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Hitzaurrea (Adimen Artifiziala)
No full textEKAIA aldizkaria, Adimen artifizialari buruzko alearen hitzaurrea
Dissonance, sound spectrum and musical scale for ancient idiophones and aerophones
No full textWe do not know how the earliest musical instruments—such as idiophones and aerophones—were played, but their acoustic properties can provide valuable clues. As a first step, we present here the concept of dissonance curves for a sound of a given spectrum. These curves show the relative dissonance that results for all intervals of a given musical instrument. This idea leads to the association of spectra and scales, which are related because the dissonance curve has minima in the intervals that define the scale. A computational method for calculating dissonance curves is presented and several examples of its use in practical cases, both for Western and Eastern musical instruments, are given and interpreted. These results allow us to explain from a physical point of view the reason of existence of well-known modern 12-note scales, as well as some uncommon but documented scales for various instruments in early musical history.Basque Government IT1533-2
Industrial evolution and competitiveness in the Basque Country: insights from a comparison with Baden-Württemberg
No full textThis study explores the industrial evolution and regional competitiveness of the Basque Country through a comparative perspective with Baden-Württemberg. Using the Regional Competitiveness Index (RCI) 2.0 as the main analytical tool, alongside complementary qualitative analysis, the research assesses the development trajectories of both regions during the last decades. The aim is to better understand the factors that have influenced their respective performances and to reflect on possible areas of improvement for the Basque context. While Baden-Württemberg generally maintains stronger competitiveness indicators, the Basque Country shows notable progress in specific dimensions. Rather than prescribing concrete solutions, the study seeks to contribute to a broader discussion on regional development strategies and to highlight elements that could inform future policy considerations
Influencia de la Conciencia de Género en la Legitimación del Dolor Lumbar Crónico: Validación de cuestionarios y relación entre las variables en profesionales y estudiantes de salud
No full text196 p.El Dolor Lumbar Crónico (DLC) es uno de los dolores más prevalentes en nuestro país. A pesar de que las mujeres conviven con el dolor más tiempo y lo califican de mayor intensidad que los hombres, la evidencia indica que el dolor en las mujeres está infratratado y es calificado como de menor credibilidad y urgencia. Ante la no evidencia diagnóstica de patología entran en juego los estereotipos de género que otorguen los/as profesionales de la salud, los cuales pueden agravar la brecha de género en la legitimación del dolor En este sentido la conciencia de género y sus 3 dimensiones, 1) la sensibilidad de género; 2) la ideología de rol de género y 3) el conocimiento de género, pueden ser un punto de partida en la investigación del sesgo de género en la atención a pacientes con DLC. Objetivo: Los objetivos de la siguiente tesis son:1) La creación y validación de las escalas necesarias para evaluar la conciencia de género en profesionales de la salud castellanoparlantes. 2) El análisis de la conciencia de género y la legitimación del DLC de profesionales y estudiantes de la salud del País Vasco. Metodología: Se llevaron a cabo 5 estudios de corte transversal mediante cuestionarios online. Resultados: Las escalas de evaluación de Conocimiento de Género mostraron validez para su uso en profesionales de salud castellano parlantes. Las dimensiones de conocimiento de Género e Ideología de Rol de Género mostraron ser variables predictoras significativas en la legitimación del DLC. Conclusiones: El conocimiento de género y la Ideología de Rol de Género de profesionales de la salud deberían de considerarse factores de riesgo modificables en la atención a pacientes con DLC
Estudio cinético y modelado de la oxidación del antibiótico sulfametoxazol mediante la tecnología foto-fenton.
No full textEste trabajo de fin de máster aborda el estudio de los contaminantes emergentes (CEs) en el agua, centrándose especialmente en el sulfametoxazol (SMX), un antibiótico comúnmente utilizado que se ha detectado en los medios acuosos debido a su persistencia y difícil eliminación mediante tratamientos convencionales. La investigación explora las diferentes estrategias para la eliminación de CEs, con énfasis en los procesos de oxidación avanzada (POAs), tales como la fotólisis por radiación UV, UV/H2O2 y el proceso foto-Fenton (UV/H2O2/Fe2+), que se destacan por su capacidad de generar radicales hidroxilo altamente reactivos que degradan eficazmente estos contaminantes. En este contexto, el proceso foto-Fenton se presenta como una de las alternativas más prometedoras para la degradación del SMX en aguas, debido a su alta eficiencia y capacidad para destruir compuestos orgánicos complejos.
