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Adoption of climate-smart agricultural practices by grape-producing smallholder farmers in Dodoma, Tanzania
Get PDFSustainable agricultural practices are vital for enhancing productivity, resilience, and sustainability among smallholder farmers in developing countries like Tanzania. Various factors frequently constrain the adoption of such practices despite their importance. This study examined the factors influencing the adoption of climate-smart agricultural practices (CSAPs) among smallholder grape farmers in Dodoma, Tanzania. We analyzed data collected from 120 farmers, selected through a multistage sampling procedure, using descriptive statistics and a multivariate probit model. The analysis assessed the effect of various factors on the adoption of crop rotation, crop diversification, intercropping, pest and disease management, and water and nutrient management. The findings reveal that access to finance, while negatively associated with crop diversification, significantly promoted the adoption of crop rotation. Male-headed households were less likely to adopt crop rotation, whereas married households were more inclined to adopt intercropping, water and nutrient management, and pest and disease management practices. Interestingly, increased grape yield and access to training slightly discouraged the adoption of intercropping and water management practices. Additionally, access to extension services positively influenced the adoption of pest and disease management, contributing to more sustainable farming practices. This study recommends that policymakers work with financial institutions to enhance financial access by providing affordable input loans. To effectively engage both male and female farmers, development practitioners should design gender-sensitive outreach programs and strengthen extension services. Furthermore, local governments and NGOs should implement targeted interventions to encourage widespread adoption of CSAPs, fostering sustainability and resilience in grape farming
በሁለተኛ ደረጃ የአማርኛ ቋንቋ መማሪያ መጻሕፍት ውስጥ አማርኛ ከግእዝ ተውሶ የራሱ ባደረጋቸው ቃላት ላይ የተካሄደ ሥነምዕላዳዊ ትንተና
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ይህ ጥናት በ2004 ዓ.ም. ታትመው ሥራ ላይ በዋሉት በሁለተኛ ደረጃ የአማርኛ ቋንቋ መማሪያ መጻሕፍት ውስጥ የሚገኙት የግእዝ ቃላት ሥነምዕላዳዊ ሥርዓቶች ምን እንደሚመስሉ መርምሯል። ለዚህ ጥናት ዋነኛ የመረጃ ምንጮች ከሆኑት ከ9ኛና ከ10ኛ ክፍል መማሪያ መጻሕፍት እና ግእዝ ቋንቋ ላይ ከታተሙት መዛግብተ ቃላትና ከሰዋስው መጻሕፍት ውስጥ መረጃዎች በሰነድ ፍተሻ ተሰብስበዋል። የተሰበሰቡት መረጃዎች በዓይነታዊ የምርምር ዘዴ በመታገዝ በገለጻና በንፅፅር ስልቶች ተተንትነዋል። ከትንተናው የተገኙት ውጤቶች የሚያመላክቱት በመማሪያ መጻሕፍቱ ውስጥ የተካተቱት የግዕዝ ቃላት በስፋት የራሱ የግእዝን ሥነምዕላዳዊ ስርዓት ይዘው መገኘታቸውን ነው። እርባታን በተመለከተ የግእዝ ስሞች አብዥና እምርነት አመልካች ምዕላዶችን ከመጠቀም አንፃር አማርኛ ውስጥ ከሚገኙት የተለዩ መሆናቸውን የውጤት ትንተናው ያሳያል። እንዲሁም የግእዝ ውልድ ስሞች፣ ቅፅሎችና ግሶች በተለያዩ የቃል ክፍሎች ላይ የተለያዩ መሥራች ምዕላዶችን በማስጠጋት እንደሚመሠረቱ ከመማሪያ መጻሕፍቱና ከሌሎች የግእዝ መጻሕፍት የተገኙ መረጃዎች ያሳያሉ። በምሥረታ ወቅትም ምስርት ቃላት በዋናነት የምንጩን ቋንቋ ማለትም የግዕዝን ቅርፅ ይይዛሉ። በመጨረሻም በመማሪያ መጻሕፍቱ ውስጥ የግእዝ ጥምር ስሞችና ጥምር ቅጽሎች መካተታቸውን ከተገኘው መረጃ አረጋግጠናል። የግእዝ ጥምር ስሞችና ጥምር ቅጽሎች በጥመራ ወቅት የተጣማሪ ቃላት አሰላለፍ ላይ ግእዝ ከአማርኛ መለየቱን ይጠቁማሉ፤ የግእዝ ጥምር ስሞች ግራ መሪ ሲሆኑ የአማርኛ ግን ቀኝ መሪ ናቸው። ከላይ የተሰጡትን ትንተናዎች በመመርኮዝ ትምህርት ሚኒስቴርና የሚመለከታቸው የመንግሥት አካላት በሥርዓተ-ትምህርት ቀረጻ ወቅት የግእዝ ባለሙያዎችን በማሣተፍ ቋንቋው ሰፋ ያለ አገልግሎት እንዲሰጥና ከትውልድ ወደ ትውልድ እየተሸጋገረ እንዲኖር የሚያደርግ ሥራ ቢሠራ መልካም ነው በማለት አስተያየታችንን ሰጥተናል።
ቁልፍ ቃላት፡- [መማሪያ መጽሐፍ፤ ምሥረታ፤ ሥነምዕላዳዊ ሥርዓት፤ አማርኛ፤ ግእዝ]
 
Two Versions of the Homily St. Raphael in Classical Ethiopic
