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Social sorting in Europe: Self-censorship in a digital asylum: Sortowanie społeczne w Europie. Autocenzura w cyfrowym azylu
Full text linkIn recent decades, global mobility control and digital surveillance measures have increasingly prioritised affective aspects and perception-based policies. However, these practices encounter resistance, particularly in the everyday use of connected migrants. Through qualitative data analysis within the tradition of critical surveillance studies, this paper investigates how marginalised mobile groups – often labelled suspects of terrorism and organised crime – circumvent mobile surveillance and social sorting mechanisms within and beyond Fortress Europe. Rising tech literacy and surveillance awareness among users challenge digital policing, reshaping interactions between suspected newcomers and border control authorities. While existing studies focus on countersurveillance activities, less attention is given to strategic “silences” and social filters used to evade profiling and sorting mechanisms, protecting those who fear the risks of crossing a border. Based on notions of secure connectivity, this research employs a multi-site analysis of refugee polymedia use to examine countersurveillance strategies and digital self-censorship practices in transit countries.In recent decades, global mobility control and digital surveillance measures have increasingly prioritised affective aspects and perception-based policies. However, these practices encounter resistance, particularly in the everyday use of connected migrants. Through qualitative data analysis within the tradition of critical surveillance studies, this paper investigates how marginalised mobile groups – often labelled suspects of terrorism and organised crime – circumvent mobile surveillance and social sorting mechanisms within and beyond Fortress Europe. Rising tech literacy and surveillance awareness among users challenge digital policing, reshaping interactions between suspected newcomers and border control authorities. While existing studies focus on countersurveillance activities, less attention is given to strategic “silences” and social filters used to evade profiling and sorting mechanisms, protecting those who fear the risks of crossing a border. Based on notions of secure connectivity, this research employs a multi-site analysis of refugee polymedia use to examine countersurveillance strategies and digital self-censorship practices in transit countries.
W ostatnich dziesięcioleciach w ramach globalnej kontroli mobilności i nadzoru cyfrowego coraz częściej priorytetowo traktowane są aspekty afektywne i polityka oparta na percepcji. Praktyki te napotykają jednak na opór, zwłaszcza w codziennym korzystaniu z sieci przez migrantów. Przy użyciu jakościowej analizy danych w ramach tradycji krytycznych badań nad inwigilacją, niniejszy artykuł ma na celu zbadanie, w jaki sposób zmarginalizowane grupy mobilne – często określane jako podejrzane o terroryzm i przestępczość zorganizowaną – obchodzą mechanizmy mobilnej inwigilacji i sortowania społecznego w obrębie Twierdzy Europa i poza nią. Rosnąca wiedza technologiczna i świadomość nadzoru wśród użytkowników sieci stanowią wyzwanie dla policji cyfrowej i przekształcają interakcje między podejrzanymi przybyszami a organami kontroli granicznej. Podczas gdy istniejące badania koncentrują się na aktywnościach przeciwdziałających inwigilacji, mniej uwagi poświęca się strategicznemu „milczeniu” i filtrom społecznym wykorzystywanym do unikania mechanizmów profilowania i sortowania, chroniących tych, którzy obawiają się ryzyka związanego z przekraczaniem granicy. W nawiązaniu do koncepcji bezpiecznego połączenia w artykule wykorzystano wielostanowiskową analizę korzystania przez uchodźców z polimediów, aby zbadać strategie przeciwdziałania inwigilacji i praktyki autocenzury cyfrowej w krajach tranzytowych
Life imprisonment without parole: Results of a longitudinal study in Hungary: Kara dożywotniego pozbawienia wolności bez możliwości warunkowego zwolnienia. Wyniki badania longitudalnego na Węgrzech
Full text linkThe main goal of the study was to raise questions concerning life sentences and to demonstrate how it evolves and impacts the criminal, who is cast out from society and incarcerated for decades. The data collection phase of this qualitative longitudinal research spanned ten years, from March 2011 to December 2020. The narrative interviews were analyzed using content analysis. The prison system has the potential to facilitate both personality development and changes in mentality, but it can also hinder them. The legal institution of a life sentence without parole excludes the possibility of making positive changes in the convict’s mindset and does not take into account the chance for the inmates’ personality to develop during their long sentences. The legal institution of a life sentence, due to the exclusion of the possibility of review, could only be considered a rational institution in case of an infallible investigative and judicial system.The main goal of the study was to raise questions concerning life sentences and to demonstrate how it evolves and impacts the criminal, who is cast out from society and incarcerated for decades. The data collection phase of this qualitative longitudinal research spanned ten years, from March 2011 to December 2020. The narrative interviews were analyzed using content analysis. The prison system has the potential to facilitate both personality development and changes in mentality, but it can also hinder them. The legal institution of a life sentence without parole excludes the possibility of making positive changes in the convict’s mindset and does not take into account the chance for the inmates’ personality to develop during their long sentences. The legal institution of a life sentence, due to the exclusion of the possibility of review, could only be considered a rational institution in case of an infallible investigative and judicial system.