A través de un montaje experimental del equipo de oxidación de aguas y una metodología analítica rigurosa, se evalúan diversos parámetros relacionados con la degradación del SMX y la calidad del agua, como son la concentración del contaminante, la pérdida de aromaticidad, los cambios en el color, la turbidez y la concentración de oxígeno disuelto. Los resultados obtenidos permiten analizar la eficacia del proceso foto-Fenton para reducir significativamente la concentración de SMX, logrando una decoloración notable y una mejora en la calidad del agua tratada. También se estudiará el efecto que tiene en la eficacia del tratamiento la formación de subproductos de degradación y la optimización de la dosificación de reactivos (catalizador de hierro) para evitar efectos adversos en el tratamiento.
Este trabajo resalta el potencial de los POAs basados en el empleo de la luz UV, en particular en el proceso foto-Fenton, como una tecnología eficaz para la eliminación de contaminantes emergentes en el agua, a la vez que analiza las condiciones de operación para maximizar la eficiencia del tratamiento y minimizar la formación de subproductos no deseados. Esta investigación contribuye a ampliar el conocimiento sobre la gestión de los CEs que contiene el agua, y ofrece una base para futuras investigaciones y aplicaciones industriales en el tratamiento de aguas residuales.Master-amaierako lan honetan, uretan sortzen diren kutsatzaile emergenteak (KEak) aztertzen dira, eta, bereziki, zuberfametoxazola (SMX) aztertzen da. Normalean erabiltzen den antibiotiko hori ur-inguruneetan hauteman da, iraunkorra delako eta tratamendu konbentzionalen bidez ezabatzea zaila delako. CEak ezabatzeko estrategiak aztertzen ditu ikerketak, oxidazio aurreratuko prozesuak (OAP) azpimarratuz, hala nola UV, UV/H2O2 erradiazio bidezko fotolisia eta foto-Fenton prozesua (UV/H2O2/Fe2+), zeinak oso modu eraginkorrean degradatzen dituzten erradikal hidroxilo kutsatzaileak sortzeko duten gaitasunagatik nabarmentzen baitira. Testuinguru horretan, foto-Fenton prozesua SMX uretan degradatzeko aukera itxaropentsuenetako bat da, oso eraginkorra delako eta konposatu organiko konplexuak suntsitzeko gaitasuna duelako.
Urak oxidatzeko ekipoaren muntaketa esperimental baten eta metodologia analitiko zorrotz baten bidez, SMXaren degradazioarekin eta uraren kalitatearekin lotutako hainbat parametro ebaluatzen dira, hala nola kutsatzailearen kontzentrazioa, aromatikotasun-galera, kolore-aldaketak, uhertasuna eta disolbatutako oxigenoaren kontzentrazioa. Lortutako emaitzei esker, foto-Fenton prozesuak SMX kontzentrazioa nabarmen murrizteko duen eraginkortasuna azter daiteke, dekolorazio nabarmena lortuz eta tratatutako uraren kalitatea hobetuz. Aztertuko da, halaber, zer eragin duen tratamenduaren eraginkortasunean degradazio-azpiproduktuak sortzeak eta erreaktiboen dosifikazioa optimizatzeak (burdin katalizatzailea), tratamenduan ondorio kaltegarririk saihesteko.
Lan honek UV argiaren erabileran oinarritutako OAPen potentziala nabarmentzen du, batez ere foto-Fenton prozesuan, uretan azaleratzen diren kutsatzaileak ezabatzeko teknologia eraginkor bezala, aldi berean tratamenduaren eraginkortasuna maximizatzeko eta nahi ez diren azpiproduktuen eraketa minimizatzeko eragiketa-baldintzak aztertzen dituelarik. Ikerketa honek urak dituen KEen kudeaketari buruzko ezagutza zabaltzen laguntzen du, eta hondakin-uren tratamenduan etorkizuneko ikerketetarako eta aplikazio industrialetarako oinarria eskaintzen du.This master's final project addresses the study of emerging contaminants (ECs) in water, focusing particularly on sulfamethoxazole (SMX), a commonly used antibiotic that has been detected in aqueous media due to its persistence and difficulty in removal by conventional treatments. The research explores different strategies for the removal of ECs, with an emphasis on advanced oxidation processes (AOPs), such as UV photolysis, UV/H2O2 and the photo-Fenton process (UV/H2O2/Fe2+), which stand out for their ability to generate highly reactive hydroxyl radicals that effectively degrade these contaminants. In this context, the photo-Fenton process is presented as one of the most promising alternatives for the degradation of SMX in water, due to its high efficiency and ability to destroy complex organic compounds.
