International Journal of Research Development and Technology
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Stem-Cell–Derived Synthetic Embryo Models: Mechanisms of Self-Organization and Biomedical Applications
No full textIntroduction:Synthetic embryo models (SEMs) represent a groundbreaking advancement in developmental biology. Derived from pluripotent stem cells—including embryonic stem cells (ESCs), human-induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs), trophoblast stem cells, and extraembryonic endoderm cells—SEMs aim to replicate early embryogenesis without the use of fertilized eggs. These self-organizing structures mimic key biological processes such as implantation, gastrulation, and early organogenesis, offering a scalable and ethically viable alternative to natural embryos.
Methods:SEMs are created in vitro using 3D culture systems under controlled stimuli, allowing pluripotent and extraembryonic stem cells to self-organize into embryo-like structures. This method avoids the need for fertilization and enables reproducible developmental trajectories, supporting investigations into cellular fate decisions and early human development.
Results:SEMs have demonstrated significant promise in modeling early human development and reproductive health issues, including implantation failure, infertility, and miscarriage. Their utility extends to drug toxicity testing and modeling of rare genetic diseases. SEMs also provide a platform to enhance assisted reproductive technologies and are adaptable for high-throughput biomedical applications.
Discussion:While SEMs are advancing rapidly, key challenges remain. These include incomplete embryonic architecture, variability, and limitations in long-term developmental fidelity. Ethical and legal concerns intensify as SEMs achieve higher complexity. The ISSCR has issued evolving guidelines, and there is a pressing need for global regulatory consensus. Integration with organoids, AI modeling, and multi-omics technologies could further enhance their potential.
Conclusion:SEMs offer transformative possibilities in developmental biology and medicine. Standardization and ethical oversight will be essential for their responsible and effective implementation
ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY, TOTAL PHENOLIC AND TOTAL FLAVONOID CONTENTS OF WHOLE PLANT EXTRACTS TORILIS LEPTOPHYLLA L
No full textThe study investigates the antioxidant activity, total phenolic content (TPC), and total flavonoid content (TFC) of whole plant extracts of Torilis leptophylla L., a medicinal plant with potential therapeutic benefits. Extracts were prepared using various solvents to maximize the extraction of bioactive compounds. The antioxidant activity was assessed using standard assays such as DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP. The TPC and TFC were quantified using Folin-Ciocalteu and aluminum chloride colorimetric methods, respectively. Results demonstrated significant antioxidant activity across all extracts, with ethanol extracts exhibiting the highest potency. The TPC and TFC analyses revealed a strong correlation between phenolic and flavonoid contents and antioxidant capacity. These findings highlight Torilis leptophylla L. as a promising source of natural antioxidants, supporting its potential use in pharmaceutical and nutraceutical applications. Further studies are recommended to isolate and characterize individual phenolic and flavonoid compounds responsible for the observed activities. This research explores the antioxidant activity, total phenolic content (TPC), and total flavonoid content (TFC) of whole plant extracts from Torilis leptophylla L., an underutilized medicinal plant known for its health benefits. The study involved the extraction of bioactive compounds using solvents such as ethanol, methanol, and aqueous solutions to determine the most effective extraction method. Antioxidant activities were evaluated through multiple assays, including DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl), ABTS (2,2\u27-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)), and FRAP (Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power). The TPC and TFC were measured using the Folin-Ciocalteu reagent and aluminum chloride colorimetric method, respectively. The results revealed that ethanol extracts displayed the highest antioxidant activity, with significant free radical scavenging abilities and reducing power. The TPC and TFC analyses indicated a robust correlation between phenolic and flavonoid contents and antioxidant capacity, suggesting that these compounds are major contributors to the plant\u27s antioxidant properties. Specifically, the ethanol extract showed the highest phenolic and flavonoid concentrations, correlating with its superior antioxidant performance. These findings position Torilis leptophylla L. as a potent source of natural antioxidants, underscoring its potential for development into pharmaceutical and nutraceutical products
Gene Therapy in Drug Development: Advancements, Challenges, and Future Perspectives
No full textGene therapy has emerged as a promising approach to developing novel therapeutics, offering the potential for treating a wide range of genetic disorders, cancers, and other diseases. This review provides an overview of the advancements in gene therapy, including the key technologies, delivery systems, regulatory frameworks, and challenges that influence its integration in drug development. The current state of gene therapy-based products in clinical trials and their impact on pharmaceutical development are also discussed, emphasizing future directions
Advancing neuroaids therapy: a comprehensive review of atazanavir-loaded s-snedds for targeted cns drug delivery
No full textBackground
NeuroAIDS remains a significant clinical challenge due to the restricted ability of antiretroviral drugs to cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB), leading to persistent viral reservoirs within the central nervous system (CNS). Atazanavir, a protease inhibitor, exhibits poor aqueous solubility and limited CNS penetration, necessitating innovative delivery strategies to enhance its therapeutic efficacy in neuro-HIV management.
