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Wybrane publikacje kryminologiczne i z zakresu nauk penalnych opublikowane w 2024 r.: Selected criminology and penal science publications published in 2024
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Peter Hilpold, Richard Senti, WTO: System und Funktionsweise der Welthandelsordnung, 3rd ed., Nomos-Schulthess-Facultas, Baden Baden, Zürich, Wien: 2025, pp. 533
No full textA lone voice in the wilderness? Persistent problems with victim support in Czechia: Samotny głos wołającego na pustyni? Utrzymujące się problemy w zakresie wspierania pokrzywdzonych w Czechach
Full text linkThis article examines the challenges in implementing victim support in Czechia and highlights discrepancies between legislative frameworks and practical applications. The study employs a mixed-methods approach, including a focus group conducted in 2017 with experts in victim support and an expert survey in 2022. While the 2013 adoption of the Act on Victims of Crime led to notable improvements in victims’ rights and services, persistent problems include ineffective information delivery, regional disparities in service provision and a lack of inter-agency coordination. The article concludes that while legislative reforms have laid a solid foundation, systemic changes and practical implementation are essential to ensuring effective victim support and mitigating secondary victimisation.This article examines the challenges in implementing victim support in Czechia and highlights discrepancies between legislative frameworks and practical applications. The study employs a mixed-methods approach, including a focus group conducted in 2017 with experts in victim support and an expert survey in 2022. While the 2013 adoption of the Act on Victims of Crime led to notable improvements in victims’ rights and services, persistent problems include ineffective information delivery, regional disparities in service provision and a lack of inter-agency coordination. The article concludes that while legislative reforms have laid a solid foundation, systemic changes and practical implementation are essential to ensuring effective victim support and mitigating secondary victimisation.
Niniejszy artykuł analizuje wyzwania związane z wdrażaniem wsparcia dla ofiar w Republice Czeskiej, podkreślając rozbieżności między ramami prawnymi a praktycznymi zastosowaniami. W badaniu wykorzystano podejście oparte na metodach mieszanych, w tym grupę fokusową z ekspertami w zakresie wsparcia ofiar przeprowadzoną w 2017 roku oraz ankietę ekspercką zrealizowaną w 2022 roku. Podczas gdy przyjęcie ustawy o ofiarach przestępstw w 2013 roku doprowadziło do znacznego wzmocnienia praw i usług dla ofiar, utrzymujące się problemy obejmują nieskuteczne dostarczanie informacji, regionalne różnice w świadczeniu usług oraz brak koordynacji między instytucjami. W artykule stwierdza się, że chociaż reformy legislacyjne położyły solidne fundamenty, zmiany systemowe i praktyczne wdrożenie są niezbędne do zapewnienia skutecznego wsparcia dla ofiar i złagodzenia wtórnej wiktymizacji
Transformation of the General Administrative Procedure Model Under the Influence of the Pragmatisation, Automation, and Europeanisation of Administrative Jurisdiction
No full textThe model of the general administrative procedure in Poland is governed by the Code of Administrative Procedure of 14 June 1960. This act has undergone numerous amendments aimed at adapting the administrative procedure to the requirements of a democratic state governed by law and providing appropriate procedural guarantees to individuals. Despite the phenomena of decodification and atomisation of the administrative procedure resulting from specific regulations, the code model of administrative procedure remains the fundamental formal and procedural framework for the jurisdictional activities of administrative bodies. Contemporary trends in modernisation are characterised by several development directions, including: pragmatisation, which involves the de-formalisation of activities towards third-generation procedures; automation, which relies on electronic data processing systems; and Europeanisation, encompassing the development of procedures integrated with European Union law. These trends lead to new institutions and legal regulations being introduced into the model of the general administrative procedure, such as simplified procedures, the tacit settlement of cases, electronic deliveries, the handling of cases using automatically generated documents and European administrative cooperation. With this in mind, the study focuses on the analysis and assessment of the impact of pragmatisation, automation and Europeanisation on code regulations governing administrative jurisdiction. It aims to formulate conclusions regarding the appropriateness of current amendments and propose recommendations for future changes
Remonstration as a Means of Simplifying Administrative Procedure in Selected Jurisdictions
No full textRemonstration has long been present in Polish legislation and the practice of law application. It also has a long tradition in other countries, especially the legal systems of the German-speaking area. The genesis of this institution indicates that it was an imperfect (legal) measure, since its consideration depended solely on the goodwill of the ruler or the authority authorized by him. Remonstrance generally “goes hand in hand” with the institution of self-verification, being part of the various forms of self-verification, in many legal systems. Undoubtedly, it is part of the system of self-control, since it allows for the verification of a previously made decision by the same administrative body that made it.
