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Behind the desk: Examining the decision-making and legitimation practices of immigration officials in return procedures in Belgium: Za biurkiem. Badanie praktyk podejmowania decyzji i ich uzasadniania przez urzędników imigracyjnych w procedurach powrotowych w Belgii
Full text linkScholars have highlighted the crucial role that immigration officials play as “street-level bureaucrats” in the implementation of restrictive immigration policies. This study describes the working and decision-making practices of immigration officials in return procedures in Belgium, based on observations, expert interviews, and an analysis of case law. We demonstrate that their work primarily involves desk work and writing justifications in their decisions. Their decision-making is characterized by a heavy sense of pragmatism and standardization, primarily focusing on “what holds up in administrative court.” In return procedures, Belgian immigration officials therefore experience little need for legitimation work: from their perspective, legitimation primarily entails meeting administrative burdens of proof. Our analysis indicates that this distanced administrative system disadvantages the affected migrants, especially considering that the appellate body evaluates procedural aspects of the decision-making rather than conducting in-depth case (re-)evaluations.Scholars have highlighted the crucial role that immigration officials play as “street-level bureaucrats” in the implementation of restrictive immigration policies. This study describes the working and decision-making practices of immigration officials in return procedures in Belgium, based on observations, expert interviews, and an analysis of case law. We demonstrate that their work primarily involves desk work and writing justifications in their decisions. Their decision-making is characterized by a heavy sense of pragmatism and standardization, primarily focusing on “what holds up in administrative court.” In return procedures, Belgian immigration officials therefore experience little need for legitimation work: from their perspective, legitimation primarily entails meeting administrative burdens of proof. Our analysis indicates that this distanced administrative system disadvantages the affected migrants, especially considering that the appellate body evaluates procedural aspects of the decision-making rather than conducting in-depth case (re-)evaluations.
Uczeni podkreślają kluczową rolę odgrywaną przez urzędników imigracyjnych jako „biurokratów pierwszego kontaktu” we wdrażaniu restrykcyjnej polityki imigracyjnej. W niniejszym artykule, na podstawie obserwacji, wywiadów z ekspertami i analizy orzecznictwa, opisaliśmy pracę urzędników imigracyjnych w procedurach powrotowych w Belgii i ich praktyki podejmowania decyzji. Pokazujemy, że praca urzędników polega przede wszystkim na pracy przy biurku i pisaniu uzasadnień decyzji. Proces decyzyjny charakteryzuje się w dużym stopniu nastawieniem na pragmatyzm i standaryzację oraz koncentruje się przede wszystkim na tym, „co utrzyma się w sądzie administracyjnym”. W związku z tym w procedurach powrotowych belgijscy urzędnicy imigracyjni nie skupiają się na uzasadnianiu: z ich punktu widzenia uzasadnienie polega głównie na spełnieniu administracyjnych wymogów dowodowych. Z przeprowadzonej przez nas analizy wynika, że ten zdystansowany system administracyjny jest niekorzystny dla migrantów, których dotyczą te decyzje, zwłaszcza w świetle faktu, że organ odwoławczy ocenia proceduralne aspekty procesu decyzyjnego i nie przeprowadza pogłębionej (ponownej) oceny sprawy
Facilitator or victim? On punishment for facilitating illegal border crossings during the Polish–Belarusian humanitarian border crisis: Pomocnik czy ofiara? O karaniu za ułatwianie nielegalnego przekraczania granicy podczas polsko-białoruskiego humanitarnego kryzysu granicznego
Full text linkPunishing perpetrators for facilitating illegal border crossings or illegal stays is one of the priorities of the European Union’s migration policy. The author decided to take a look at the practice of such criminal proceedings before Podlasie courts (a region bordering Belarus). In this case, does it truly involve organising an illegal procedure – especially when it comes to family members or co-workers? The purpose of this article, therefore, is to examine the criminal case files of those convicted of organising illegal border crossings – individuals whose behaviour consisted solely of picking up migrants who were already in Poland. Law enforcement authorities charged such people, mainly foreigners, with aiding and abetting the organisation of illegal border crossing. The author addresses the question of whether such behaviour fulfils the elements of the crime specified in Article 264 (3) of the Criminal Code, and what scope of freedom the actors have when deciding on the charges and convictions.Punishing perpetrators for facilitating illegal border crossings or illegal stays is one of the priorities of the European Union’s migration policy. The author decided to take a look at the practice of such criminal proceedings before Podlasie courts (a region bordering Belarus). In this case, does it truly involve organising an illegal procedure – especially when it comes to family members or co-workers? The purpose of this article, therefore, is to examine the criminal case files of those convicted of organising illegal border crossings – individuals whose behaviour consisted solely of picking up migrants who were already in Poland. Law enforcement authorities charged such people, mainly foreigners, with aiding and abetting the organisation of illegal border crossing. The author addresses the question of whether such behaviour fulfils the elements of the crime specified in Article 264 (3) of the Criminal Code, and what scope of freedom the actors have when deciding on the charges and convictions.
