Ethiopian Journals Online (EJOL)
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Self-Efficacy of Postgraduate Students in Scientific Writing: The Case of Selected Public Universities in Ethiopia
No full textIn the realm of the academic world, scientific writing is crucial for academics and postgraduate students to communicate scientific findings, advance knowledge in their fields, and make contributions to their countries’ development. Given this, building the scientific writing capacity of postgraduate students and identifying potential factors that affect their writing is imperative. This study aimed to investigate the self-efficacy of TEFL MA students’ scientific writing, particularly in employing linguistic knowledge, self-regulated writing strategies, and their comprehensive research efficacy at sampled Ethiopian public universities. A concurrent triangulation mixed-method design was employed for the purpose. Multi-stage sampling was used starting from random to comprehensive sampling techniques to reach the grassroots (individual participants). Universities in Eastern and South-eastern Ethiopia were sampled randomly. One hundred sixty students and fifteen supervisors were selected by employing a comprehensive sampling. Data were generated via interviews and questionnaires. Descriptive statistics, using SPSS version 20, were utilized to analyse the quantitative data, whereas thematic analysis was used for the qualitative data. The finding showed that the self-efficacy of TEFL MA students’ scientific writing self-efficacy, on average, was low, especially in their ability to utilize linguistic knowledge, self-regulated writing strategies, and comprehensive research, such as writing introductions, discussing and writing research results, and making recommendations. Furthermore, the interviews evidenced that the students were low in their abilities to carry out a review of related literature and method sections, though quantitative data revealed that the students have shown a moderate efficacy in these sections. Pedagogically, it is recommended that students’ scientific writing skills should be reconsidered, and the universities should give generic instruction, and integrate conducting mini-research, seminars, and reviewing empirical studies before actual research
Food, Feeding Habits and Reproductive Biology of Red Belly Tilapia (T. zillii) in Lake Tinishu Abaya, Ethiopia: Implication for Food Security and Income
No full textUnderstanding food, feeding habits and the reproductive dynamics of fish species is essential for fishery management. This study examines food, feeding habits and the reproductive biology of the red belly tilapia (Tilapia zillii) in Lake Tinishu Abaya sampled from February 2023 to January 2024. Stomach content analysis was conducted using frequency of occurrence and volumetric methods of analyses. The diet primarily consisted of phytoplankton (52.9%), detritus (21.2%), and macrophytes (20.8%) by volume. Seasonal shifts noted variation was slight during the study period. Smaller fish consumed zooplankton and insects, while adults fed on macrophytes and detritus. Of the 620 fish captured, 65.3% were males, resulting in a male-to-female ratio of 1:0.53, significantly differing from a 1:1 ratio. The length at which 50% reached sexual maturity was 14.1 cm for males and 14.2 cm for females, with an average fecundity of 284.8 eggs per female. Breeding peaked from February to June, with continuous breeding observed year-round. These findings underscore the importance of effective management strategies to enhance fish populations and promote sustainable fishery practices. Such initiatives are vital for supporting local communities that depend on these resources for their livelihoods. Additionally, further research is needed on the dynamics of sex ratios in Lake Tinishu Abaya
Looking into Ethiopian government’s policy responses towards COVID-19 in the eyes of tourism entrepreneurs
Get PDFThe tourism and hospitality industry falls under the category of services which were the hardest hit economic sectors to COVID-19 globally. COVID-19 has drastically altered the tourism and hospitality landscape in Ethiopia. Nonetheless, there is a scarcity of studies examining the government’s policy responses to support tourism and hospitality businesses in Ethiopia during the pandemic. The aim of this study is twofold: (1) to assess the effects of COVID-19 on tourism and hospitality businesses in Ethiopia from the owners’ perspective and (2) to examine the opinion of tourism entrepreneurs on the enactment of the policy responses of the Ethiopian government. Data were collected from the owner-managers and presidents of the respective associations of these businesses and experts through in-depth interviews and focus group discussions. The results reveal that the fiscal and monetary measures introduced by the government to mitigate the pandemic’s impact were not implemented and thus remained ineffective. The study discusses how and why these fiscal measures, such as postponement and cancellation of tax payments and getting loans from banks at lower interest rates, were not implemented. It also discusses the reasons why the pledged government grants remained ineffectual. The study adds new insight on the enactment of government’s policy measures during the pandemic and thus has academic implications. The study has also policy implications since it should spark discussions among tourism scholars and practitioners on the reliance of businesses on the government support alone during such a crisis, particularly in the context of developing countries, where resources are scarce and government bureaucracies are inefficien
Analysis of Household Food Security and Determinants in the Face of Conflict and Drought in South Wollo Zone Ethiopia
