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Why study the imprisoned middle class? Po co badać więźniów z klasy średniej?
Full text linkThis essay asks how consideration of middle-class prisoners can elucidate assumptions and blind spots of mainstream prison research. Prisoner experience has recently been studied at the intersection of gender, race, religion, citizenship and other categories. Nevertheless, nothing similar has been done with regard to socioeconomic status. Once an individual has crossed the threshold of a prison, his or her class is no longer of interest to a criminologist. As a result, it has been taken for granted that a prisoner is proletarian, and little attention has been paid to those who transition into the carceral world from a background of privilege. However, middle-class prisoners do exist, and considering their experiences can further our understanding of prison. For instance, the middle class’s adaptation to carceral settings could inform the perennial deprivation/importation debate or challenge the dominant notions of rehabilitation. The essay concludes with a case for broadening the research agenda.This essay asks how consideration of middle-class prisoners can elucidate assumptions and blind spots of mainstream prison research. Prisoner experience has recently been studied at the intersection of gender, race, religion, citizenship and other categories. Nevertheless, nothing similar has been done with regard to socioeconomic status. Once an individual has crossed the threshold of a prison, his or her class is no longer of interest to a criminologist. As a result, it has been taken for granted that a prisoner is proletarian, and little attention has been paid to those who transition into the carceral world from a background of privilege. However, middle-class prisoners do exist, and considering their experiences can further our understanding of prison. For instance, the middle class’s adaptation to carceral settings could inform the perennial deprivation/importation debate or challenge the dominant notions of rehabilitation. The essay concludes with a case for broadening the research agenda.
Ten esej jest próbą odpowiedzi na pytanie, jak badania nad więźniami z klasy średniej mogą przyczynić się do lepszego zrozumienia doświadczeń więziennych jako takich. Studia penitencjarne w ostatnich latach wielokrotnie skupiały się na przedstawicielach różnorakich grup społecznych, etnicznych i religijnych, ale podobnych badań nie przeprowadzono, jeśli chodzi o różnice klasowe pomiędzy więźniami. Dlatego też nasza wiedza koncentruje się wokół więźniów o niskim statusie społeczno-ekonomicznym i bardzo niewiele wiadomo o doświadczeniach tych, którzy do zakładów karnych trafiają z innych środowisk społecznych. Mamy jednak do czynienia z więźniami z klasy średniej i badając ich sytuację, możemy lepiej zrozumieć, jak działa więzienie. W szczególności warto zadać pytanie, czy normy i wartości charakterystyczne dla tej klasy sprawdzają się w warunkach penitencjarnych, a także – jak należałoby rozumieć resocjalizację tej nietypowej grupy więźniów
Scientific Contributions and Legacy of Prof. Stanisław Kasznica in the Memories of Prof. Józef Filipek and Prof. Janusz Homplewicz
No full textThe article presents unknown or little-known aspects of the life of prof. Stanisław Kasznica and his family. In particular, Krakow threads were presented, including the memories of prof. Józef Filipek and prof. Janusz Hoplewicz
Tort Liability of Public Authorities in Light of the Legal Doctrine of Stanislaw Kasznica\u27s Era and Contemporary Doctrine: The Remarks of a Civil Law Specialist
No full textThe author of the text notes that the development of administrative law and its science at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries was related to the development of the law on tort liability of public authorities. This is most evident in the example of French law. It is one of the few cases where the science of administrative law and administrative court judgments contributed to the development of civil law and its science. It is about the issues of tort liability of legal persons characterized by an extensive organizational structure. Therefore, it makes sense to analyze the issue of tort liability of public authorities in connection with the analysis of the scientific achievements of Stanisław Kasznica, an outstanding Polish specialist in administrative law. The author claims that the publications of Stanisław Kasznica, especially his textbook Polish Administrative Law, first edition 1943). influenced the development of both Polish administrative law and the law on tort liability of public authorities. In particular, i.a. under the influence of this author’s position, the opinion that the tort liability of public authorities is of a civil law and not administrative law nature has become established in Poland. The author of the text tries to show that the issue of tort liability of public authorities generates legal problems in every epoch. The problems that exist today differ from those that existed in the times of Stanisław Kasznica. Concluding his arguments, the author puts forward the thesis that the issue of tort liability of public authorities tends to elude the standards of classical civil law. Therefore, these issues should be dealt with by both civil and administrative law specialists
Water Service as a Means of Ensuring a Public Good and the River Basin Management Plan in the Context of Procedures for General and Specific Acts: EU Institutions Against the Background of Professor Kasznica’s Work
No full textThe subject of the article is the institutions of European law as defined by the Water Framework Directive. They are mentioned in the title of the article. It is important that both of these institutions are described and analysed in the context of Professor Kasznica\u27s scientific output concerning the manner of ensuring the use of a public thing (here, the water service) and in the context of the procedures of applying general and specific acts (here, the river basin management plan). It is shown that the scientific theses of the professor remain valid also in the context of the regulations of European administrative law
Gradability of Public Law Interference with Property Rights: Valdity of Stanisław Kasznica’s Considerations on the Subject