Through an experimental setup of the water oxidation equipment and a rigorous analytical methodology, various parameters related to SMX degradation and water quality are evaluated, such as contaminant concentration, loss of aromaticity, changes in colour, turbidity and dissolved oxygen concentration. The results obtained allow the effectiveness of the photo-Fenton process to be analysed in significantly reducing SMX concentration, achieving notable decolourisation and an improvement in the quality of the treated water. The effect of the formation of degradation by-products on the effectiveness of the treatment and the optimisation of reagent dosage (iron catalyst) to avoid adverse effects on the treatment will also be studied.
This work highlights the potential of UV-based POAs, particularly in the photo-Fenton process, as an effective technology for the removal of emerging contaminants in water, while analysing the operating conditions to maximise treatment efficiency and minimise the formation of unwanted by-products. This research contributes to expanding knowledge on the management of ECs contained in water and provides a basis for future research and industrial applications in wastewater treatment
Hazkunde ekonomikotik haratago: giza garapena azaltzen duten faktoreen analisi ekonometrikoa
Get PDFAzken hamarkadetan, Giza Garapenaren Indizea (GGI) herrialdeen ongizatea kalifikatzeko erreferentziazko indizea bilakatu da, osasuna, hezkuntza eta diru-sarrerak bezalako funtsezko dimentsioak barne hartzen dituela. Horrela, GGIak azken urteetan izandako dezelerazioak eta honek eragindako munduko herrialdeen arteko desberdintasunen areagotzeak, kezka handia zabaldu du mundu mailako nazioarteko erakunde desberdinetan.
Azterlan honetan, herrialdeetako giza garapenean eragina duten faktore ekonomikoak, sozialak eta ingurumenekoak aztertzen dira, eredu ekonometriko desberdinen estimazioaren bitartez. Zehazki, berotegi-efektuko gasen emisioak, osasun-kalteberatasun indizea, industria-balioa, hiri-biztanleria, hezkuntza inbertsioa eta osasun gastu publikoa aztertzen dira. Bestalde, kontinente batean edo bestean kokatua egoteak GGI mailan nabarmen eragiten duen eta osasun gastuaren eragina GGIarekiko lineala den analizatzen da baita.
Horrela, emaitzek frogatzen dute aldagai sozial eta ingurumenekoek eragin esanguratsua dutela GGIan, batez ere, gobernuak egindako gastu-publikoak, urbanizazio mailak eta osasunsistemaren ahultasunak. Beraz, argi geratzen da giza garapena hazteko beharrezkoa dela hazkunde ekonomikoaz haratago begiratzen duten politika publikoak ezartze
Haurren antsietatea arlo akademikoan: ongizaterako bidea Lehen Hezkuntzako ikasgelan
Get PDF81 p. -- Bibliogr.: p. 47-53[EUS] Antsietate akademikoa eskola-egoeren aurrean ematen diren erantzun emozional, kognitibo eta fisikoen multzo bezala ezagutzen da. Azken aldian, haurren eta gazteen nahaste psikologiko ohikoenetakotzat hartzen da, eta ondorio nabarmenak ditu etapa horretan. Ikerketa kualitatibo-kuantitatibo honen helburu nagusia da antsietate akademikoaren kontzeptua aztertzea eta Lehen Hezkuntzan eragiten duten faktore nagusiak identifikatzea. Horrekin batera, hezkuntza-testuinguruan aplikatzen diren ebaluazio-metodoak eta esku hartzeko estrategiak berrikustea bilatzen da. Horretarako, Lehen Hezkuntzako seigarren mailako talde batekin hiru ikerketa-tresna aurrera eraman dira: elkarrizketa bat gelako tutoreari, bost behaketa-saio gelan eta inkesta bat ikasleei. Lortutako datuek erakusten dutenez, ebaluazio-egoerak, gizarte-elkarreragina eta familiaren presioa dira antsietate akademikoaren eragile nagusiak, eta batez ere jokabide-sintoma eta sintoma fisikoak agertzen dira, gehienbat nesketan. Era berean, hezitzaileei eta senideei osasun mentalari buruzko prestakuntza hobea emateko ideia indartu da, arazo horri aurre egin ahal izateko eta ikasleei erantzun integrala emateko, hezkuntza-ingurune seguru, enpatiko eta osasungarriarekin batera.