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القانون الواجب التطبيق على العقود المتعلقة بالعلامة التجارية المشهورة وفقا لقواعد الاسناد
No full textإن العلامة التجارية المشهورة هي العلامة التي أصبحت معروفة على نطاق واسع لدى الجمهور، سواء داخل الدولة التي ظهرت أو سُجّلت فيها أو خارجها، بحيث باتت ترتبط في ذهن المستهلك بمعايير الجودة والثقة، حتى لدى جمهور الدول التي لم تُسجل أو تُستخدم فيها فعليًا، ونظرًا لطبيعتها العابرة للحدود، أصبحت العلامة المشهورة محلًا للعلاقات القانونية في دول متعددة، سواء من خلال الاستخدام أو التسجيل غير المشروع، أو عبر وقائع أو تصرفات قانونية كالعقود ، مما أدى إلى نشوء إشكالية قانونية تتعلق بتنازع الاختصاص التشريعي، والتي طرحت بدورها تساؤلات حول القانون الذي يجب تطبيقه على هذه التصرفات في ظل اختلاف الأنظمة القانونية بين الدول. وقد خُصِّصت الدارسة لبحث موضوع تحديد القانون الواجب التطبيق على العقود المتعلقة بالعلامة التجارية المشهورة، بوصفه من أبرز الموضوعات القانونية التي فرضت نفسها في ظل تزايد التداخل بين الأنظمة القانونية وتوسع التجارة عبر الحدود، وتكرار النزاعات المرتبطة باستخدام العلامات المشهورة في دول لم تُسجل فيها، مما يثير تساؤلات عملية حول القواعد التي ينبغي الرجوع إليها لتعيين القانون الواجب التطبيق على هذه العقود . وبناءً على المقارنة بين الانظمة القانونية محل الدراسة، تبين أن قواعد الإسناد الواردة في قوانين الدول محل الدراسة – باستثناء المشرع الأمريكي – تصلح للتطبيق جزئيًا على العقود المتعلقة بالعلامة التجارية المشهورة، إذ تُمكّن من تحديد القانون الواجب التطبيق على العقد في ذاته، غير أنها تبقى عاجزة عن تنظيم الآثار المترتبة عليه، ولاسيما تلك المتصلة بانتقال الحقوق العينية المرتبطة بالعلامة.وقد خلصت الدراسة إلى ضرورة تدخل المشرع العراقي لإدخال إصلاحات تشريعية تتضمن تنظيمًا دقيقًا للعلامة المشهورة، يشمل وضع قواعد إسناد واضحة تنظم القانون الواجب التطبيق على العقود المتعلقة بالعلامة التجارية المشهورة .A well-known trademark is one that has become widely known to the public, whether inside or outside the country in which it appeared or was registered, such that it has become associated in the consumer\u27s mind with standards of quality and trust, even among the public of countries in which it has not been registered or actually used.
Due to its transnational nature, the famous trademark has become the subject of legal relations in multiple countries, whether through unlawful use or registration, or through legal actions and facts such as contracts. This has led to the emergence of a legal problem related to the conflict of legislative jurisdiction, which in turn has raised questions about the law that should be applied to these actions in light of the differences in legal systems between countries.
This study is devoted to examining the issue of determining the applicable law to a well-known trademark, as it is one of the most prominent legal issues that has imposed itself in light of the increasing overlap between legal systems and the expansion of cross-border trade, as well as the recurrence of disputes related to the use of well-known trademarks in countries where they are not registered, which raises the problem of conflicting legislative jurisdiction between several legal systems.
Based on a comparison between the legal systems under study, it became clear that national attribution rules are only partially suitable for determining the law applicable to certain transactions, such as contracts or wills. However, they remain incapable of regulating the effects of these transactions, particularly those related to the transfer of property rights. They also do not adequately regulate matters related to inheritance, The absence of heirs may result in legal problems affecting the ownership or management of the trademark at the international level.