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This article focuses on the significant textual variations based on the two versions of Géýéz manuscripts of the homily of Raphael manuscripts. Homily of Raphael is one of the religious books in EOTC tradition. This study aims to investigate the main variations of selected two versions of manuscripts in order to alleviate problems arising from the generalization of titles. The study hence relies on textual analysis of the two different versions of the homilies of Raphael manuscripts content and textual history differences. For this study, nineteen manuscripts were collected from the catalogue and eight of them were available for collation. These two different versions were selected based on the best codex or purposive sampling methods. The selected sample versions have the same title but had significant variations in their content and textual history. The first version encodes seven themes and the second holds four main themes. Though the two versions of manuscripts share similar headings, the study has found a significant variation in the contents as well as in their textual history. Moreover, the study reveals further investigation is mandatory for various manuscript themes which could have been hardly alike in the entire contents except the headings along with factors responsible for such variations. This study only looks into the two versions of homily of Raphael manuscripts.
Key Words: [Homilies of Raphael, Manuscripts, textual history, Codex, Purposive-sampling,]
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Growth Determinants, Challenges, and the Role of Micro and Small Enterprises in Debre Birhan City, Ethiopia
No full textMicro and small enterprises (MSEs) are vital components of the economic landscape in Debre Birhan City, Ethiopia. This study examines the factors influencing the growth, challenges, and the role of MSEs in the city. Through primary data collection from MSE owners/operators, key determinants such as the gender, level of education, and family business background of MSEs owners/operators, ownership structure of MSEs, start-up size, market opportunities, and competition from the informal sector were identified as crucial drivers of MSEs growth in the city. However, challenges such as insufficient working capital, limited market linkage, inadequate working premises, lack of technical skills, and inadequate infrastructure and services were found to impede the expansion of MSEs in the city. Despite these challenges, MSEs in Debre Birhan City play a significant role in generating employment, creating wealth, reducing poverty, satisfying customers, and promoting local entrepreneurship. To capitalize on these opportunities and address the challenges faced by MSEs, local authorities and relevant stakeholders must collaborate to create an enabling environment that fosters entrepreneurship, provides access to finance, provides working premises, and improves infrastructure. By addressing these factors, MSEs in Debre Birhan City can realize their full potential as engines of economic growth and job creation. This study provides valuable insights for policymakers, stakeholders, and supporting organizations looking to support the sustainable development of MSEs in Debre Birhan city
የሀድያ ብሔረሰብ የሀዘን ሥነ ሥርዓት
No full textይህ “የሀድያ ብሔረሰብ የሀዘን ሥነ ሥርዓት” ጥናት በሀድያ ብሔረሰብ ባህል ከዕለተ ሞት አንስቶ እስከ ሀዘን ማብቂያ ባሉ መዋቅራዊ ሂደቶች የሚከወኑ ልዩ ልዩ ሥርዓተ ከበራዎችን በመተንተን የሀገረሰቡን ልማድ፣ እሴቶችና ማህበራዊ ግንኙነቶች ለመግለጽ ያለመ ነው፡፡ ከሰው ልጆች የሕይወት ዘመን ሽግግር ሥነ ሥርዓቶች አንዱ የሆነውን ሞት ምክንያት በማድረግ የሚከወኑ የሀዘን ሥርዓቶች በባህሉ የተደነገጉ ሥርዓቶችንና ሂደቶችን የተከተሉ ናቸው፡፡ የዚህ ጥናት አቢይ የምርምር ጥያቄም በሀድያ ብሔረሰብ ከሞት ጋር በተያያዘ የሚከወኑ የሀዘን ሥነ ሥርዓቶች ምን ምን ናቸው? እንዴትና ለምንስ ይከናወናሉ? የሚል ነው፡፡ ለእነዚሁ ምላሽ ለመስጠት ስነሰብዓዊ ፈለግን መሠረት ካደረጉ የባህል ጥናት ንድፈ ሀሳቦች ውስጥ ክዋኔያዊ እና ዐውዳዊ ንድፈ ሀሳቦች አገልግለዋል፡፡ የጥናቱ መረጃዎች “የሀድያ ብሔረሰብ የሕይወት ዘመን ሽግግር ሥርዓተ ከበራዎች” ላይ እየተካሄደ ለሚገኝ ምርምር ከ2012 እስከ 2014 ዓ/ም በአካባቢው በሀድያ ዞን በተከናወነ የመስክ ሥራ በተሳታፊ ምልከታና በቃለ መጠይቅ ዘዴዎች የተሰበሰቡ ናቸው፡፡ ከመስክ የተሰበሰቡ ቀዳማይ መረጃዎችን በተዛማጅ ጽሑፎች በማጠናከር በገላጭና ፍካሬያዊ ዘዴዎች ተተንትነዋል፡፡ በትንተናው እንደተመለከተው የሀድያ ብሔረሰብ የሀዘን ሥነ ሥርዓት ክዋኔ ሞትን ማወጅ/የለቅሶ ጥሪ (አረዲማ)፣ ቀብር፣ የማጽናናት/የማስተዛዘን ሥርዓት (በካሪማ) እና የሀዘን ማብቂያ (ጋባ) የሚባሉ ሂደቶችንና ሥርዓቶችን ያካትታል፡፡ በእነዚህ ሂደቶች የሚፈጸሙ ሥርዓቶች ከሟቾች እድሜ፣ ፆታና ማህበራዊ ደረጃዎች አንጻር እንደሚለያዩ ታይቷል፡፡ የጥናቱ ግኝት እንደሚያመለክተው በሀድያ ብሔረሰብ የሚከወነው የሀዘን ሥነ ሥርዓት የዘወትር/የተራ ሰው እና የታዋቂ ሰው በሚል በሁለት ይከፈላል፡፡ የዘወትር ሞት በበኩሉ የህጻንና የወጣትና የጎልማሳ በሚል ይፈረጃል፡፡ የታዋቂ ሰው ሞት በጦርነት፣ በልማት፣ በበጎነት በመሳሰሉት በአርዓያነት የሚጠቀሱ ጀግኖች፣ የጀግና ሚስቶች እና የእድሜ ባለጸጎች ሞትን የሚመለከት ሲሆን በባህሉ የተደነገጉ ልዩ የሀዘን ሥነ ሥርዓቶች የሚፈጸምላቸው ናቸው፡፡ በሀድያ ብሔረሰብ ለማህበራዊ ሕይወት መጠናከር ጉልህ ፋይዳ ካላቸው ባህላዊ ሥነ ሥርዓቶች አንዱ የሀዘን ሥነ ሥርዓት ሲሆን በእያንዳንዱ ሂደት በስነቃል፣ በቁስና በክዋኔ የሚተላለፉ መልዕክቶች የሀገረሰቡን ባህልና ታሪክ ለትውልድ የማሸጋገር እና ባህላዊ እሴቶች እንዲጠበቁ የማጠናከር፣ የማስተማርና የመቆጣጠር ተግባር እንዳላቸው ተመልክቷል፡