No full textThe study demonstrates the actuality of the theses put forward by Stanisław Kasznica in the interwar period as regards the types of public law interference with the right to property. It is possible to make such an assessment, since immediately after Poland regained its independence the rule of law and the protection of private property were inscribed in its political foundations. Because Kasznica was aware of the fact that private property would be increasingly used in the public service, he made a graded classification of this interference on the basis of the regulations in force at the time. It turns out that his classification is also applicable in the Polish legal order in force
Putin’s Russia before the International Court of Justice
No full textIn the past 15 years, Georgia and Ukraine have both brought cases against Russia before the International Court of Justice (ICJ). Georgia’s 2008 application addressed the separatist movements in South Ossetia and Abkhazia. Ukraine’s 2017 case (Ukraine v. Russian Federation I) accuses Russia of discriminating against Crimean Tatars, supporting terrorism in Eastern Ukraine and downing Malaysia Airlines flight MH-17. The 2022 case (Allegations of Genocide) claims that Russia’s war against Ukraine violates the Genocide Convention. This article examines Russia’s role in these disputes, comparing outcomes in Georgia v. Russian Federation and Ukraine v. Russian Federation I, both alleging breaches of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination. Only the latter reached the merits phase. The article also analyses the controversial judgment on preliminary objections in Allegations of Genocide. It argues that the ICJ’s consensual jurisdiction limits its effectiveness, restricting its ability to rule on Russia’s actions against Ukraine. Additionally, it assesses Russia’s strategies in these proceedings, focussing on the “rhetorical adaptation” of international norms
There and Back Again? Russia’s Quest for Regulating War in Cyberspace
No full textThe divergence between Russia and Western States on the question whether international humanitarian law (IHL) applies to cyber space is still omnipresent in the debates at the UN Open-ended Working Group. Russia has several times submitted a draft or a concept for a binding legal instrument; however, they have not included considerable suggestions on IHL. Furthermore, Russia is actively using cyber means in an aggressive war against Ukraine, which makes its calls sound hollow. How then can one explain Russia’s quest for a treaty for cyberspace, especially regarding IHL? This article aims to shed some light on this question in the broader context of Russian approaches to international law-making and its historic role in developing IHL rules
The Inadmissibility of Jurisdictional Immunity of Persons Responsible for the Commission of International Crimes in Terms of Domestic Universal Jurisdiction Proceedings
No full textThis article addresses the complex issue of immunity for State officials from foreign criminal jurisdiction, with a focus on the ILC’s role in codifying and ensuring the compatibility of international legal acts. It underscores the calls for exceptions to functional immunity, particularly concerning ius cogens norms, and it highlights how the current framework often impedes accountability for international crimes. However, the ILC’s limitation of Art. 7 to immunity ratione materiae, excluding jurisdictional immunities, presents a legislative gap that hampers prosecution under universal jurisdiction. This underscores the need for international codification and progressive development to reconcile immunity doctrines with the imperative of accountability for serious international crimes. The article highlights the lack of a clear international position due to: (1) the absence of uniform definitions for immunity ratione personae, ratione materiae and jurisdictional immunity, (2) the identification of various exceptions limiting the invocation of immunities in domestic and third-State courts and (3) the inconsistent interpretation of immunity exclusions for ius cogens violations. It argues for harmonising legal norms at the international level to adequately initiate and conduct criminal proceedings by specifying the circumstances that exclude jurisdictional, ratione materiae and ratione personae immunities, thus re-establishing criminal accountability for international crimes
Polskie doświadczenia z okresu negocjacji akcesyjnych w dziedzinie instytucjonalnej i ich znaczenie dla państw obecnie aspirujących do członkostwa w UE: [Polish experiences during the accession negotiations in the institutional field and their importance for countries currently aspiring to EU membership]
No full textThe article concerns the experiences of the period of "large" enlargement of the EU, which also included Poland, referring to the inclusion of the then 12 candidate countries into the EC/EU institutional system. At the same time, the scope of the analysis has been limited to those experiences that have remained relevant and may now be interesting for accession negotiations with a group of countries aspiring to membership. Such experiences include: the principle of active participation in the debate on the EU\u27s institutional reforms, the "demographic" rule, the principle of egalitarian rotation, the principle of favouring the new Member State, the principle of flexibility and maintaining balance between small, medium-sized and large Member States, and the rule of law, i.e. the requirement of strict compliance with the first Copenhagen criterion.Artykuł dotyczy doświadczeń z okresu „dużego” rozszerzenia UE, które objęło również Polskę, odnoszących się do włączenia ówczesnych 12 państw kandydujących do systemu instytucjonalnego WE/UE. Ograniczono przy tym zakres analizy do tych doświadczeniach, które zachowały aktualność i mogą mieć znaczenie obecnie dla negocjacji akcesyjnych z grupą państw aspirujących do członkostwa. Do takich doświadczeń zaliczono: regułę aktywnej partycypacji w debacie nad reformami instytucjonalnymi UE, regułę „demograficzną”, regułę egalitarnej rotacji, regułę uprzywilejowania nowego państwa członkowskiego, regułę elastyczności i zachowania równowagi między małymi, średnimi i dużymi państwami członkowskimi oraz regułę praworządności, czyli wymóg ścisłego spełnienia pierwszego kryterium kopenhaskiego.