Karanie za ułatwianie nielegalnego przekraczania granicy lub nielegalnego pobytu jest jednym z priorytetów polityki migracyjnej Unii Europejskiej. Autorka postanowiła przyjrzeć się praktyce prowadzenia postępowań karnych przed podlaskimi sądami (region graniczący z Białorusią) przeciwko organizatorom nielegalnego przekroczenia granicy. Czy w tym przypadku rzeczywiście mamy do czynienia z organizowaniem nielegalnego procederu? Zwłaszcza, gdy są to członkowie rodziny lub współpracownicy. Celem niniejszego artykułu jest zatem omówienie wyników analizy akt spraw karnych osób skazanych za organizowanie nielegalnego przekraczania granicy. Osób, których zachowanie polegało wyłącznie na odbieraniu migrantów przebywających już w Polsce. Organy ścigania postawiły takim osobom, głównie cudzoziemcom, zarzut pomocnictwa w organizowaniu nielegalnego przekraczania granicy. Autorka pragnie udzielić odpowiedzi na pytanie, czy zachowanie takich osób wypełnia znamiona przestępstwa określonego w art. 264 § 3 k.k. oraz jaki jest zakres swobody podmiotów podejmujących decyzje o przedstawieniu zarzutów i skazaniu
Reflections on the Nature of an Energy Company: Inspirations from Stanisław Kasznica
No full textIn his manual Polish Administrative Law Stanisław Kasznica dedicates a section to public institutions, which can be categorised into public establishments (e.g. public schools) and public undertakings (e.g. state-owned banks) based on their purpose and the governing law. The author explores how Kasznica’s insights can aid in understanding the nature of a public undertaking, as regulated by contemporary law and discussed in case law and doctrine. He concludes that it is worth considering whether the legal definition of an energy company should reflect its fundamental role in the economy and society, given the universal good it provides in the market. Furthermore, he suggests that defining public undertakings legally would be valuable
Lukasz Gruszczynski, Joanne Scott, The WTO Agreement on Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures. A Commentary, 2nd ed., Oxford University Press, Oxford: 2023, pp. 384
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Jason Scott Palmer, Reparations in Domestic and International Mass Claims Processes: Justice and Money, Edward Elgar Publishing, Cheltenham: 2023, pp. 20
No full textAdministrative Action According to Stanislaw Wincenty Kasznica: The Beginnings of the Polish Science of Legal Forms of Public Administration Action
No full textOne of the key characteristics of administrative law is the diversity of entities acting on behalf of the state and the multitude of areas requiring administrative-legal regulation. As a result, there is also a greater variety of actions taken by parties involved in legal relations than in other branches of law. Contemporary doctrine offers numerous studies dedicated to administrative actions. However, it is important to remember that such dynamic development of this field of research would not have been possible without the contributions of pre-war Polish scholars of administrative law. A particularly notable contribution was made by Stanisław Wincenty Kasznica, who was the first to present and organize a catalog of actions undertaken by the administration. The concept of “administrative action”, proposed by the Professor, can be seen as the first attempt to formulate what has since evolved into the structure that today we refer to as the “form of administrative action”
Legal Position and Organisation of Independent Regulatory Authorities in Poland
No full textThe article discusses the emergence and role of independent regulatory bodies in Poland, which were not part of the country’s administrative law during the Second Republic (1918–1939) or the People’s Republic of Poland (1945–1989). These bodies began to develop in the 1990s, influenced by European Union regulations designed to foster an internal market. The article examines how Poland, transitioning to a democratic state with a market economy after 1989, restructured its administrative apparatus to incorporate these bodies.
The concept of national regulatory authorities (NRAs) is explored, with a focus on their role in regulating specific sectors of the economy, such as infrastructure, financial services and competition protection. Regulatory authorities are defined as bodies that intervene in markets to promote competition, prevent monopolies and ensure the provision of essential public services. The article also addresses the flexibility in how EU law defines and shapes NRAs, allowing each Member State to adapt these bodies to its specific needs. The Polish legal system is analysed to identify whether a distinct ‘Polish model’ of an NRA exists, and this is compared to the approaches of other EU countries
Championing Accountability: Lithuania’s Leadership in Investigating Russian Crimes in Ukraine
No full textThis article explores the role of Lithuania in seeking accountability for Russia’s crimes in Ukraine since 2022. This small Baltic state, being both an EU and NATO member for twenty years now, is advocating on behalf of their Ukrainian colleagues in many international arenas and forums. However, more than two years into the brutal war, some organisational and legal challenges have started to emerge. These include the challenges resulting from the complex international institutional framework, as well as legal ones related to universal jurisdiction and the scope of crimes included under current criminal investigations