The study concluded that the Iraqi legislature must intervene to introduce legislative reforms that include precise regulation of the famous trademark, This includes establishing clear attribution rules that regulate the applicable law for various related transactions, whether contractual or non-contractual, including their transfer by inheritance or will, in a manner that ensures legal stability and prevents their exploitation in illegal ways
Pragmatic Challenges Faced by EFL Learners in Iraqi Preparatory Schools
No full textPragmatic competence in EFL teaching and learning is essential element for successful communication in different domains. It refers the ability to use language effectively in social interaction, beyond mastering grammar and lexicon. The expression also refers to the ability of understanding what words and sentences mean literally and recognize how their meanings are modified in different contexts. However, this side is neglected by teachers since they focus heavily on grammatical competence which creates obstacles for EFL learners in developing their competence appropriately. As such, the study shed lights on (1) identifying the pragmatic challenges faced by Iraqi EFL learners in preparatory schools due to teacher’s negligence of this aspect and (2) exploring the students\u27 viability to use grammatical rules in particular to express themselves appropriately in certain contexts. The data is gathered from the students\u27 test results of 216 5th grade preparatory school to determine their difficulties and abilities in this area. The data is qualitatively gathered and analyzed basing on Bachman’s modal (1990) of communicative competence. The results show that the students failed in three questions, with varied rates of success for the easiest to the most difficult, or from the more familiar to the less familiar. The results also show that the difficulties in pragmatic competence fall into three key areas: classroom setting, teaching methods, and curriculum system.Abstract
Pragmatic competence in EFL teaching and learning is essential element for successful communication in different domains. It refers the ability to use language effectively in social interaction, beyond mastering grammar and lexicon. The expression also refers to the ability of understanding what words and sentences mean literally and recognize how their meanings are modified in different contexts. However, this side is neglected by teachers since they focus heavily on grammatical competence which creates obstacles for EFL learners in developing their competence appropriately. As such, the study shed lights on (1) identifying the pragmatic challenges faced by Iraqi EFL learners in preparatory schools due to teacher’s negligence of this aspect and (2) exploring the students\u27 viability to use grammatical rules in particular to express themselves appropriately in certain contexts. The data is gathered from the students\u27 test results of 216 5th grade preparatory school to determine their difficulties and abilities in this area. The data is qualitatively gathered and analyzed basing on Bachman’s modal (1990) of communicative competence. The results show that the students failed in three questions, with varied rates of success for the easiest to the most difficult, or from the more familiar to the less familiar. The results also show that the difficulties in pragmatic competence fall into three key areas: classroom setting, teaching methods, and curriculum system