The Influence of Orthography in Early Grade Letter Knowledge among Sidaama School Children
No full textThough the use of similar scripts in two or more language curricula iscommon in Ethiopia, the literature on orthographic influences on readingability development is thin so far. The purpose of this study was, therefore, toexamine the facilitating or hindering effects of orthography in letter nameidentification and letter-sound correspondence tasks in Sidaama and Englishlanguages that use Latin-based script. Data were collected from randomlyselected grade 2 students in two Hawassa city administration schools using asurvey. The descriptive statistical analysis technique on the reading testsshowed greater accuracy of children when reading letters and sounds inSidaama (transparent orthography) than in English, which is characterized bya deep orthographic system. Confusion was observed in both languages acrossthe two tasks where children mixed up letters with sounds, especially whenthey tried to distinguish between identical letters and sounds in bothlanguages. Such influence comes because the two languages share a commonscript, though their orthographic consistency differs by language, which hasimportant implications for classroom instruction and curriculum organization
Carcass composition and sensory and chemical attributes of beef from local cattle breeds in North-West Amhara Region, Ethiopia
Get PDFThis experiment quantifies the carcass composition and the sensory and chemical attributes of beef from four local cattle breed types in selected districts of North-West Amhara, Ethiopia. Forty matured intact bulls were fattened using two treatment feeds with Diet-1 (60:40), and Diet-2 (70:30) concentrate: roughage ratio of the daily dry matter intake of the animals. Carcass data was collected from the meat of 24 slaughtered animals through direct trait measurements, using panelists, and sample proximate analysis. The GLM of SAS (version 9.0) was used to analyze the data fitting breed and treatment feeds as fixed effects. The overall mean values of Total Leg (30.09±0.50), Total loin (12.19±0.39), Total rack (8.08±0.27), Total breast and shoulder (8.27±0.26), Total Shoulder and Neck (30.06±0.78) were significantly (P<0.05) affected by the breed type that cattle from Yilmana Desna area performed the best. Besides, meat quality traits of juiciness, tenderness, and overall acceptability (P<0.05), were best for Denbecha cattle breed types. The overall moisture content of the meat (69.78±0.32) was significantly (p<0.05) different between the breeds. Overall, the examined cattle breed types have acceptable sensory and chemical qualities of meat. Future research should quantify the sensory and chemical qualities of meat from these cattle breeds under different ages, animal physiology (intact and castrated bulls), sex, and dietary supplement levels
Comparison of the profitability of conservation and conventional agriculture in Bahi District, Dodoma, Tanzania