Simplification of administrative procedures is a very attractive slogan. For many years, the legal systems of various countries have been looking for legal solutions and systemic solutions to reduce bureaucracy in administration. Simplification of procedures in administration is aimed at reducing excessive and unnecessary formalities in the area of public administration functioning. Achieving this goal is possible in various ways. One of them is the introduction of appropriate legal measures into the system of administrative procedures. An example of these is the institution of “administrative silence”/“tacit settlement of a case by an administrative body”. Remonstration is another example of a legal measure through which a final resolution of a case can be obtained quickly and without unnecessary costs. The legal remedy of remonstration is perfectly in line with the current administrative policy of many countries, striving – on the basis of individual normative solutions – to ensure that each case is resolved quickly, efficiently, effectively and with the least possible involvement of public funds. And it is indisputable that the fastest way to eliminate defects in administrative decisions is to correct them by the same body that issued the decision. Mobilizing the resources at the disposal of a higher level authority, or an administrative court, requires the involvement of greater forces and resources. In contrast, the activation of the internal verification procedure, as a rule, makes it possible to speed up the settlement of the case and avoid many of the inconveniences, including costs, resulting from continuing the appeal procedure. An important advantage of self-monitoring is that it leads to faster handling of the case, and therefore serves to implement the principle of speed of proceedings, as well as promotes the efficiency of proceedings before public administration bodies. Undoubtedly, the use of remonstration also promotes the efficiency of administrative proceedings, since the inclusion of remonstration makes it possible to quickly and efficiently remove the indicated deficiency. This, in turn, reduces the cost of the proceedings, since obtaining a decision by the interested party in this way – which takes into account the applicant\u27s request – makes it most often unnecessary to continue the proceedings through an appeal or administrative court
Reflections on What Modern Administrative Law has Lost from Professor Stanisław Kasznica’s Views on Public Service
No full textThe interwar period marked the golden age of Polish administrative law, during which many of its key institutions were established or developed. One such institution was the model of public service, which – rooted in public law principles – comprehensively and logically shaped administrative law. Among the foremost figures shaping administrative law during that time was Professor Stanisław Kasznica. This article juxtaposes his thoughts and proposals with the current state of this field of Polish law, providing an assessment of the present condition of Polish administrative law
The Polish Investigation into Core Crimes Committed in Ukraine: Practical Aspects of the Functioning of the JIT
No full textThis article explains the legal basis and reasons for establishing a Joint Investigation Team by the Polish Prosecutor’s Office, investigating crimes committed as a result of the Russian aggression against Ukraine. It analyses the reasons why this investigation is so highly demanding and describes how it requires an unconventional approach to work from investigators, as well as enormous coordination efforts and support from the EU organs. Other states are involved in the JIT on an unprecedented scale, as well as the OTP ICC, and unconventional support has been offered by the EU organs, especially in the area of digitalisation of the exchange of evidence. The article highlights the state and picture of investigations conducted into crimes committed in Ukraine, both in domestic jurisdictions and before the ICC, as well as possibly before an international or internationalised tribunal established to adjudicate the crime of aggression. It explains how the Polish investigation – conducted within the framework of a JIT – has become an important element of ‘strategic litigation networks’ for serious international crimes
Prepare me softly - European integration in the energy sector : [Od miękkiego do twardego prawa. Europejska integracja w sektorze energetycznym]
No full textThe article applies theoretical insights on the role of soft law in the EU legal system to the evolution of the Union’s energy policy. The relationship between soft law and hard law remains a topic of scholarly debate, particularly in efforts to establish its precise role within the EU legal system. We identify and examine the key characteristics of soft law in the EU’s energy policy. By juxtaposing the qualities of soft law with the evolution of the EU’s energy sector, the article determines which features of soft law are particularly relevant to this domain. It highlights key aspects of the interplay between soft law and hard law, demonstrating how the former can serve as a precursor to the adoption of binding legislation.The article applies theoretical insights on the role of soft law in the EU legal system to the evolution of the Union’s energy policy. The relationship between soft law and hard law remains a topic of scholarly debate, particularly in efforts to establish its precise role within the EU legal system. We identify and examine the key characteristics of soft law in the EU’s energy policy. By juxtaposing the qualities of soft law with the evolution of the EU’s energy sector, the article determines which features of soft law are particularly relevant to this domain. It highlights key aspects of the interplay between soft law and hard law, demonstrating how the former can serve as a precursor to the adoption of binding legislation.
