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Construction of selective and susceptible MIP-based electrochemical sensors for the determination of fosamprenavir: A comparative study between photopolymerization and electropolymerization technique
No full text<p>Fosamprenavir (FPV) is combined with other drugs to manage human immunodeficiency virus infection patients. This prodrug was created to address the solubility issue of the parent protease inhibitor medication, amprenavir. Based on photopolymerization (PP) with p-aminophenol (PAP) functional monomer and electropolymerization (EP) with p-aminobenzoic acid (PABA) functional monomer, this work reported the effective invention of two distinct imprinting techniques for the specific and precise detection of FPV. The proposed sensors were characterized through the application of scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and various electrochemical techniques. For both approaches, the necessary optimization research was carried out. The analytical characteristics of PP-FPV@MIP/GCE and EP-FPV@MIP/GCE sensors were assessed. The sensors' performance parameters were validated and compared, after constructing the most optimal MIP-integrated electrochemical sensors. In both standard preparations and commercial human serum preparations, for PP-FPV@MIP/GCE and EP-FPV@MIP/GCE, the linear ranges are 1.0-17.5pM and 1.0-10.0pM, respectively. In standard preparations, the limits of detection (LOD) for PP-FPV@MIP/GCE and EP-FPV@MIP/ GCE were 2.84 x 10-13 M and 2.27 x 10-13 M, respectively, whereas in serum preparations, they were 2.48 x 10-13 M and 2.38 x 10-13 M. The developed electrochemical sensors show excellent recovery values when used to evaluate FPV in tablet preparations and commercial blood samples. The selective capability of the sensors towards FPV was investigated in the presence of comparable antiviral drugs. The impacts of ions, possible biological substances, and storage stability were investigated for the developed sensors. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations were employed to analyze the interaction energies between the template and functional monomers, providing insights into the interactions. These calculations complemented the experimental optimization of the template:monomer ratio by helping to understand the overall trends in molecular interactions.</p>
Vinpocetine Ameliorates Neuronal Injury After Cold-Induced Traumatic Brain Injury in Mice
No full text<p>Traumatic brain injury (TBI), also known as intracranial injury, is a common condition with the highest incidence rate among neurodegenerative disorders and poses a significant public health burden. Various methods are used in the treatment of TBI, but the effects of cold-induced traumatic brain injury have not been thoroughly studied. In this context, vinpocetine (VPN), derived from Vinca minor, exhibits notable anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. VPN is known for its neuroprotective role and is generally utilized for treating various neurodegenerative disorders. However, the function of VPN after cold-induced TBI needs to be studied in more detail. This study aims to investigate the neuroprotective effects of VPN at varying doses (5 mg/kg or 10 mg/kg) after cold-induced TBI. C57BL/6 mice were sacrificed 2 or 28 days after cold-induced TBI. Results indicate that VPN administration significantly reduces brain infarct volume, brain swelling, blood-brain barrier disruption, and DNA fragmentation in a dose-dependent manner. Additionally, VPN enhances neuronal survival in the ipsilesional cortex. In the long term, VPN treatment (5 mg/kg/day or 10 mg/kg/day, initiated 48 h post-TBI) improved locomotor activity, cell proliferation, neurogenesis, and decreased whole brain atrophy, specifically motor cortex atrophy. We performed liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) to elucidate the underlying mechanisms to profile proteins and signaling pathways influenced by prolonged VPN treatment post-TBI. Notably, we found that 192 different proteins were significantly altered by VPN treatment, which is a matter of further investigation for the development of therapeutic targets. Our study has shown that VPN may have a neuroprotective role in cold-induced TBI.</p>
Emergency response, and community impact after February 6, 2023 Kahramanmaraş Pazarcık and Elbistan Earthquakes: reconnaissance findings and observations on affected region in Türkiye
No full text<p>Turkiye has a long history of devastating earthquakes, and on February 6, 2023, the region experienced two major earthquakes with magnitudes of 7.7 and 7.6, striking Pazarcik and Elbistan, Kahramanmaras, respectively, on the East Anatolian Fault Zone. These earthquakes resulted in significant loss of life and property, impacting multiple cities across 11 cities, and leaving a lasting impact on the country. The 2023 Kahramanmaras Earthquakes rank among the deadliest and most damaging earthquakes in Turkiye, alongside the historical significance of the 1939 Erzincan Earthquake and the 1999 Marmara Earthquake. Despite reforms following the 1999 Marmara Earthquake in disaster policy and preparedness, the scale of damage from the February 6 earthquakes has been shocking, necessitating further insights and lessons for future earthquake management. This paper presents the outcomes of immediate response efforts organized after the 2023 Kahramanmaras earthquakes to elucidate emergency response activities and their impacts on communities, considering the substantial size and severity of the damages. The study focuses on evaluating the emergency response provided within the first 24 h, 3 days, and 2 weeks after the earthquakes, aiming to promptly identify the nature and effectiveness of these responses, as well as the conditions that hindered their efficacy. By shedding light on the specific experiences and challenges faced during these crucial timeframes, the research aims to offer valuable insights and lessons learned. These findings contribute to improved preparedness strategies and more efficient emergency response measures needed in responding to future disaster scenarios. Ultimately, this study provides a useful resource for all stakeholders involved in emergency response and disaster management, offering valuable guidance to enhance resilience and preparedness in the face of seismic hazards.