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A review on the effects of climate change and pollution on Vibrio infection dynamics
Full text linkConsidering their high virulence responsible for causing pandemics and life-threatening infections, their worldwide ubiquity in coastal aquatic environments, and their special sensitivity to climate change, waterborne Vibrio infections are considered one of the main global and emergent public health risks in the 21st century. To advance existing siloed reviews that focus either on clinical, environmental, or policy dimensions, or just address climate change or pollution separately, this paper presents a narrative literature review integrating key disciplines such as environmental microbiology, infectious disease ecology, climate change science, and ecotoxicology, to provide an overview of the key shared mechanisms through which climate change and pollution influence Vibrio infection dynamics. Around 120 peer-reviewed articles published between 1990 and 2025, written in English, and accessible in full text were selected that helped identify the following key shared mechanisms: (i) an increase in Vibrio proliferation and distribution (ii) activation of Vibrio virulence (iii) activation of resistance mechanisms and increase in horizontal gene transfer (HGT) and (iv) alteration of the immune system and gut microbiome of the hosts. The findings of the review are synthesized within the DPSEEA (Driving force, Pressure, State, Exposure, Effect, Action) framework to capture and communicate the complexity regarding Vibrio infection dynamics. Therefore, the resulting model can be used as a tool of knowledge synthesis to help, on the one hand, researchers from different fields such as environmental scientists, microbiologists and ecotoxicologists and on the other hand, local agents, policymakers and public health professionals interact, supporting stakeholder engagement, raising awareness, and fostering transdisciplinary collaboration. Lastly, from a methodological point of view, the proposed model improves the DPSEEA framework, with special relevance for infectious diseases, with the inclusion of an additional fundamental missing component in traditional DPSEEA models, the “host health status”, where susceptibility outcomes influenced by alteration of the state of the host's health are then conceptualized as an integral part.This research has been supported through the BlueAdapt Project which has received funding from the European Union's Horizon Europe research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 101057764 and by the UKRI/HM Government. This research has also been supported by María de Maeztu Excellence Unit 2023-2027 Ref. CEX2021-001201-M, funded by MICIU/AEI/10.13039/501100011033; and by the Basque Government through the BERC 2022-2025 program
Posiciones jurídicas de los Estados y organizaciones internacionales en el tema ‘medidas económicas unilaterales como medio de ejercer presión política y económica sobre los países en desarrollo’ (1983-2025)
No full textEste documento presenta las posiciones jurídicas de los Estados y organizaciones internacionales en el tema “Posiciones jurídicas de los Estados y organizaciones internacionales en el tema ‘medidas económicas unilaterales como medio de ejercer presión política y económica sobre los países en desarrollo’ (1983-2025)”, con el objetivo de clarificar la práctica estatal y opinio iuris sobre la posible creación o existencia de una norma relativa a la prohibición de las medidas coercitivas unilaterales, así como su hipotético contenido.Programa Posdoctoral de Perfeccionamiento de Personal Investigador Doctor del Gobierno Vasco
Gene-Environment Interplay in Reading Performance
No full textPublished on 22nd December, 2025.Genetic factors are known to play a role in shaping reading abilities and their underlying cognitive processes. However, understanding how genetic and environmental factors interact to influence reading outcomes remains largely unknown. By evaluating the interplay between genetic and environmental influences on reading performance, this study aims to provide insights into the complex mechanisms underlying reading abilities. To this aim, we leveraged the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development dataset, considering socioeconomic indicators including household income and parental education, along with linguistic characteristics such as bilingualism and the child's first language (L1). We operationalized genetic influences as polygenic scores (PGS), which aggregate genetic risk across multiple loci associated with reading-relevant traits (word reading, dyslexia, cognitive performance, and educational attainment). First, we establish the individual associations between selected environmental and genetic predictors for reading, observing that all except L1 are significant predictors of reading, with a similar range of variance explained by the two types of predictors. Next, we