Głównym celem badania było postawienie pytań dotyczących kary dożywotniego pozbawienia wolności oraz pokazanie, w jaki sposób ewoluuje ona i wpływa na przestępcę, który zostaje wykluczony ze społeczeństwa i osadzony w więzieniu na dziesięciolecia. Faza gromadzenia danych w ramach tego jakościowego badania longitudalnego trwała dziesięć lat, od marca 2011 r. do grudnia 2020 r. Wywiady narracyjne były analizowane za pomocą analizy treści. System więziennictwa ma potencjał, aby ułatwić zarówno rozwój osobowości, jak i zmiany w mentalności, ale może również je utrudniać. Prawna instytucja kary dożywotniego pozbawienia wolności bez możliwości warunkowego zwolnienia wyklucza możliwość dokonania pozytywnych zmian w sposobie myślenia skazanego i nie bierze pod uwagę szansy na rozwój osobowości osadzonego podczas długich wyroków. Prawna instytucja kary dożywotniego pozbawienia wolności, ze względu na wyłączenie możliwości rewizji, mogłaby być uważana za racjonalną instytucję tylko w przypadku nieomylnego systemu śledczego i sądowego
Kilka refleksji o wpływie unijnego prawa na polskie prawo spółek : [The impact of EU law on Polish company law – reflections]
No full textThe article identifies a number effects from Poland’s accession to the EU in the area of company law. It explains the process of confirming a company’s legitimacy for cross-border transfer of its registered office within the EU (EEA) through treaties, the case law of the Court of Justice of the European Union and, finally, the legislature. It demonstrates that currently the right of a Polish company to transfer only its registered office (and not its management board or principal place of business) to another Member State without losing its legal personality under the Commercial Companies Code, transposing Directive 2019/2121, should not raise doubts. Furthermore, referring to the future directions of company law development, this study highlights the issue of gender balance among members of the governing bodies of listed companies, regulated in Directive 2022/2381. The compromissary nature of the individual legal structures in this directive is demonstrated by the relevant internal legal regulations in force in some Member States.W artykule wskazano wybrane skutki przystąpienia Polski do UE w obszarze prawa spółek. Wyjaśniono proces potwierdzenia legitymacji spółki do transgranicznego przeniesienia siedziby na obszarze UE (EOG) na drodze traktatowej, orzeczniczej Trybunału Sprawiedliwości Unii Europejskiej oraz prawodawczej. Wykazano, że obecnie uprawnienie polskiej spółki do przeniesienia jedynie siedziby jej statutowej (a nie jednocześnie zarządu czy głównego miejsca prowadzenia przez nią działalności gospodarczej) do innego państwa członkowskiego bez utraty podmiotowości prawnej w świetle przepisów kodeksu spółek handlowych stanowiących transpozycję dyrektywy 2019/2121, nie powinien budzi wątpliwość. Ponadto, odnosząc się do przyszłych kierunków rozwoju prawa spółek w niniejszym opracowaniu wskazano na zagadnienie równowagi płci wśród członków organów spółek giełdowych, uregulowane w dyrektywie 2022/2381. Analizując poszczególne konstrukcje prawne zawarte w tej dyrektywie i odwołując się do wewnętrznych regulacji prawnych w tym zakresie obowiązujących w niektórych państwach członkowskich wykazano ich kompromisowy charakter.
[The article identifies a number effects from Poland’s accession to the EU in the area of company law. It explains the process of confirming a company’s legitimacy for cross-border transfer of its registered office within the EU (EEA) through treaties, the case law of the Court of Justice of the European Union and, finally, the legislature. It demonstrates that currently the right of a Polish company to transfer only its registered office (and not its management board or principal place of business) to another Member State without losing its legal personality under the Commercial Companies Code, transposing Directive 2019/2121, should not raise doubts. Furthermore, referring to the future directions of company law development, this study highlights the issue of gender balance among members of the governing bodies of listed companies, regulated in Directive 2022/2381. The compromissary nature of the individual legal structures in this directive is demonstrated by the relevant internal legal regulations in force in some Member States.