Get PDFConservation agriculture is gaining global recognition as an alternative to conventional farming, offering economic and environmental benefits. However, despite efforts to promote it, many farmers continue to rely on conventional practices. This study was conducted in Bahi district, Dodoma region, Tanzania, to compare the financial performance of conservation and conventional agriculture. The research evaluated financial returns, profitability, crop yields, income, and input costs associated with both practices. Using a mix of purposive and random sampling techniques, data were analyzed through descriptive statistics, Return on Investment (ROI), Gross Profit Margin (GPM), and content analysis. Results showed that conservation agriculture yielded higher profitability, with an ROI of 189% and a GPM of 65% per hectare, compared to conventional agriculture's 34% ROI and 25% GPM. Despite Conservation Agriculture having more benefits, some farmers have continued to use conventional agriculture due to various barriers including financial constraints, limited exposure, knowledge gaps, inadequate agricultural inputs, drought, pest and disease issues, and market unavailability. Additionally, the labor-intensive nature of farm preparation and the lack of farm instruments further hinder adoption. To enhance the adoption of conservation agriculture, the study recommends collaboration among the government, agricultural research institutions, and project implementers to address key challenges. Specifically, efforts should focus on improving access to agricultural loans to overcome financial barriers, raising awareness through training programs, ensuring the availability of agricultural inputs, and developing innovations to simplify CA processes
Awngi Ideophones
No full textAwngi ideophones are verb-like words that occur uninflected and followed by auxiliary verbs n- or ts͡-,2 which are lexico-semantically dummy transitive and intransitive respectively. Morphologically also, Awngi ideophones are closer to verbals than to other word classes – they undergo similar morphological operation processes with verbs, which is against Tosco’s (2006: 886) observation that Cushitic ideophones “are definitely nominal, rather than verbal”. Semantically, there are two types: coexisting/co-occurring and sole or independent semantic bearers. The former ones coexist with other semantically parallel ordinary verbs having no imagery / sensory effects. The latter do not have semantically parallel ordinary verbs. Symbolically, Awngi ideophones are image or sound symbolic. While image symbolic ideophones are produced with an analogous configuration of (parts of) the mouth, sound symbolic ideophones are onomatopoeic. This paper examines Awngi ideophones on their semantic, prosodic, and syntactic basis
Contested Development Interventions in the Great Dawuro Walls/Kati Halala Keela Heritage Site, Southwest Ethiopia
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This paper deals with the heritage and development contestation in the upper Omo valley. The objectives of this paper were to analyze the contestation of the cultural heritage dimension in Gibe III dam's Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) and propose a GIS map informed conservation and tourism planning for the great Dawuro defensive dry-stone Walls (Kati Halala Keela) at the dam's reservoir-affected sites. This study employed a qualitative approach applied in ethnographic study supplemented with mapping. Data collection methods include fieldwork observation, interview, mapping (GIS), and document review. It reviewed that the state bypassed mitigation measures to rescue heritage at the dam-affected sites. The factors that contributed to that were the state's conception of the Omo River valley as "empty land," vested interest of consultancy firms, uninformed decision-making, inadequate documentation of the heritage, and absence of the heritage site map. This study partly mapped 83.5km of the defense walls along the Gibe III dam reservoir. Today, the heritage is at a crossway that is partly affected by modern hydroelectric dam projects, concurrently promoting emerging tourist sites under the Gebeta Lehager Koyisha scheme. Thus, the GIS mapping of the walls assists in planning integrated conservation for heritage sites at the Gibe III dam-affected area.
Keywords: [Dawuro, Gibe-III dam, Halala Keela, GIS mapping, Koyisha