[ES] La ansiedad escolar se conoce como un conjunto de respuestas emocionales, cognitivas y físicas que se dan ante situaciones escolares. Ha sido considerado en los últimos tiempos uno de los trastornos infanto-juveniles más comunes y con mayores consecuencias en esta etapa. El objetivo principal de esta investigación cualitativa-cuantitativa es analizar el concepto de ansiedad escolar e identificar los factores principales que lo causan en la etapa de Educación Primaria. Así como, revisar los métodos de evaluación y las estrategias de intervención que se aplican en el contexto educativo. Para ello, se han aplicado con un grupo de sexto de primaria tres herramientas de investigación: una entrevista a la tutora del aula, cinco sesiones de observación en el aula y una encuesta a el alumnado. Los datos obtenidos muestran que las situaciones de evaluación, la interacción social y la presión familiar son los principales causantes de ansiedad académica, presentándose principalmente síntomas conductuales y físicos mayoritariamente en las chicas. Así mismo se ha reforzado la idea de ofrecer a educadores y familiares una mejor formación sobre la salud mental, para poder abordar esta problemática y ofrecer una respuesta integral al alumnado, junto con un entorno educativo seguro, empático y saludable.[EN] School anxiety is defined as a set of emotional, cognitive and physical responses to school situations, being considered in recent times one of the most common childhood-juvenile disorders and with greater consequences at this stage. The main objective of this qualitative-quantitative research is to analyze the concept of school anxiety and to identify the main factors that cause it in the Primary Education stage. As well as to review the assessment methods and intervention strategies applied in the educational context. For this purpose, three research tools have been applied with a group of sixth grade students: an interview with the classroom tutor, five classroom observation sessions and a student survey. The data obtained show that evaluation situations, social interaction and family pressure are the main causes of academic anxiety, presenting mainly behavioral and physical symptoms mostly in girls. It has also reinforced the idea of offering educators and family members better training on mental health, in order to address this problem and provide a comprehensive response to students, along with a safe, empathetic and healthy educational environment
Bedload response to dam removal: Results from a 6-year particle tracking survey in the Leitzaran River (Basque Country)
Get PDFDams, weirs and transverse barriers to rivers interrupt sediment continuity and reduce sediment supply downstream.
In this regard, dam removal is an increasingly used river restoration measure to recover longitudinal
connectivity of sediment, among many other river processes. In this work we present a 6-year (from 2016 to
2022) monitoring of bedload transport before, during and after the removal of the 7-meters high Olloki dam in
the Leitzaran River (Basque Country). The removal process started in 2018 with the upper 3 m and was
completed in 2019 with the remaining 4 m of the dam. To monitor bedload transport, we seeded RFID-tagged
stones in three reaches: a control reach unaffected by the dam, a reach immediately upstream of the dam,
and a reach downstream of the dam. We deployed 300 tagged stones each year (100 by reach), i.e., 1800 in total.