confirm an additive effect, as the PGS remain significant after adjustment for the environmental effects, although the effects of PGSEducationalAttainment and PGSCognitivePerformance are attenuated, confirming a partial gene-environment correlation. This is further supported by analyzing direct and genetic effects in a subset of siblings. Next, potential interactions between the PGS and these environmental variables are considered. Finally, we evaluate the combined contribution of the four PGS through a multiPGS analysis, which improves the predictive power of the individual PGS analyses, explaining up to 10% of variance in reading performance (adjusted R2). Sensitivity analyses with other cognitive outcomes (vocabulary and fluid intelligence) reveal that the observed pattern is specific to reading. Our study highlights the important and interrelated roles of both environmental and genetic factors in shaping reading abilities.A. C.-C. received funding from the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation and the Spanish State Research Agency through Ayudas Ramón y Cajal (RYC2022-035511-I), and the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement No. 101027016. M.L. is supported by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (grant no. PID2022-136989OB-I00) and ERC-2024-COG BIBALANCE (grant no. 101170337). The BCBL acknowledges funding from the Basque Government through the BERC 2022-2025 program, and by the Spanish State Research Agency through the BCBL Severo Ochoa excellence accreditation, CEX2020-001010-S
La central nuclear de Lemoiz y la formación del ecologismo vasco (1972-1987): Conservacionismo, nacionalismo e izquierda heterodoxa
No full textThis article focuses on analysing the factors that turned the conflict surrounding the Lemoiz nuclear project into one of the key elements of the Transition in the Basque Country and how this conflict was the main element in understanding the subsequent process of making of Basque environmentalism. To this end, on the one hand, we carried an analysis made of the cur-rents of thought that participated through different organisations in the creation of the anti-nu-clear movement in its different phases while, on the other hand, once the conflict over Lemoiz had ended with the nuclear moratorium of 1982, it is shown how these ideological origins of the anti-nuclear movement were basic to shaping Basque environmentalism in its making of process during the 1980s. All this is placed in comparison with other similar movements that allow us to assess the specificities and shared elements of the process of formation of the anti-nuclear movement in the Basque Country and Basque environmentalism.; Este artículo se centra en analizar los factores que convirtieron el conflicto en torno al proyecto nuclear de Lemoiz en uno de los elementos clave de la Transición en Euskadi y cómo esta conflictividad fue el elemento principal para entender el proceso, posterior, de formación del ecologismo vasco. Para ello, por un lado, se desarrolla un análisis de las corrientes de pensamiento que participaron a través de diferentes organizaciones en la creación del movimiento antinuclear en sus distintas fases mientras que, por el otro, una vez finalizado el conflicto sobre Lemoiz con la moratoria de 1983-4, se expone cómo estos orígenes ideológicos del movimiento antinuclear fue-ron básicos para darle forma al ecologismo vasco en su proceso de formación durante los años 80. Todo ello se sitúa en comparación con otros movimientos similares que nos permiten valorar las es-pecificidades y los elementos compartidos del proceso de formación del movimiento antinuclear en Euskadi y el ecologismo vasco.; Lemoizko proiektu nuklearraren inguruko gatazka zer faktorek bihurtu zuten Euska-din Trantsizioko funtsezko elementu aztertzen du artikulu honek, eta nola gatazka hura euskal ekolo-gismoa sortzeko geroago etorriko zen prozesua ulertzeko elementu nagusia izan zen. Horretarako, alde batetik, mugimendu antinuklearraren sorreran, haren fase desberdinetan, hainbat erakunderen bitar-tez parte hartu zuten pentsamendu korronteak aztertzen ditu. Bestetik, Lemoizko gatazka 1982ko luza-menduarekin amaitu ostean, mugimendu antinuklearraren jatorri ideologiko horiek 80ko hamarkadan euskal ekologismoaren sortze prozesuan oinarrizkoak izan zirela azaltzen du. Hori guztia Euskadiko mugimendu antinuklearraren eta euskal ekologismoaren eraketa prozesuaren berezitasunak eta partekatutako elementuak baloratzeko aukera ematen diguten antzeko beste mugimendu batzuekin batera kokatzen da
Legal positions of States and International Organizations on the issue of ‘Human rights and unilateral coercive measures’ (1994-2025)