Objective
This review aims to evaluate the potential of Supersaturated Self-Nanoemulsifying Drug Delivery Systems (S-SNEDDS) in improving the bioavailability and CNS delivery of Atazanavir. It also explores synergistic components such as rosemary oil and their role in neuroprotective effects within the context of NeuroAIDS.
Methods
A comprehensive literature survey was conducted using peer-reviewed articles from databases including PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science. Studies related to SNEDDS, S-SNEDDS, Atazanavir delivery, CNS targeting, BBB modulation, and phytochemical-based neuroprotection were critically analyzed and synthesized.
Results
Evidence from literature suggests that S-SNEDDS can significantly enhance the solubility and oral absorption of Atazanavir. Specific excipients such as surfactants and co-solvents have been reported to modulate BBB permeability, potentially facilitating CNS drug delivery. Rosemary oil components like carnosic acid and rosmarinic acid exhibit promising antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, offering neuroprotective benefits. However, these findings are primarily based on in vitro and preclinical studies, indicating a need for further translational research.
Conclusion
Atazanavir-loaded S-SNEDDS represent a promising strategy for overcoming current limitations in NeuroAIDS therapy by enhancing CNS drug targeting. While current evidence is encouraging, further clinical and pharmacokinetic validation is essential. The integration of smart healthcare technologies may further optimize such delivery systems in the future
Effectiveness and Safety of GLP-1 Receptor Agonists in Cardiovascular Outcomes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
No full textAbstract
Background:Cardiovascular disease (CVD) continues to be the primary cause of illness and death in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RAs) are a relatively new therapeutic class for diabetes and have been suggested to offer cardiovascular protection. Their overall impact on major cardiovascular outcomes and safety, however, remains an important area of clinical evaluation.
Objectives:This systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted to assess the cardiovascular benefits and safety profile of GLP-1 RAs in individuals at high cardiovascular risk, including those with T2DM.
Methods:Relevant literature published between January 2016 and June 2025 was searched systematically in PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane Library, and ClinicalTrials.gov in line with PRISMA guidelines. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) reporting cardiovascular endpoints such as major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE), cardiovascular mortality, and safety outcomes were included. Data synthesis was performed using a random-effects model, and heterogeneity was examined with the I² statistic.
Results:Eight RCTs enrolling 60,572 patients met the eligibility criteria. GLP-1 RAs were associated with a significant reduction in MACE compared with placebo (Hazard Ratio [HR] = 0.88, 95% Confidence Interval [CI]: 0.82–0.94, p < 0.001). Stroke incidence was reduced by 15% (HR = 0.85, 95% CI: 0.76–0.95), while cardiovascular mortality declined by 13% (HR = 0.87, 95% CI: 0.80–0.96). Safety analysis indicated a higher risk of mild gastrointestinal adverse effects (Risk Ratio [RR] = 1.56, 95% CI: 1.41–1.72) but no increase in severe hypoglycemia (HR = 0.95, 95% CI: 0.87–1.04).
Discussion:This analysis highlights that GLP-1 RAs provide substantial cardiovascular benefits in patients with T2DM at elevated risk, particularly through lowering MACE, stroke, and cardiovascular death. Although gastrointestinal intolerance occurs more frequently, it is generally mild and manageable, and the absence of increased severe hypoglycemia reinforces their safety. These findings support the use of GLP-1 RAs not only for glycemic control but also as part of an integrated strategy to reduce cardiovascular burden in diabetes care.