</p>
Genome-wide characterization of ascorbate peroxidase (APX) gene family in Phaseolus vulgaris L. of response to multiple abiotic stresses
No full text<p>This study focuses on the importance of legumes, especially common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) in human nutrition due to their high nutritional values such as protein, carbohydrate, fibre, vitamins and antioxidants. Additionally, the effect of abiotic stressors like drought and salinity on plant growth and development is covered, with a focus on the oxidative stress that results and the function of antioxidant defense mechanisms in reducing this harm. In particular, this study details the identification and analysis of 101 ascorbate peroxidase (APX) gene family members in the bean genome. These genes play a crucial role in plant defence against oxidative stress by scavenging hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). The study also includes extensive bioinformatics analyses to determine the genes' chromosomal locations, conserved domains, genetic structures, evolutionary relationships and expression patterns. RNA-seq data and qRT-PCR techniques were used to evaluate gene expression in different tissues and under abiotic stress conditions. According to the RNA-seq data, in the different tissues of common bean, expression levels of the PvAPX-24,-30,-33,-53,-65, and-98 genes were higher while PvAPX-2,-29, and-94 had low expression levels in these tissues. Additionally, under drought and salt stresses, expression levels of 6 genes (PvAPX-30,-33,-37,-64,-78 and-100) increased under drought stress and 12 genes (PvAPX-29,-47,-52,-65,-76,-78,-84,-85,-86,-97,-100 and-101) increased under salinity stress. The results of qRT-PCR shown that the expression levels of PvAPX genes had significant changes in different varieties and tissues. This comprehensive analysis is in agreement with findings from other plant species and reinforces the importance of APX genes in enhancing plant resistance to environmental challenges. Future research focusing on the functional validation of these genes will further elucidate their role and potentially aid in the development of stress-resistant crop varieties. (c) 2024 SAAB. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.</p>
Enzymatic Synthesis of Prebiotic Carbohydrates from Lactose: Integration of Osmotic Membrane Distillation with Batch Reactor System
No full text<p>This study aimed to enhance galactooligosaccharide (GOS) yield by maintaining high lactose concentration levels using osmotic membrane distillation (OMD) throughout the synthesis. The main problem influencing GOS yield during transgalactosylation is the decrease of lactose concentration over extended reaction periods. By integrating OMD with a continuous stirred batch reactor, water was progressively removed from the reaction medium. Compared to a standard batch reactor, the OMD-integrated system not only increased GOS yield by a maximum of 20.1% but also reduced the time needed for equivalent lactose conversion about 15-90 min. This integration particularly boosted the formation of longer-chain GOS. A consistent GOS yield of 67% was achieved, with up to 28% lactose conversion, surpassing the non-integrated reactor's performance. The proposed reactor design shows promise for enhancing GOS production efficiency while concurrently concentrating the reaction medium in a single step.</p>
Generalized Taylor Series and Peano Kernel Theorem
No full text<p>As in the polynomial case, non-polynomial divided differences can be viewed as a discrete analog of derivatives. This link between non-polynomial divided differences and derivatives is defined by a generalization of the derivative operator. In this study, we obtain a generalization of Taylor series using the link between non-polynomial divided differences and derivatives, and state generalized Taylor theorem. With the definition of a definite integral, the relation between the non-polynomial divided difference and non-polynomial B-spline functions is given in terms of integration. Also, we derive a general form of the Peano kernel theorem based on a generalized Taylor expansion with the integral remainder. As in the polynomial case, it is shown that the non-polynomial B-splines are in fact the Peano kernels of non-polynomial divided differences.MSC2020 Classification: 65D05, 65D07</p>
Existence and Optimality in Discrete and Differential Inclusions for the Bolza Problem