[Niniejszy artykuł ma na celu zastosowanie teoretycznych rozważań na temat roli prawa miękkiego w systemie prawnym UE do ewolucji unijnej polityki energetycznej. Relacja między prawem miękkim a wiążącymi przepisami prawnymi pozostaje tematem debaty naukowej, w szczególności w celu ustalenia roli prawa miękkiego w porządku prawnym UE. W artykule zidentyfikowano kluczowe cechy prawa miękkiego w polityce energetycznej UE. Poprzez zestawienie cech prawa miękkiego z ewolucją polityki energetycznej UE, artykuł ma na celu określenie, które cechy prawa miękkiego są szczególnie istotne dla tego sektora. Podkreślono w nim kluczowe aspekty relacji między miękkim i “twardym” prawem, wskazując, w jaki sposób pierwsze z nich może służyć jako podstawa do późniejszego przyjęcia wiążących przepisów prawnych.
Seksualne drapieżniczki. Sprawczynie przestępstw seksualnych: Sexual predators: Female sex offenders
Full text linkThe aim of this article is to characterize the sexual behavior of women committing sex crimes and to determine the possible similarities and differences in the criminal activity of female perpetrators of such crimes. The study is theoretical in nature and is based on the literature review method. The research findings made it possible to conclude that the criminal activity of women in terms of sex offenses does not differ significantly from similar behavior by men. Women engage in the most brutal sex crimes, including rape and sexual murder, both alone and with other people of both sexes. Very often, they also initiate these acts, which contradicts the belief that they are passive participants. The victims include both family members and those outside the family circle, although in the case of the perpetrator–victim relationship, women are more likely to harm people they know and with whom they have had some relationship. Women use violence no less than men. Even if they themselves do not directly contribute to extreme injuries or even the death of the victim, they do not discourage their accomplices from such behavior and, on the contrary, repeatedly encourage them to commit cruel acts.Celem niniejszego artykułu jest charakterystyka czynów oraz poznanie właściwości zachowań seksualnych kobiet dokonujących przestępstw seksualnych oraz ustalenie ewentualnych różnic i podobieństw w aktywności przestępczej sprawczyń i sprawców tej kategorii czynów. Opracowanie ma charakter teoretyczny i opiera się na metodzie przeglądu literatury. Poczynione ustalenia badawcze pozwoliły stwierdzić, że aktywność przestępcza kobiet w zakresie popełnianych przestępstw seksualnych nie odbiega zasadniczo od zachowań tej kategorii podejmowanych przez mężczyzn. Kobiety angażują się w dokonanie najbardziej brutalnych przestępstw seksualnych nie wyłączając zgwałceń i zabójstw seksualnych, dopuszczając się wspomnianych czynów samodzielnie, jak i przy współudziale innych osób obojga płci. Bardzo często są także inicjatorkami tych czynów, co przeczy przekonaniu o ich biernym współuczestnictwie. Ofiarami są osoby z kręgu rodzinnego i osoby spoza niego, choć w przypadku relacji sprawczyni–ofiara widoczna jest skłonność kobiet do częstszego krzywdzenia osób, które są im znane i z którymi łączyły je jakieś wcześniejsze relacje. Kobiety nie ustępują mężczyznom pod względem stosowanej przemocy i nawet jeśli same nie przyczyniły się bezpośrednio do spowodowania ekstremalnych obrażeń lub nawet śmierci ofiary, nie odwodziły współdziałających osób od takich zachowań, a wręcz przeciwnie: wielokrotnie inspirowały do okrutnych czynów.
The aim of this article is to characterize the sexual behavior of women committing sex crimes and to determine the possible similarities and differences in the criminal activity of female perpetrators of such crimes. The study is theoretical in nature and is based on the literature review method. The research findings made it possible to conclude that the criminal activity of women in terms of sex offenses does not differ significantly from similar behavior by men. Women engage in the most brutal sex crimes, including rape and sexual murder, both alone and with other people of both sexes. Very often, they also initiate these acts, which contradicts the belief that they are passive participants. The victims include both family members and those outside the family circle, although in the case of the perpetrator–victim relationship, women are more likely to harm people they know and with whom they have had some relationship. Women use violence no less than men. Even if they themselves do not directly contribute to extreme injuries or even the death of the victim, they do not discourage their accomplices from such behavior and, on the contrary, repeatedly encourage them to commit cruel acts