The Public Establishment as an Example of an Institution of Administrative Law in Constant Evolution
No full textThe functioning of public establishments has been a topic of significant interest in administrative law doctrine for several decades. This institution of administrative law is typical of continental systems and is rooted in both Western traditions (such as French and German law) and the legal systems of former communist countries. This study presents the basic issues related to public establishments, including a historical and comparative legal outline and their characteristics. Particular attention will be paid to the contemporary understanding of the concepts of establishment relationship and establishment authority. Additionally, the basic research dilemmas in this area will be examined from the perspective of the 2020s. The article concludes with a summary
How to Respond to UN Governance Hailures? Lessons from Europe’s Economic and Environmental Constitutionalism
No full textHow should citizens respond to UN governance failures with respect to preventing climate change, wars of aggression, global health pandemics, and violations of human rights like access to food and public health protection? Europe’s multilevel constitutionalism has enabled the European Union (EU) to exercise a leadership role for realizing the universally agreed “sustainable development goals” (SDGs), including in the external relations of the EU. But democratic constitutionalism – as a political and legal strategy for protecting rights of citizens and supporting rules-based, democratic governance – remains contested by governments prioritizing authoritarian and neo-liberal policies. As an analytical research method, constitutionalism explains “market failures”, “governance failures” and “constitutional failures” – as well as related remedies – more convincingly than alternative methods like “realism” and “welfare economics”. The more power politics impedes UN and WTO reforms, the more necessary become second-best plurilateral governance reforms which make membership conditional on promoting human rights and rules-based, multilevel private-public partnerships for realizing the SDGs. Europe’s economic and “environmental constitutionalism” illustrates how constitutionalism can also facilitate sustainable development reforms in the UN, WTO and the plurilateral governance of global public goods, like climate change mitigation and transnational rule-of-law
Crime of Aggression against Ukraine: Legality and Legitimacy of Domestic Prosecutions in Third States
No full textThe crime of aggression is an international crime that for various legal, political and practical reasons can be difficult to successfully and legitimately prosecute at the domestic level against nationals of aggressor or third states. This article considers the legality and legitimacy of domestic prosecutions initiated by third states regarding the crime of aggression against Ukraine and the role that the newly established International Centre for the Prosecution of the Crime of Aggression could have in increasing the legitimacy not only of domestic prosecutions by third states, but of the future Special Tribunal as well
International Centre for the Prosecution of Russia’s Crime of Aggression against Ukraine and the Role of New Technologies and Justice Hubs in the Fight against Impunity
No full textThe accountability response to Russia’s 2022 full-scale invasion of Ukraine attests to the growing importance of regional accountability frameworks in the fight against impunity. Many Member States of the European Union have taken active steps towards accountability for core international crimes committed by Russia in Ukraine by initiating domestic criminal investigations. The creation of centralised justice hubs, such as the International Centre for the Prosecution of Russia’s Crime of Aggression Against Ukraine, can bridge the knowledge gap between different accountability actors involved in international investigations, and additionally contribute towards developing best practices and the universalisation of investigative standards. In this context, new technology infrastructure and expertise play the role of an accelerant, actively contributing to the coordinated fight against impunity and fostering information exchange and collaboration on an increasingly global scale
Grega Pajnkihar, State Succession to Responsibility for Internationally Wrongful Acts, Brill-Nijhoff, Boston-Leiden: 2023, pp. xii + 38
No full textThe European Commission and the Establishment of the European Neighbourhood Policy: A Case-Study for Institutionalist Analysis?
No full textDespite the mushrooming literature on the European Neighbourhood Policy (ENP) and its numerous problems, little attention has been given to the analysis of its origins. Upon examining the scholarship, two contending explanations emerge regarding the policy’s formulation stage. While one perspective maintains that the policy was influenced by the European Commission’s past experience, the other highlights how the policy was affected by the European Commission’s desire to expand its powers vis-à-vis other European Union (EU) actors. Against this backdrop, this paper first seeks to frame both perspectives in theoretical terms. Then, through process-tracing analysis and elite interviews, it aims to determine which theoretical model not only better explains the structure of the Neighbourhood Policy, but also evaluates the nature of the interaction between European Union Member States and the European Commission throughout the policy’s formulation stage. In doing so, the paper seeks to expand our knowledge of the ENP’s genesis, as well as highlight the efficacy of institutionalist analysis of the European Neighbourhood Policy
Polish Practice on Promulgation of International Agreements between Poland and the USSR, 1944–1960
No full textThis article raises the issue of the proper publication of international treaties and their presence in the Polish legal system. The authors analyze this issue based on research conducted on Polish-Russian treaties from 1944–1960. Their research has shown that, during this period, only 11% of treaties were properly published. The research – conducted on a very limited subject: only bilateral agreements between Poland and the USSR – leads to the pessimistic conclusion that in Poland it is customary practice to refrain from publishing an international agreement in the Journal of Laws and that citizens do not have at their disposal a single official or unofficial source to reconstruct Poland’s current obligations, which may indeed directly concern them. Also this finding raises important questions about the accessibility and enforceability of international treaties in the Polish legal system. At the international level, the consequences of failing to publish an act and to ensure official promulgation can be much more serious. In the absence of information about published agreements, it is not possible to sufficiently and completely determine the obligations between states nor to reconstruct the relations binding them. It is also impossible to clearly determine which international agreements are still in force between countries, which are invalid and which have expired