No full textThis paper presents the legal positions of States and International Organizations on the item “Legal Positions of States and International Organizations on the item “Legal positions of States and International Organizations on the issue of ‘Human rights and unilateral coercive measures’ (1994-2025)”, in order to clarify both the state practice and opinio iuris on the possible creation or existence of a rule on the prohibition of unilateral coercive measures, as well as its hypothetical content.Basque Government's Postdoctoral Programme for the Improvement of Doctoral Research Personnel
Astrocyte CB1 receptors drive blood-brain barrier disruption in central nervous system inflammatory disease
No full textReactive astrocytes shape central nervous system (CNS) inflammation and participate in myelin damage and repair mechanisms in multiple sclerosis (MS). Through the activation of cannabinoid CB1 receptors (CB1R) expressed by neurons and oligodendrocyte lineage cells, endocannabinoid signaling restricts neurodegeneration and promotes remyelination in preclinical MS models. However, despite accumulating evidence that supports cell-specific roles for CB1R in brain physiology and pathology, the implications of astrocyte CB1R signaling in MS initiation and progression remain uncertain. Using complementary in vivo disease models, here we investigated the effects of targeted genetic deletion of astrocyte CB1R on the expression of MS-like pathology in mice. Interestingly, astrocyte-specific deletion of CB1R reduced demyelinating neuropathology, attenuated astrocyte reactivity and improved clinical deficits during the time-course of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Mice with astrocyte CB1R inactivation displayed unaltered oligodendrocyte populations both in EAE plaques and in lysolecithin-induced remyelinating spinal cord lesions, likely excluding that CB1R expressed by astroglial cells modulate myelin repair processes. Conversely, inactivation of CB1R in astrocytes restricted humoral and leukocyte parenchymal infiltration and reduced the expression of vascular effectors in EAE lesions. Finally, loss of blood-brain barrier (BBB) function induced by cortical microinjection of VEGF-A was less severe in astrocyte CB1R null mice. These results show that astrocyte CB1R signaling constitutes a significant pro-inflammatory mechanism in experimental MS and bring to light a deleterious role for endocannabinoid-mediated modulation of astroglial cells with potential implications in the etiopathology and therapy of neuroinflammatory disorders.This work was funded by Carlos III Health Institute (PI21/00629, to S.M. and PI24/00447, to D.C. were cofounded by the European Union; CB22/05/00016, to D.C.), Basque Government (PIBA_2023_1_0046; 2023111031 and IT1473-22, to S.M.; CannaMetHD, to S.M. and G.M.; IT1203-19, to C.M.), ARSEP Foundation (ARSEP-1310 to S.M. and G.M.; ARSEP-1317 and SEP-10 to V.T.), the European Research Council (MiCaBra, ERC-2017-AdG-786467, to G.M.), INSERM (to G.M.), Fondation pour la Recherche Medicale (FRM, DRM20101220445 to G.M.), Region Aquitaine (CanBrain, AAP2022A-2021-16763610 and − 17219710 to G.M.), French State/Agence Nationale de la Recherche (HippObese, ANR-23-ce14-0004-03; ERA-Net Neuron CanShank, ANR-21-NEU2-0001-04; CaMeLS, ANR-23-CE16-0022-01, to G.M.), La Caixa Research Health 2023 (PsychoCannabis, HR23-00793, to G.M.), the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (SAF2015-74332-JIN and PID2023-152688OB-I00 to V.T.; PID2019-109724RB-100 to C.M.), Consellería de Educación, Universidades y Empleo-Generalitat Valenciana (CIDEXG/2023/23 to V.T.), BIOEF-EITB-Maratoia (BIO23/EM/008 to C.M.) and Walk on Project Foundation. T.C., E.S-M. A.M.-G., A.M.B. and I.P.-L. held predoctoral fellowships from the Basque Government (T.C., A.M.-G. and A.M.B.), the University of the Basque Country (E.S.-M.) and the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities (I.P.-L.; FPU22/00693)
Maternal input, not transient elevated depression and anxiety symptoms, predicts 2-year-olds’ vocabulary development
No full textPublished online on 12th December, 2024.Both the quantity and quality of the maternal language input are important for early language development. However, depression and anxiety can negatively impact mothers’ engagement with their infants and their infants’ expressive language abilities. Australian mother-infant dyads (N = 30) participated in a longitudinal study examining the effect of maternal language input when infants were 24 and 30 months and maternal depression and anxiety symptoms on vocabulary size. Half the mothers had elevated depression and anxiety symptoms during at least one point in the study (at 6, 12, 18, 24, or 30 months). The results showed that only maternal input measures (word tokens, types, and mean length of utterance) predicted vocabulary size. While no evidence was found that brief periods of maternal depression and anxiety negatively impacted early vocabulary development, the findings highlight the critical importance and possible mitigating effects of maintaining good quality mother–infant interactions during early development
Enterrando al papa Ludovisi. El apparato fúnebre de Gregorio XV en el contexto político de la Roma de los Barberini
