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Vocational Education and Skills Training in Mainland Tanzania for National Development: A Review of the Literature from a Historical Perspective
No full textThe development of any country Tanzania included depends on availability and effective utilization of human resources, which in turn are predicated on the level, quantity and quality of education, especially vocational and technical education and skills attained through formal and informal education, living and working contexts which have the role of improving productivity and enhancing per-capita income of the individual and the nation at large. Human resources transform the economy as well as the society itself through wealth creation and value added to primary produce. Vocational training develops skills of the individual human being culminating into the accumulated knowledge and technical skills that are needed for national development. Skilled personnel constitute the most important resource for national development. This paper has traced the development of vocational education and skills training and acquisition in Tanzania and its contribution to the development of Tanzania. Starting from the colonial governments (the German and British administration), the missionaries provided both vocational education and skills training; a role carried over to the post-independence period during which policies for improvement of vocational education and skills training were given even greater emphasis by the newly acquired national government. This paper assesses the influence vocational education has contributed to the development of Tanzania. Prior to independence, initiatives for vocational education and skills provision came largely from both the government and the various religious denominations. The goals for establishment of vocational education were to construct and service their respective premises for various activities including their own accommodation, churches for religious ceremonies, conference halls, and workshops halls, as well as for the benefit of trainees own houses. The colonial government’s interest in vocational education and skills training focused more on the construction and provision of equipment for Government premises, road repairs including bridges which were termed public works. The thrust for vocational education and skills expansion took place after independence especially after the policy of Education for Self-Reliance; which was fully backed by both the government and the Rulling Party as reflected in the Musoma resolution as well as the policy of liberalization of Education and in the Education and Training Policy of 1995. The ESR Policy led to the establishment of Post Primary Technical Centrers, Folk Development Colleges, Diversification of Secondary Education Curricula while liberalization of education encouraged private sector providers of vocational education and skills training especially for profit making. The establishment of VETA to register all institutions providing vocational education to follow identified curricula and standardizing the assessment served to improve the quality of Vocational Education and Skills acquisition. As per 2010/2011 Tanzania can be proud of having attained gender parity in Folk and Vocational education training. Despite challenges there are good prospects for sustained vocational education provision and skills acquisition for national development
Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) protection in Tanzania: The Nightmare and the Noble Dream
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New Service Development and Innovation for Tanzanian Tourism and Hospitality Entrepreneurs’ Competitiveness
No full textThe timing and launching of new services is assumed to strongly support satisfied tourists and in turn generate positive outcomes. Tourists are more than ever knowledgeable about what services they expect. This paper builds upon the notion that tourism entrepreneurs in Tanzania offer both unique and less unique services which reflect their performance. Therefore, the study aimed at providing a systematic analysis of how new product development, innovativeness, environmental munificence, and performance variables are related. A quantitative research design was employed to achieve the objective. A sample of 111 entrepreneurs from Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, was asked to fill out a survey. These entrepreneurs were purposively sampled and measures met acceptable levels of validity and reliability. A regression analysis presented interesting findings. The findings show a strong negative effect of new innovative offerings (i.e., new product development), while processes refining outcomes (i.e., innovativeness) have a positive relationship towards performance. Our results further indicated that the commercial ideas captured in munificence mediate (i.e., lower) negative effects of new product innovations as well as the positive effects of innovativeness. Timing is thus better if recognizing characteristics of the market and particularly if the market is known as a growing segment. New services can thus not be offered in isolation but through the means of market responsiveness. The study offers unique insights into new product development in Tanzania
Exploring the Implemented co-curricular Activities and how they Revitalize Entrepreneurial Skills to Primary Pupils in Mbeya City in Tanzania
Get PDFPrimary education is a cornerstone and basic foundation for enhancing different skills and knowledge that expose children with opportunities and challenges within the society. This kind of education is implemented through core-curricular, co-curricular, extra-curricular and hidden curricular. While this is true, the majority of primary schools in Tanzania have discouraging performance in the implementation of co-curricular activities that enable pupils to be exposed in various entrepreneurship activities compared as to other countries. In raising the performance, Tanzania is now receiving a considerable attention through its policies to revitalize the implementation of co-curricular activities. In the effort to enhance success in the implementation of co-curricular activities to different primary schools, there is an intervention that currently the government is imposing to revisit the past mistake with an intention of comprehending what has made Tanzania to be where it is today. Thus, the purpose of this study is to assess the implementation of co-curricular activities and its reflection on enhancing entrepreneurial skills to primary pupils in Tanzania, particularly in Mbeya City. In achieving this study, the concurrent triangulation research design, and mixed research approach were employed which included 467 participants. The study was done in Mbeya City and involved 332 pupils, 125 primary school teachers, 8 heads of primary schools and 2 quality assurers. The findings indicate that majority of primary schools in Tanzania are implementing different co-curricular activities which relate to entrepreneurship and pupils gain the entrepreneurial skills and knowledge that are highly useful for them. However, the study findings show that majority of private primary schools had good system of enhancing entrepreneurial skills to primary school pupils as compared to public primary schools in Tanzania. Therefore, it is recommended that, school owners whether private or public primary schools should emphasize the implementation of co-curricular activities and accord them similar status with core-curricula programmes with an intention of developing pupil in cognitive, affective and psychomotor domains
