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Assessment of Applicability of Participatory Planning in Improving Rural Livelihoods in Tanzania: The case of Utalingolo and Igosi Villages of Njombe and Wanging’ombe Districts
No full textA study was conducted at Igosi and Utalingolo in Njombe and Wanging’ombe Districts, aimed to assess the applicability of participatory planning in improving rural livelihoods. The study employed a case study approach. The study used purposive and convenient sampling techniques. Data collection instruments included questionnaires and focus group discussions. Questionnaires were administered to 50 respondents and focus group discussions were organized for the same group of people. The major findings of the study are of two categories; strengths and weaknesses. Strengths: the village development committees were well represented in terms of gender and that, members were well informed on the participatory planning process. On the other part the study revealed that, the majority of the members lacked proper education, expertise in planning among the committee members, poor leadership and monitoring and evaluation techniques to established projects. The study recommended that all village members should be given mandatory training on the process of planning to. Â
Factors Influencing Non-Compliance to Industrial Wastewater Regulatory Framework in Tanzania
No full textEnforcement of industrial wastewater regulatory framework in Tanzania has been a challenge despite having a comprehensive Environmental Management Act, Cap 191. The quality of industrial wastewater effluents discharged to the environment is above the permissible limit value of industrial effluents. A study on underlying motivations that encourage or discourage compliance with and enforcement of this Act to regulate industrial wastewater discharges has been conducted. An analysis was made using “The Table of Eleven software whith conceptual scheme that evaluates effectiveness of enforcement activities that generates compliance profile and maps the strong and weak points of the legislation, compliance level and enforcement practices according to the dimensions. Industries in Dar es Salaam and Mwanza cities which discharge effluents in water bodies were used as case studies. The study showed that informal reporting of violators by public, inspections, detection of violators and imposition of sanctions encourages compliance with and enforcement of the Act. Factors that discourage compliance and enforcement include unclear procedures to follow and high costs incurred to comply, poor understanding of the Act and sanctions not being administered proportionate to the severity of noncompliance. The study concluded that awareness raising, compliance monitoring and inspections, application of sanctions according to severity of violations are important for effective enforcement
Lecturers-Students’ Interpersonal Communication: Implication for Students’ Academic Learning
No full textThere are increasing growing confrontations which have hindered healthy lecturer-student relationship due to the fact that most lecturers lack good interpersonal communication skills to meet the needs of their students. Using the pedagogical theory, the study through a qualitative research method conducted a focus group discussion with 24 students within 4 sub-groups and in-depth interviews with 6 lecturers from 6 faculties in the University of Ibadan. Data collected were collated, analyzed and findings show that interpersonal communication has a positive influence on lecturer-student’ relationship. Lecturer-student relationships aid students’ cognitive, social and emotional growth, lecturers spending more time with students especially those who have challenges in some courses can improve positive interpersonal relationship between them and eventually contribute to students’ academic learning. Hence, lecturers should ensure positive interactions with their students while the students on their part should be positive about their interactions with lecturer
Challenges Female Entrepreneurs Encounter in Accessing Microfinance in NigeriaChallenges Female Entrepreneurs Encounter in Accessing Microfinance in Nigeria
No full textThe article examines microfinance in relation to female entrepreneurship. The goal is to show that Nigerian female entrepreneurs face varied challenges in accessing microfinance. This has been achieved by systematically reviewing extant literature. Upon examination of the subject, factors such as societal attitudes and norms, illiteracy among women, lack of business skills, inadequately funded microfinance institutions, lack of financial education constitute constraints that women encounter in accessing microfinance in Nigeria, resulting in their low participation in entrepreneurship. These have implications for personal and national development. Entrepreneurial obstacles hinder self reliance, access to bank services and promote poverty especially among women
ENHANCING INTERACTIVE LEARNING THROUGH E-LEARNING IN TANZANIAN HIGHER LEARNING INSTITUTIONS (HLIs)
No full textEnhanced interactive learning through e-learning has been found to be an effective way to augment quality teaching and learning, however, there is still need to examine how students and academic staff perceive enhancement of interactive learning through e-learning in the presence of the challenges brought about by a growing number of students which exceed existing facilities and with an average of a lecturer student ratio of 1:20 compared to recommended ratio of 1:10 for natural sciences and 1:15 for social sciences. The purpose of this study was to investigate students and their teachers’ perceptions of the use of e-learning for enhancing interactive learning and how such perceptions relate to the strategies employed to enhance interactive learning through e-learning in four selected higher learning institutions (HLIs) in Tanzania. The paper provides an account of efforts employed to enhance interactive learning at the Open University of Tanzania (OUT). the University of Dar es Salaam (UDSM). Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences (MUHAS) and Mzumbe University (MU). This was achieved through descriptions of achievements realized challenges encountered and recommendations provided for practical steps to the interactive learning enhancement targets in selected HLIs. The study employed quantitative and qualitative methods to generate rich, contextual data from the four HLIs. Data were collected through semi structured questionnaires, in-depth interviews, documentary analysis, observations and content analysis administered to 256 students, 24 student, 12 instructors and four ICT administrators from the institutions. Data were analyzed using descriptive narratives percentages and charts. The study revealed that HLIs do not effectively employ strategies that would lead to enhanced interactive learning through e-learning. mainly due to the existence of differing perceptions by stakeholders regarding employing e-learning, which influence efforts to develop and employ appropriate strategies and efforts for students to engage in interactive learning. The varied perception further impacts policy design and implementation. This paper assists in informing HLIs intending to use e-leaning for purposes of enhancing interactive learning which is considered by the researchers as one of the most effective processes for enhancing interactive learning. Â