We measured important mobilization and displacement of tracer stones (with maximum travel distances of ~8.8
km of tracers seeded upstream the Olloki dam) during an active hydrological year following the complete
removal of the dam, with some tagged particles even travelling across a downstream weir. We also reported
changes in the progression of tagged stones in the dam-affected reaches (upstream and downstream) with the
removal, with further and faster dispersal of sediments once the dam was removed. In addition, in these reaches
we estimated larger volumes of mobilized bedload in the three years following removal than in the previous
years, especially in the upstream reach. In this regard, the relationship between bedload and cumulated energy
suggests that less energy was expended in the upstream reach for mobilizing bedload once the removal of the
dam was completed. Conversely, in the control reach no major changes were observed before and after the
removal of the dam; this reach showed only an increase in sediment mobilization during the last hydrological
year, which was the most hydrologically active of the whole monitoring period. In summary, our tracer observations
document that travel distances and mobilization volumes are considerably increased with dam removal,
especially once the dam was completely removed.Removal of Olloki dam and the geomorphological monitoring in which were funded by the IREKIBAI Life Project and the Gipuzkoa Provincial Council (2016-2020)
The work was funded by the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities - State Research Agency (AEI) /Project PID2022-138196OB-C32. State Pro
gram for Research, Development and Innovation focused on the
lenges of Society. The work by one of the authors (D. V´azquez-Tarrío) was supported by the 2023-2026 grant signed between the Spanish Directorate General for Water (DGA-MITERD; Government of Spain) and the Spanish National Research Council (CSIC-Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities), which includes action “Sedimentary Morphodynamics” (20233TE012: IGME-CSIC; Tarquín 2 Project)
Characterisation of PGC1α-driven IFN. Activation: Instrinsic and extrinsic effects and crosstalk with cancer-associated fibroblasts in prostate cancer
No full text326 p.The transcriptional co-regulator peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma co-activator 1 alpha (PGC1α) has been identified as a tumour and metastasis suppressor in prostate cancer, regulating genes involved in the cell cycle, extracellular matrix and interferon pathway. In PC3 cells, PGC1α activates the interferon cascade both intrinsically and extrinsically, in cooperation with its partner oestrogen-related receptor alpha (ERRα). This work provides an in-depth characterisation of the molecular mechanisms driving interferon pathway activation by PGC1α. The canonical interferon signalling and its transcriptional program were confirmed to be induced. Although the main trigger remains unidentified, mitochondrial DNA contributes to sustained activation. PGC1α also modulates the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines and genes involved in antigen presentation, suggesting communication with immune cells like T lymphocytes. Paracrine effects on normal and cancer-associated fibroblasts were also explored, though no similar phenotype was observed as in epithelial cells. These findings offer new insights into how PGC1α-expressing prostate cancer cells interact with the tumour microenvironment. However, more complex co-culture assays are needed to further explore these mechanismsLa realización de esta tesis doctoral ha sido posible gracias a la concesión del contrato de formación de personal investigador en la UPV/EHU, convocatoria 2019, de la Universidad del País Vasco/ Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea (UPV/EHU) (Contrato PIF 19/81).
La financiación para la realización de la estancia internacional en el laboratorio de la Doctora Sara Zanivan en el Cancer Research UK Scotland Institute ha sido proporcionada por European Molecular Biology Organization (EMBO) (EMBO Scientific Exchange Grant, SEG Number: 10688)
Extinction Induced Representational Change
Get PDFExtinction may alter the representation of a cue (e.g., it becomes less salient). To assess that idea, three groups learned to suppress mouse clicking in a video game in negative-patterning (X+/Y+/XY−) and positive patterning(Z+/W+/ZW++) discriminations followed by extinction of X and Z. The negative-patterning discrimination should depend on a configural cue that is dependent on the representation of X and Y. Removal of the excitatory influence of X should further reduce responding to XY. In contrast, if extinction alters the representation of X, the original XY configural cue supporting the discrimination should also be changed, affecting inhibitory control, increasing responding to XY. Following patterning, groups received extinction in the same context as training (Ext A), a different context (Ext B), or received no extinction (no extinction).
All stimuli were tested in ContextA.Group no extinction showed negative patterning; suppression to X and
Y was greater than to XY while suppression to Z, W, and ZW was equally strong. In group Ext A extinction
reduced suppression to X, increased suppression to XY, reversed the X/XY discrimination, and weakened the Y/XY discrimination. Extinction of Z reduced suppression to Z with no effect on Wor ZW. Group Ext B showed renewal of X and a renewal of the X/XY and Y/XY discriminations. Results suggest some form of representational change in X occurred during extinction disrupting the original XY configural cue that was dependent on that representation. Findings are discussed with respect to theories of associative learning.Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (PGC2018-097769-BC21 and PID2023-149399NB-C22) y Eusko Jaurlaritza/Gobierno Vasco ( IT-1501-22