An Empirical Analysis of Tax Ratios and Tax Efforts for Kenya and Malawi
No full textThe study intended to analyse the trends in tax ratio and tax effort differentials between Kenya and Malawi using secondary annual data for the period 1980 to 2015. The data were obtained from both the International Monetary Fund and World Bank data bases. The study was carried out to analyse tax ratios for Kenya and Malawi, estimate the tax effort for each, and identify the factors that accounted for the differences in the tax ratios and tax effort indices in the two countries. The regression models for the two countries were estimated using the ordinary least squares (OLS) method. The results reveal that GDP per capita was explaining changes in tax revenue in Kenya both in the long run and the short run, share of agriculture to GDP, and the share of industry were influencing the tax revenue in Kenya, in the long run. However, the coefficient for the dummy variable for political reform in Kenya has been insignificant. In Malawi, GDP per capita, share of agriculture in GDP, share of industry in GDP, and the dummy variable for political reform were all explaining changes in tax revenue in the long run but not in the short run. In regards to the tax efforts, the study reviels that Malawi was undertaxing while Kenya was overtaxing given the structure of their respective economies. The study recommends the two countries have to work towards optimal level of taxation.Â
Monetary Policy Shocks and Industrial Output in Nigeria: A Dynamic Effect
No full textThe study examines the dynamic effect of positive and negative monetary policy shocks on industrial output in Nigeria. Quarterly secondary data covering the period from 1986 to 2015 were used for the study. Applying Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL), the results shows that both negative monetary policy shocks and positive monetary policy shocks have negative effect on industrial output in Nigeria both in the short run and in the long run. The study recommend that monetary policy should the used with caution in Nigeria
SME Credit Financing, Financial Development and Economic Growth in Nigeria
No full textThis paper examines the impact of small and medium-scale enterprises (SMEs) credit financing and financial market development and their shocks on the output growth of Nigeria. The study estimated a VAR model for Nigeria using 1970-2013 annual data series. Unit root tests and cointegration are carried out. The study explores IRFs and FEVDs in a system that includes output, commercial bank loan to SMEs, domestic credit to private sector by banks, money supply, lending rate and investment. Findings suggest that shocks in commercial bank credit to SMEs has a major impact on the output changes of Nigeria. Money supply shocks also have a sizeable impact on output growth variations amidst other financial instruments. Lastly, neutrality of investment does not hold in Nigeria as it also has impact on output fluctuations
Economic Growth and Government Spending Nexus: Empirical Evidence from Lesotho
No full textThis study examines the long-run and causal relationship between government spending and economic growth in Lesotho using the ARDL bounds testing procedure for the period 1980 to 2012. Although several studies, have investigated causality between government expenditure and economic growth, none explored differentiating short run and long run causality. The results of our study indicate a stable long-term relationship between government spending and economic growth in Lesotho. However, the Granger causality test shows the direction running from economic growth to government expenditure, confirming Wagner’s Law in Lesotho. In addition, the outcomes of this study fail to support the Keynesian theory. The results highlight the need for policy makers to shift public outlays towards investment in physical infrastructure which will stimulate growth and consequently improve fiscal sustainability as opposed to recurrent expenditure
What does it take to be heard in managing marine protected areas? Insights from Tanzania coastal communities
No full textThis paper explores the debate on participatory approach by presenting evidence from the local communities practices living within the marine protected area in Tanzania (Mnazi Bay RuvumaEstuary Marine Park). Five out of fifteen villages that exist in Mnazi Bay Marine Park were selected for this study after consultation with the park authority. Stratified sampling of villages was conducted based on the location from the Indian Ocean: three villages located close to the sea (sea front villages) and two villages located far from the sea (inland villages). Both quantitative and qualitative data were collected using semi-structured questionnaires, focus group discussions, participant observation and interviews. The findings are presented using the local community narratives on livelihoods strategies and participation in decision-making processes to highlight the challenges of a participatory conservation approach in marine resources management within MPAs and also using regression analysis to explain the factors determining their participation. A Logit regression model is run. Results show that participatory approach in MPAs is a challenging phenomenon due to existence of multifaceted layers in marine resources management and use. These layers exist in terms of power struggle to manage resources and extract benefits associated with marine resources between state and local communities. This power struggle tends to undermine the ability of local communities to use and manage marine resources, threatening the attainment of the main objective of establishing the MPAs that’s improving the livelihood of the adjacent communities and improving the resources