توظيف الواقع المُعَزَّز في عرض الاثار داخل المتحف العراقي
No full text أتاحت تقنية الواقع المعزز الجمع بين بيئة حقيقة وأخرى افتراضية باستخدام معلومات وصور ثابتة ومتحركة ومجسمة، فهي تعطي امكانية دمج الواقع الحقيقي مع الافتراضي الرقمي، ويتم ذلك عن طريق أنواع مختلفة من الأجهزة سواء كانت محمولة كالهاتف الذكي أو الأجهزة التي يتم ارتداؤها مثل النظارات والعدسات اللاصقة فجميع هذه الأجهزة تستخدم نظام التتبع الذي يوفر دقة بالإسقاط لعرض المعلومات في المكان المناسب وتقوم الكاميرا بالتقاط الواقع فيتم معالجته لعرض المجسمات الرقمية و دمجها في شاشة العرض وذلك باختلاف طرائق العرض إذ تعد مدخل لدمج الواقع مع الافتراض وذلك باستخدام تطبيقات برمجية
حجية وسائل الاثبات الحديثة والرقابة القضائية عليها (دراسة مقارنة)
No full text يعتبر الإثبات الجنائي إحدى الركائز الأساسية التي تعتمد عليها العدالة الجنائية، ويهدف لكشف الحقيقة وتطبيق العدالة عبر تقديم أدلة موثوقة وقوية تساعد في إدانة الجاني أو منح البراءة للمتهم البريء. ومع التقدم التكنولوجي الهائل باتت الوسائل العلمية تلعب دوراً أساسياً في الإثبات الجنائي، حيث تؤمن أدوات دقيقة تساعد في كشف خفايا الجريمة وإثبات وقائعها بالدليل القاطع. وقد أخذ المشرع العراقي وكذلك الجزائري بالوسائل الحديثة كالبصمة الوراثية والتحاليل البيولوجية، وغيرها من الوسائل الحديثة ولكن تم اعتمادها كقرينة إثبات، حيث تختلف حجية هذه الوسائل أمام القضاء فقد يستخرج منها أدلة دامغة لا تقبل الشك، وقد يتم التلاعب في بعض الأحيان بالدليل، وقد أكدت التشريعات المقارنة على منح القاضي سلطة في تقدير قوة هذه الأدلة وتقييمها، ونصت أيضاً على ضرورة التحقق من مشروعية الأدلة المستمدة من الوسائل الحديثة في الإثبات
دور التحول الضريبي الرقمي في زيادة الايرادات العامة (دراسة تجارب ناجحة )
No full textيهدف البحث إلى ابراز التحول الرقمي وإشكالية فرض الضرائب على التعاملات المرقمة ، والادوات المستخدمة لكبح جماح التحديات التي تعيق فرض الضريبة على المعاملات الرقمية فى العراق، فضلا عن دراسة تجارب بعض الدول (الامارات المتحدة ، المملكة العربية السعودية ) فى مجال التحول الرقمي ، وباستخدام المنهج الوصفي التحليلي، من أهم نتائج البحث أن هنالك خطر تآكل القاعدة المشمولة بالضريبية المحلية وفي ظل التحول المتزايد للاقتصاد نحو الرقمية ، وضعف التشريع الضريبي في العراق للتحولات في مجال المعاملات المالية، ، وأوصت الدراسة بالاهتمام بالبنى التحتية في مجال المعلوماتية، وضرورة صياغة نظام ضريبي عالمي يتناسب مع التحولات المتسارعة للاقتصاد الرقمي، تعزيز التعاون بين السلطات الضريبية والمنظمات الحكومية الأخرى لتبادل المعلومات والاستخبارات ، مما يتيح بذل جهود شاملة لتحصيل الضرائب. و الاستثمار في مبادرات التحول الرقمي لإنشاء منصات سهلة الاستخدام وفعالة عبر الإنترنت لتسجيل الضرائب وإجراءات التسجيل والدفع. وأن يكون هذا الاجراء متناسب مع التزامات العراق على المستوى الدولي. وتنويع مصادر الدخل وعدم الاكتفاء بالاعتماد على المصادر الريعية للنفط التي تزيد من تبعية الاقتصاد العراقي وانكشافه نحو الخارج ، والى أهمية التعاون والابتكار بالاستفادة من تجربة الامارات المتحدة والسعودية في هذا المجال.