[The article concerns the experiences of the period of “large” enlargement of the EU, which also included Poland, referring to the inclusion of the then 12 candidate countries into the EC/EU institutional system. At the same time, the scope of the analysis has been limited to those experiences that have remained relevant and may now be interesting for accession negotiations with a group of countries aspiring to membership. Such experiences include: the principle of active participation in the debate on the EU’s institutional reforms, the “demographic” rule, the principle of egalitarian rotation, the principle of favouring the new Member State, the principle of flexibility and maintaining balance between small, medium-sized and large Member States, and the rule of law, i.e. the requirement of strict compliance with the first Copenhagen criterion.
Prawo patentowe a nowe technologie – w dwudziestoleciu polskiego członkostwa w UE. Czy coś się zmienia? Czy coś zmienić się powinno? [Patent law and new technologies – in the twenty years of Polish membership in the EU: Is anything changing? Should anything change?]
No full textThe focus of this article is on the impact of technological progress – particularly the emergence of technologies that unlock new areas and forms of activity for people – on the model of patent protection, its rules and principles. These latest developments and the controversy surrounding them are presented in the context of two rival concepts and the assumptions arising from them as to the role and functions of patent protection in the legal and social system. According to one, patent protection is an instrument for carrying out objectives dictated by the public interest; according to the other, patent protection is an end in itself, and its results align with the public interest. An analysis of patent law documents, decisions of patent authorities, case law and the work of scholars justifies the conclusion that these two – significantly different – concepts are reflected therein. Such a situation not only hinders the application of existing law to known types of technology, especially invoking purposive and functional interpretations of the law, but also makes it impossible to prepare patent law for the emergence of future technologies in as yet unknown areas. It therefore seems highly desirable to rethink the role of patent protection and then review the existing model in terms of its compatibility with findings on the purpose of this protection and its function now and in the future.Artykuł poświęcony jest wpływowi, jaki wywiera postęp techniczny, a zwłaszcza pojawianie się takich technologii, które otwierają przed ludźmi nowe obszary i formy aktywności, na model ochrony patentowej, jego reguły i zasady. Zarówno te zmiany, jak i towarzyszące im kontrowersje, przedstawiono w świetle dwóch konkurujących ze sobą koncepcji i wynikających z nich założeń co do roli i funkcji ochrony patentowej w systemie prawnym i społecznym. W myśl jednej z nich ochrona patentowa jest instrumentem służącym realizacji celów dyktowanych interesem publicznym; w myśl drugiej – ochrona patentowa jest celem, a jego osiągnięcie wywołuje skutki zgodne z interesem publicznym. Analiza aktów prawa patentowego, decyzji organów patentowych, orzecznictwa, a także wypowiedzi przedstawicieli doktryny uzasadnia wniosek, iż znajdują w nich odzwierciedlenie obie te - istotnie różniące się – koncepcje. Stan taki utrudnia nie tylko stosowanie obowiązującego prawa w odniesieniu do znanych już rodzajów technologii, ograniczając możliwość i efektywność powoływania się na celowościową i funkcjonalną wykładnię przepisów, ale także czyni niemożliwym przygotowanie prawa patentowego na pojawienie się technologii z nieznanych nam jeszcze obszarów. Dlatego wysoce pożądane wydaje się ponowne przemyślenie roli ochrony patentowej, a następnie weryfikacja istniejącego modelu przez pryzmat jego zgodności z ustaleniami co do celu tej ochrony i jej funkcji.
[The focus of this article is on the impact of technological progress – particularly the emergence of technologies that unlock new areas and forms of activity for people – on the model of patent protection, its rules and principles. These latest developments and the controversy surrounding them are presented in the context of two rival concepts and the assumptions arising from them as to the role and functions of patent protection in the legal and social system. According to one, patent protection is an instrument for carrying out objectives dictated by the public interest; according to the other, patent protection is an end in itself, and its results align with the public interest. An analysis of patent law documents, decisions of patent authorities, case law and the work of scholars justifies the conclusion that these two – significantly different – concepts are reflected therein. Such a situation not only hinders the application of existing law to known types of technology, especially invoking purposive and functional interpretations of the law, but also makes it impossible to prepare patent law for the emergence of future technologies in as yet unknown areas. It therefore seems highly desirable to rethink the role of patent protection and then review the existing model in terms of its compatibility with findings on the purpose of this protection and its function now and in the future.