Conclusion:GLP-1 receptor agonists demonstrate meaningful cardiovascular protection with an acceptable safety profile. Their dual role in glucose regulation and cardiovascular risk reduction makes them promising agents in the combined management of T2DM and CVD
Rapid and Reproducible RP-HPLC Method for Stability and Assay Determination of Enmetazobactam
No full textAbstract
Introduction:Enmetazobactam is a next-generation diazabicyclooctane (DBO) β-lactamase inhibitor that lacks a β-lactam ring yet effectively restores the antibacterial activity of β-lactam antibiotics, particularly cefepime, against extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)–producing Gram-negative bacteria. Given its increasing clinical relevance, the availability of a validated analytical method is crucial for quality control, formulation development, and stability evaluation.
Materials and Methods:
A rapid and reliable reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic (RP-HPLC) method was established and validated following ICH Q2 (R1) guidelines for the quantitative estimation of Enmetazobactam in bulk drug and pharmaceutical formulations. Chromatographic separation was achieved on a C18 column (150 × 4.6 mm, 5 µm) using a phosphate buffer–methanol mobile phase at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min. Detection was performed using UV absorbance at 210 nm, yielding a retention time of approximately 6.5 minutes.
Results: The method demonstrated excellent linearity over the concentration range of 70–130% of the target assay level, with a correlation coefficient exceeding 0.999. Precision and accuracy studies showed %RSD values below 2% and recovery results within 98–102%, confirming the reliability of the method. Forced degradation studies under acidic, alkaline, oxidative, photolytic, and thermal conditions established the specificity of the method, with clear separation of degradation products and no interference from formulation excipients. Analytical solutions remained stable for up to 15 hours when stored at 10°C, and system suitability parameters were within acceptable limits.
Conclusion: The validated RP-HPLC method is simple, accurate, precise, and stability-indicating, making it suitable for routine quality control and stability testing of Enmetazobactam in bulk and dosage forms
A Review on Black Fungus Infection or Mucormycosis Disease
No full textThe purpose of this research is to ascertain how the SARS‑CoV‑2 (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Corona virus-2) affects the global spread of black fungus, a disease that can be fatal and extremely harmful. COVID-19 is wreaking havoc on millions of people around but a second epidemic known as the "black fungus" has also emerged, robbing individuals of their lives, particularly those who are recuperating from the virus. Again, sentiment analysis of social media data can be used to examine popular perceptions of these pandemics. The corona-virus illness (COVID-19) is a human-to-human transmissible disease that has been deemed an emergency worldwide pandemic. It has killed over half a billion people and severely damaged the respiratory systems of over five million individuals. Countries currently only aim to create strategies that are in line with the current circumstances surrounding the use of antibiotics for eye infections. A potentially fatal fungal illness, black fungus typically begins as a nose infection and progresses to the eyes and, in rare circumstances, the brain. Immuno-suppression is one of the well-known risk factors for developing black fungus in individuals who have recovered from COVID-19, pre-existing diseases, extended and careless steroid usage, and unsanitary surroundings. The uncommon but deadly disease known as mucormycosis, often called black fungus infection, is more likely to strike those with compromised immune systems. In addition to being trapped in sinusoidal gaps, the fungus is found to be selective for the brain and lungs. An opportunistic fungal illness that spreads quickly and is lethal is called mucormycosis. Therefore, early detection and treatment are essential to preventing high rates of morbidity and mortality. Inhaled filamentous (hyphal) fungi are the primary cause of mucormycosis, particularly in individuals with impaired immune systems. A startling number of COVID-19 patients had mucormycosis infections, according to recent exams. Due to their diabetes and the steroids, they were prescribed for their Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Corona-virus 2 infection; the majority of these patients were susceptible to developing mucormycosis (SARS-CoV-2). As a result, the review\u27s main focus is on mucormycosis and associated issues, such as how it affects those who are healthy and those who are afflicted with COVID-19, as well as the causes and challenges of treating this black Mold illness. If this fungus is identified early and fully studied, patients with COVID-19 will have a significantly lower death rate and illness severity.