The Persistence of Negative Cultural Practices and Its Impact on Girls Access to Education: A Study of Makonde Ethnic at Newala District, Southern Tanzania
Get PDFThis study examined how the rites of passages ceremonies, early marriages, child preference and attitudes of community on girl’s education contribute to drop out and low academic performance among female pupils at Newala District Southern Tanzania. The findings indicated that rites of passages ceremonies attendance contribute to drop out and poor academic performance of female pupils in rare cases. While early marriages forced female pupils to drop out from a school and for those who managed to complete standard seven most of them failed their final exams due to the fact that psychologically they consider themselves as wives and no longer pupils. The majority of respondents 66.6% teachers and 83.3% head teachers did not agree the idea that sons enjoy the preference of parents with regard to schooling compared to girls. The school committee (66.7%) suggested that in order to reduce dropout rates and improve female pupils’ academic performance there is a need for the whole community to change their perceptions towards the importance of educating girls. This was supported by 68.0% female pupils, 83.3% teachers, 100% head teachers. The study recommends the government to involve communities to put more effort to discourage and abolish any kind of cultural practices that segregate girls their rights to education. Also, the government should establish a policy that allows girls who become pregnant during school to go back to school after delivery to continue with their studies
The nexus between cross-border migration and international trade: Evidence from Tanzania
No full textThis paper attempted to unlock the conundrum of migration-trade relationship in Tanzania, using the country’s migrant stock (diaspora) in the parts of the world. It also aimed to investigate how this effect, if at all exist, differs between developing and developed countries. The augmented gravity model of trade has been employed to investigate the relationships between the variables. With cross-sectional data of 2013 that incorporated Tanzanian diaspora in different economies, the paper revealed that both Tanzania exports and trade volume are positively affected by the migrant stock in the countries of destination; and that the effect is highly pronounced in developed than developing nations. However, as the gravity model captures large number of variables, the paper disclosed interesting findings on the contribution of some variables to the Tanzania’s trade volume and exports
Corruption and Challenges of Sustainable Inclusive Growth in Nigeria
No full textThe paper examines Corruption and Challenges of Sustainable Inclusive Growth in Nigeria. The paper adopts the theory of two publics as its framework of analysis. The theory explains the prevalence of corruption between and among public servants in Nigeria, which affects the attainment of sustainable inclusive growth. Corruption in Nigeria is caused by lack of accountability, transparency and good governance; poor leadership; monopolization of power by government officials; the utilization of discretionary powers by politicians and bureaucrats over the formulation and implementation of the rules and regulations and allocations of projects. Using system equation ordered by variables the paper revealed an indirect link between corruption and poverty and a significant negative impact on the attainment of inclusive growth in Nigeria. The test of causality using Wald test also revealed that there is a unidirectional causality running from corruption to inclusive growth. The paper therefore, argues that corruption challenges the attainment of sustainable inclusive growth in the country both in the short run and long run. This is because it drains and cripples the available national income for productive activities; discourages savings habit and increases debt burden in the country; hinders the Nigerian state to allocate resources for distributive purposes among the constituent units thereby; intensifies level of inequality and abject poverty; generates infrastructural and social services decay; and a general decline in the living standard of the ordinary Nigerian citizens
Government Expenditure and Economic Growth Nexus: Wagner’s law or Keynesian Hypothesis for Tanzania?
No full textThis study investigates the validity of Wagner’s law and Keynesian hypothesis of the longrun relationship between government expenditure and economic growth in Tanzania using annual time series data from 1978 to 2014. The data series were tested for stationarity using Phillips-Perron unit root test and the results revealed that they were all stationary and integrated of order one I(1). The Johansen test of cointegration revealed that there are cointegrating vectors in the system which indicates the existence of long-run equilibrium relationship among the variables. The Granger causality test was performed within vector error correction model and the results revealed strong support for both Wagner’s law and Keynesian hypothesis when government expenditure was taken at its aggregate level. At the disaggregated levels, the results depict that recurrent expenditure and development expenditure from foreign sources promote economic growth hence supporting the Keynesian hypothesis. Wagner’s law was only supported in one instance where causality runs from economic growth to development expenditure from domestic sources. These results highlight the need for policy makers to direct development expenditure from domestic sources to sectors that stimulate economic growth