses on the analysis of neighborhood territorialization through the experiences of migrant people experiencing homelessness. To conduct this study, the concept of homelessness was examined, the impact of homelessness and immigration in the Basque Country was analyzed, concluding that there is a ghetto located in the San Francisco neighborhood. For the purposes of this qualitative research, a semi-structured interview has been designed for 40 homeless and migrant individuals. Based on the results, it is concluded that society should foster a sense of belonging for everyone
Tailored transfer and hybridization of collaborative HRM practices in a Mondragon multinational cooperative
No full textIn this paper, we examine the cross-national transfer and hybridization of collaborative human resource management (HRM) practices at Mondragon Assembly (MA), a Spanish multinational worker cooperative. Drawing on longitudinal data and in-depth interviews with 16 senior managers at MA’s parent company and its subsidiaries in France, Germany, China, Mexico and Brazil, the study shows how MA transferred its hallmark practices of employee ownership, profit sharing and employee voice to foreign sites in a way that substantially deviated from the original versions. The study illustrates how practice transfer was shaped over time by host-country institutional arrangements, vested interests of co-op member-owners about the extent to which the HRM practices should be transferred, and the agency of subsidiary managers in the adaptation and internalization of the transferred practices. The study also analyses the impact of the transferred HRM practices on talent retention and employee commitment at subsidiaries. The paper responds to recent calls in the IHRM literature for fine-grained evidence on how organizational actors at the parent company and subsidiaries engage over time in the adjustment and adaptation of HRM practices to ensure their internal and external fit with a variety of interests, political agendas, market pressures and institutional factors.This article is a result of a research funded by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Technology (PID 2021-122846NB-I00) and the Basque Autonomous Government (IT-I735-22)