This review will include immune system reactions to mucormycosis, risk variables associated with mucormycosis in COVID-19, fungal prophylaxis, and fungal pneumonia that mimic COVID-19. When a person is exposed to mucormycosis, a pathological condition known as the black fungus appears at the same time that the virus begins to recover. The risks and symptoms of the illness do not make getting Covid 19 less likely. As a result, Nations at mucormycosis, another name for mucormycosis, is a rare type of fungal illness. These fungi can infiltrate the body through breathing, inhaling, or skin wound exposure. They are often found in the environment, especially on leaves, soil, compost, and animal dung. Mucormycosis (black fungus) has become very common among COVID-19 patients as a result of using industrial oxygen combined with filthy cylinders and infected pipes for oxygen supply. We report the results of research on patients who recovered from COVID-19 mucormycosis
Formulation and Evaluation of a Herbal Nanodressing Using Clove, Cinnamon Bark, and Betel Leaf Extracts: A Simple Solvent Casting Approach
No full textBackground:Wound healing is a complex physiological process that requires an optimal environment to prevent infection, reduce inflammation, and promote tissue regeneration. Herbal nanodressings offer a promising alternative to synthetic dressings due to their bioactive, biocompatible, and cost-effective nature.
Materials and Methods:
Hydroalcoholic extracts were obtained via Soxhlet extraction, and nanoparticles were optionally prepared through ultrasonication. The extracts or nanosuspensions were incorporated into a polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) matrix and cast into films. These nanodressings were evaluated for physicochemical characteristics, antimicrobial activity (disc diffusion method).
Results:The films were uniform, flexible, and biocompatible with high folding endurance (>300), tensile strength (12.5 MPa), and optimal pH (6.4). Antimicrobial testing revealed strong inhibition zones against S. aureus (18.2 mm), E. coli (15.7 mm), and P. aeruginosa (14.3 mm).
Conclusion:The developed herbal nanodressing provides a low-cost, scalable, and effective wound management system with significant antimicrobial and wound healing potential, ideal for use in resource-limited settings
Dual Inhibition of AChE and BACE-1 by Novel Multi-Target-Directed Ligands: Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation for Alzheimer’s Disease
No full textAlzheimer’s disease (AD) is characterized by cognitive decline, amyloid-β accumulation, tau hyperphosphorylation, and cholinergic deficit, while current therapies offer only symptomatic relief. This study aimed to design and synthesize novel multi-target-directed ligands (MTDLs) capable of dual inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and β-secretase (BACE-1). Pharmacophore hybrids derived from donepezil and coumarin scaffolds were designed through molecular docking and ADMET screening, synthesized, and characterized by IR, NMR, and MS. In vitro assays revealed several compounds with potent dual inhibition in the nanomolar range, confirmed dual binding modes, and demonstrated strong antioxidant activity and >60 % neuroprotection in oxidative-stress models. These MTDLs exhibit promising multitarget and neuroprotective potential as candidates for disease-modifying Alzheimer’s therapy
Formulation and Evaluation of Carvedilol Transdermal Patches for the Treatment of Hypertension
Get PDFCarvedilol is a drug used to treat high blood pressure. It has a 6 hour half-life & a 25% oral bioavailability due to 1st pass metabolism. Frequent dosage was required because the daily maximum dose of cartedilol is 50mg. To improve patient compliance & drug\u27s absorption, carvedilol transdermal patches were developed. Using the solvent casting technique, various formulations were produced by varying the ratios of HPMC, Methyl Cellulose, and PVP. The tested formulations were evaluated for weight variation, patch thickness, folding toughness, drug content, rates of moisture absorption & loss, in-vitro drug release, among other things. It was feasible to evaluate how altering the concentrations of HPMC (X1) & PVC (X2) would impact the results using a 32 full factorial design, i.e. Tensile strength & proportion of medicine released in 20 hours (Q20) are dependent variables. Regression analysis & analysis of variance were performed on dependent variables. To increase the features of its release, it is conceivable that carvedilol might be turned into transdermal patches. The combination HPMC, Methyl Cellulose, & PVP (3:1) F7 was shown to be best for controlled release because it released 84.36% of medication in 24 hours. To boost absorption and prolong the duration of transdermal patch therapy for hypertension, medicine had to be administered over undamaged skin at a controlled rate. The advantages the skin has over many other routes of drug administration include capacity to avoid issues with gastric discomfort, gastric emptying rate, prevent hepatic first-pass metabolism hence enhancing the bioavailability of drug, and reducing the danger of systemic side effects.
Keywords: Transdermal Patch, Moisture Absorption, Hypertension, Enhancing the Bioavailabilit