No full text<p>This study examines the existence theorems and optimality conditions within the framework of the Bolza problem involving discrete and differential inclusions. Initially, an existence theorem is established to rigorously confirm the presence of solutions under specified constraints, thereby providing a foundation for further analysis. Subsequently, the investigation focuses on formulating optimality conditions for discrete-time and differential inclusions. Optimality conditions and solution properties of discrete-time dynamical systems are formulated, offering insights into the fundamental principles underlying discrete-time inclusions. Furthermore, using discrete-time inclusions to approximate differential inclusions providesacriticalbridgebetweencontinuousanddiscreteformulations. The derivation of optimality conditions further enhances the analytical framework, distinguishing optimal solutions from the broader feasible set. Leveraging the geometric framework of normal cones, this study provides a precise characterization of optimality within the constraints of the given differential inclusion. Consequently, both necessary and sufficient conditions for optimality are established, highlighting the theoretical and practical significance of the proposed approach. Finally, by presenting a concrete example, we demonstrate how the theoretical components of the framework becomemoreaccessible and practically interpretable.</p>
Development of CoFe2O4/SWCNT modified gold nanoparticle coated LAMP incorporated electrochemical DNA biosensor for Salmonella in contaminated water filtered samples
No full text<p>Salmonella is a food, water, and soil-contaminating pathogen that is a major cause of foodborne infections worldwide. An efficient, effective, and reliable method for early monitoring of Salmonella is undoubtedly required. Even though there are established traditional methods, such as real-time polymerase chain reaction and culture plate, they require expensive laboratory equipment, trained personnel, and time-consuming processes. In this study, Salmonella was concentrated from contaminated water samples and its DNA was isolated by a developed DNA extraction method, which is reported in the literature for the first time. Loop-mediated isothermal amplification technique was incorporated into the process to amplify even the low concentrations of DNA. Methylene blue tethered, thiol functionalized, and specifically designed DNA probe was utilized as a biorecognition element. The cobalt/ferrite nanoparticles were in-situ synthesized on single wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) by hydrothermal reaction and functionalized with TEOS and APTES, respectively. The nanocomposite material-modified electrodes were further modified with gold electrodeposition. The DNA biosensor system could distinguish full complementary DNA from 2-mismatch, 4-mismatch, and non-complementary DNA successfully. Moreover, the DNA biosensor system could also detect both genomic DNA and LAMP products, while it was not detected in colorimetric or gel electrophoresis methods. The developed sensor has a linear range between 1x10-15 to 1x10-6 M with a limit of detection of 0.234 x 10-15 M for complementary DNA sequences.</p>
High-yield production of lactide isomers from depolymerization of polylactic acid in supercritical carbon dioxide
No full text<p>Chemical depolymerization of polylactic acid (PLA) was demonstrated in supercritical carbon dioxide medium. No catalyst, organic solvent or water was employed in the reaction. The primary feedstocks used in ring opening polymerization of PLA, lactide isomers, were produced with high yield. More specifically, lactides were produced as the sole nongaseous products with a 93 % yield based on the initial polymer mass at 200 degrees C and 310 bar in 120 min. The influences of the reaction temperature, time, and pressure on PLA depolymerization products were investigated. While the lactide yield and distribution were highly influenced by the reaction temperature and time, further improvement was attained with an increase in the pressure. The results demonstrate that supercritical CO2 can be applied as a promising reaction medium for PLA degradation, providing a high-yield production of its feedstock. The process can enable green depolymerization of polylactic acid and promote its circular economy with a closed loop production.</p>
Erzurum İl Merkezi İçme Suyu Şebeke Sistemi ve Fayda Maliyet Analizi
No full text<p>Bu çalışmada Erzurum İl merkezi içme suyu şebeke sistemi incelenmiştir. İl merkezinin içme suyu ihtiyacı hesaplanmış ve mevcut kullanılan içme suyu miktarı ile karşılaştırılıp su kaybı oranı hesaplanmıştır. Mahalle bazı yapılan incelemeler farklı bölgelerdeki farklı problemler belirlenmiştir. Aynı zamanda içme suyu şebeke sistemindeki su kaybı oranının indirgenmesi durumunda işletme maliyetinden edilen kar ile şehir merkezinde seçilen bir mahallede yapılacak olan örnek şebeke yenileme projesinin maliyet karşılaştırmaları yapılmıştır. Kullanılan içme suyundaki kayıp oranının düşmesinden dolayı arıtılan su miktarı azalacağından dolayı kullanılan kimyasal madde miktarında da azalma olmuştur. Bundan dolayı yıllık kimyasal madde giderinde ortalama 9.700.000 TL kar elde edilmiştir. Örnek şebeke yenileme projede üzerinden yapmış olduğumuz yaklaşık maliyet ise yaklaşık olarak 5.200.000 TL olarak hesaplanmıştır. Yapılan hesaplamalar sonucundan içme suyundaki kullanımın azalmasından dolayı kazanılan günlük miktar ile örnek projedeki gibi 5800 m’lik bir içme suyu şebek yenileme çalışmasını karşılaştırıldığından 196 günlük kazancın örnek proje maliyetine eşit olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Günlük kazanç yıl bazlı hesaplandığında yıllık ortalama 10.600 m şebeke yenileme maliyetine karşılık geldiği görülmüştür.</p>