No full text[ES] Este artículo analiza la ceremonia fúnebre celebrada en 1624 con motivo del primer aniversario de la muerte del papa Gregorio XV en la catedral de Bolonia. La ceremonia y el apparato alegórico desplegado en el templo fueron promovidos por el cardenal-nepote Ludovico Ludovisi, sobrino del difunto papa y uno de los mayores coleccionistas de arte de su época. Este apparato efímero, con una estrategia sensible y emotiva, se centró en exaltar las virtudes y la labor llevada a cabo por el pontífice y también en tratar de promover la imagen del cardenal en los círculos de poder de la Roma de Urbano VIII. Con ello, el cardenal quería establecer un marcador visual de la memoria cultural de su tío, creando un proyecto artístico de gran esplendor material, auténtico ejemplo de la retórica barroca de la época. El artículo reconstruye el programa iconográfico del apparato fúnebre, entendido como instrumento de propaganda, relacionándolo con las fuentes literarias y gráficas contemporáneas, así como con el ambiente de nepotismo reinante en la corte papal, para comprender el significado político y religioso de esta ceremonia.[EN] This article analyses the funeral ceremony held in 1624 on the occasion of the first anniversary of the death of Pope Gregory XV in the cathedral of Bologna. The ceremony and the allegorical apparato displayed in the church were promoted by Cardinal-nephew Ludovico Ludovisi, nephew of the late pope and one of the greatest art collectors of his time. This ephemeral apparato, with a sensitive and emotive strategy, focused on exalting the virtues and work carried out by the pontiff and also on trying to promote the image of the cardinal in the circles of power in the Rome of Urban VIII. In doing so, the cardinal wanted to establish a visual marker of his uncle’s cultural memory, creating an artistic project of great material splendour, an authentic example of the Baroque rhetoric of the time. The article reconstructs the iconographic programme of the funereal apparato, understood as an instrument of propaganda, relating it to contemporary literary and graphic sources, as well as to the atmosphere of nepotism prevailing at the papal court, in order to understand the political and religious significance of this ceremony.Proyecto de Investigación I+D+i "Disrupciones y continuidades en el proceso de la modernidad (siglos XVI-XIX). Un análisis pluridisciplinar (Historia, Arte, Literatura)", financiado por el Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación del Gobierno de España (PID2020-114496RB-I00).
Grupo (A) de Investigación del Sistema Universitario Vasco "Sociedades, Procesos, Culturas (siglos VIII-XVIII), financiado por el Gobierno Vasco (IT1465-22)
Eibartik Zuberoara euskalkietan barrena. Koldo Zuazori gorazarre
No full text778 p.«[Zuazok] lan eskerga eginez jaso ditu han-hemenka euskararen batasunak oraindik ere beharrezkoak dituen sendabelarrak; eta behar itzela egin du euskalkiak aztertzen, batez ere mugako hizkerak miatzen eta orain arte batu eta arakatu barik zeuden hainbat hizkera-molde ezkutu bistaratzen». «Lehen eskutik dakit Karrantzatik Baionara, Mauletik pasata, eta Sakanatik bueltan bisitatu dituzun txoko guztietan utzi duzula zure arrastoa eta kariñoz gogoratzen zaituztela». Hala diote liburu honen aitzinsolasen egile ez nolanahikoek, Eibarko Alkateak eta EHUko Euskararen arloko errektoreordeak. Ez da aurkezpen makala «Eibarko behargin bat, herriko semea» den batendako.
Koldo Zuazo irakasle-ikertzaileak urteetan Euskal Herriko zoko-bazterretan barrena zorrotz jorratu dituen gaiak ekarri ditugu bere lankide eta lagunok orri hauetara: euskararen historia, euskalki-hizkeren deskribapena eta sailkapena, gazteen euskara, estandarraren eta herri hizkeren arteko harreman ez xbeti erraza, hizkuntza aldakortasuna; hizkuntzaren iragana, oraina eta geroa, funtsean. Koldoren bizkar gainera igorik, kezka horiek eta horiekikoak landu ditugu, esker onez eta jolasean bezala, Eibartik Zuberoara daraman plazerezko bidaia ederrean. Ea bidaide zaitugun, irakurle
Kalkuluan barreneko ibilbidea Mathematica erabilita II
Full text link167 pLiburu hau Kalkuluan barreneko ibilbidea Mathematica erabilita I liburuaren jarraipena da. Lehenengo liburuki hartan mintzagai izan genituen bai aldagai bakarreko funtzioak bai eta aldagai anitzekoak ere. Besteak beste, funtzioen limiteak, jarraitutasuna, deribagarritasuna eta optimizazioa aztertu genituen bertan.
Bigarren liburuki honetan, lehenik eta behin, integralak landuko ditugu: integral mugagabeak eta mugatuak, integral bikoitzak eta hirukoitzak eta haien aplikazioak, besteak beste. Horiek ikusi ostean, eremu eskalarrak eta bektoreeremuak izango ditugu aztergai. Kurba parametrikoak ere ikasiko ditugu, haien propietateetan erreparatuko dugu, eta haien sailkapena ere egingo dugu. Liburua itxiko dugu lerro-integralei tartea eskainiz: kurba parametrikoen integralak eta eremu eskalarren eta bektore-eremuen lerro-integralak nola egin ikusiko dugu