Implement of Substitution Boxes for DES Based Field Programming Gate Array and VHDL
No full textNowadays the implementation of a cryptographic system based on traditional means is a late topic du to the development and multiplicity of detection methods, instruction and hacking. Therefore, it is necessary to resort to more modern methods, such as the use of programmable digital electronic circuit like Filed Programable Logic Arrays (FPGAs). The objective of this paper is to design substitution box (S-Box) for Data Encryption Standard (DES) using very high speed Hardware Description Language (VHDL). As a result, S-box VHDL code was designed and written then by using the capabilities of the Xilinx Design Suit ISE the design was checked analyzed, simulation and then a file called bit stream will be generated. The resulting file was download to the FPGA circuit and the equivalent physical digital circuit representing the S-box was obtained
Diabetes estimation using machine learning techniques
No full textMachine learning techniques play an increasingly prominent role in medical diagnosis. With the use of these techniques, patients’ data can be analyzed to find patterns or facts that are difficult to explain, making diagnoses more reliable and convenient. The purpose of this research was to compare the efficiency of diabetic classification models using four machine learning techniques: decision trees, random forests, support vector machines, and K-nearest neighbors. In addition, new diabetic classification models are proposed that incorporate hyper parameter tuning and the addition of some interaction terms into the models. These models were evaluated based on accuracy, precision, recall, and the F1-score. The results of this study show that the proposed models with interaction terms have better classification performance than those without interaction terms for all four machine learning techniques. Among the proposed models with interaction terms, random forest classifiers had the best performance, with 97.5% accuracy. The findings from this study can be further developed into a program that can effectively screen potential diabetes patients
Integrated Pavement Design: Peripheral Facade Function in Relation to Urban Beauty and Building Needs
No full textSidewalks are one of the structural components of urban space and can be defined as paved strips meant to help people move from one part of a city to another on foot· Sidewalks are a component of the urban layout and fulfill the need for infrastructure combined with the visual aspect of the urban area·
This work exposes the guidelines of integrated sidewalk design to understand how or if they coordinate concerning surface aesthetics and infrastructural requirements· It is also noteworthy that city planning regulations also have a role in this design to provide sidewalks not only for their functionality and stability, but also to esthetically appeal to the city·
Attention to the design of the sidewalks in terms of the materials used, the textures on the sidewalks and designing the sidewalks will help in coming up with a better experience for the pedestrians and as well blend the sidewalks with the rest of the urban fabric·
Besides that, it is necessary to define what structures such structures as the necessary components for sidewalks’ function, safety, and accessibility are the requirements exigent for the structure of the pedestrian network·
Based on the works of various cities learning on the provision of integrated sidewalk designs, this paper seeks to establish lessons that policy makers and planners could learn and log from as they plan for future projects of integrated sidewalk designs while trying to achieve aesthetics and functionality·
Furthermore, future studies on trends involving conceptual progresses of sidewalks design and futuristic embarked technologies, plus activism of sustainability will be useful in extending knowledge on probable requirements in the upcoming urban sidewalks design in the progressive urban environment
Design and Evaluation of RF Receiver under LTE Interference using MATLAB
No full textIn this paper, the advance experiment validations of cells coexistences situation in close to real life condition is presents. Interference is a main problem in radio communication, particularly when adaptable frequency reuse is an inherent condition for exploiting spectral efficiencies in heterogeneous network. A representative illustration is encounter in cellular communication where macro cell-edge user received interferences from minor cells transmission that use the identical radios frequencies bands. Transforming interferences managing algorithm is employ toward this ends because of their interdependency with many parameter of the targets operation situations and numerous low-level implementation aspect requirement to be prototype in real-time signals process platform to be believably verifying. The insertion of an responsive interferences managing schemes increases the signals process complexities at the physical layers. This improvement was properly addressed by attractive advance equivalent process technique, optimization of the arithmetic operation and intelligent reprocess of logics and recollection resource in the base band processing architectures.
Study and Analysis of Universal Bridge AC/DC Converter Techniques
No full textIn this paper, the study and analysis of universal bridge converter Based Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistors (IGBT) and pulse width modulation (PWM) Techniques in SIMULIK Environments is presents. To realize a PWM as controller with three phase AC/DC converter, the basic of space vector modulation is investigated and developed. The progression of this type of conversion in many active conditions effectively is depending on the applied methods. The power of proposed procedure approach is located in the current distortion and switching frequency which is inspected in this work. The off line calculation in the pulse width first cycle section is depending and save these data in specific tables. For all cycle life, the residual pulses are created base on the value of initial quarter cycle since there are situations of quarter and half wave reliability. The results of simulation design show a significant economy in microcontroller time and memory increasing which will support all converter duty.