Get PDFThe study analyses the impact of conflict and drought on household food security and identifies determinant factors and coping strategies in South Wollo Zone, Ethiopia. Descriptive and quasi-experimental research designs were employed for pre-post retrospective data gathered from 422 randomly selected households. Qualitative data collected from key informants, focus group discussants, and related literature complemented the quantitative aspect of the study. Quantitative data was analyzed using regression models in Stata, while qualitative data was analyzed using thematic analysis. The study revealed that conflict and drought significantly undermine household food security. The combined exposure to conflict and drought increases food insecurity, which highlights the compounded nature of these crises. Per capita calorie availability drops from 1,789 kcal pre-conflict to 1,420 kcal post-conflict was observed, below the Ministry of Health recommendation of 2,300 kcal. This decrease was attributed to the individual and combined impacts of conflict and drought on food security, highlighting an increase in food-insecure households from 79% to 87%. In comparison, food-secure households fell from 21% to 13% using a household food balance model in the pre-post periods. The Coping Strategy Index rose as food security deteriorated, with households resorting to a combination of riskier coping mechanisms to cope with food insecurity. Some coping strategies that households consider include dietary changes, rationing, and reliance on community-based support systems like equb, edir, and debo. The regression analysis identified livestock ownership in total livestock units, agricultural index, work ratio, and age of the household head as positively associated with food security. In contrast, larger family size, exposure to drought, and exposure to conflict and aid were negatively associated. The study offers policy recommendations to build productive livelihood through asset building and livelihood diversification to foster self-reliance, and integrated recovery programs acknowledging the compounding nature of conflict and drought to improve food security
A scoping study on Ethiopia's food security challenges and potential way outs
Get PDFThe purpose of this study is to document the challenges of food security and way outs to food insecurity in Ethiopia. It is based on multiple electronic databases, including PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar which are commonly used for studies of this nature. The criteria used were to identify studies conducted internationally and in Ethiopia that are relevant to the subject under this study. Accordingly, the main issues with food security in Ethiopia are socioeconomic, biophysical, technological, policy, and institutional, including inadequate infrastructure, land degradation, conflict and displacement, and limited access to markets, credit, and technology. However, family planning, climate-resilient farming methods and enhanced water management systems are some possible solutions to Ethiopia's food insecurity problems. Furthermore, diversification of sources of income, bolstering rural-urban connections, gaining access to agricultural supplies, market and finance services, offering social protection, strengthening extension services, and implementing laws and regulations through appropriate institutions are also potential way outs. Thus, it is imperative for policy makers and the public to pay attention to the identified challenges and remedies and design appropriate interventions to alleviate the food insecurity problems in Ethiopia
Impacts of different exotic tree plantation forests on soil physico-chemical properties in the Central Highlands of Ethiopia
Get PDFThis study aims to assess the impacts of plantations of different exotic tree species (Eucalyptus globulus, Cupressus lusitanica, Grevillea robusta, and Pinus patula) on soil physicochemical properties in the central highland of Ethiopia. Soil data were collected using a systematic sampling design over five different forest land-use systems. A total of 15 transect lines and 25 quadrats were used to collect soil data, with 3 transects and 5 quadrats per forest land-use system. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) for the majority of soil physico-chemical variables, including texture, moisture content (MC); bulk density (BD), particle density (PD); soil porosity (SP); organic carbon (OC); total nitrogen (TN), available P, soil pH, EC, CEC, and exchangeable bases (Ca, Mg, K, Na) showed a significant variation among forest land-use systems at (P<0.0001). The study findings confirmed that different exotic trees species have different effects on soil physico-chemical properties. In comparing the soil physicochemical properties among five forest land-use systems, the highest mean values of MC, OC, TN, available P, CEC, and Exch. Ca, Exch. Mg, and Exch. K was observed in natural forests. On the other hand, soil BD, PD, and EC properties in natural forests were significantly the least. In contrast, the lowest mean values of soil MC, SP, O, TN, available P, BS%, and the highest mean values of BD, PD, EC, and Exch. Na were observed under the Eucalyptus globulus plantation forest. The physico-chemical properties of soil are subject to significant changes in land use systems when different exotic tree species are grown under similar climatic conditions
Optimizing sowing rates and methods for irrigated Tef (Eragrostis tef (Zucc.) (Trotter) production in North Western Ethiopia
Get PDFTef is considered the major crop in Ethiopia, serving as a staple food for the majority of the population and occupying the largest area under cultivation among cereal crops in the country. However, crop management for tef produced under irrigation is mainly based on its recommended rates for the respective tef production under rain-fed conditions. A field experiment was conducted at the Koga irrigation scheme during the 2020/2021 dry season to determine the effects of sowing methods and seeding rates on the yield of tef produced under irrigation conditions. The treatments consisted of two sowing methods (broadcast and drill row) and five seed rate levels (5, 10, 15, 25, and 30 kg ha-1), which were laid out in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Data on growth, yield, and yield component parameters were collected. The data were analysed using SAS-JMP13 software. Results showed that the row and broadcast sowing methods at a seed rate of 5 kg ha-1 and 15 kg ha-1, respectively, gave the maximum plant height, panicle length, grain yield, and harvest index. Sowing tef in broadcasting with a seed rate of 15 kg ha-1 is a profitable sowing method as compared to others. Thus, it could be concluded that sowing tef in broadcasting method with a seed rate of 15 kg ha-1 gave both maximum grain yield and net benefit for irrigated tef production and recommended for the farmers in the study area. Further extensive research needs to be conducted in all agro-ecologies of the country as far as the irrigation water is available
Selection criteria and breeding practices of farmers for indigenous goat populations in selected districts of Awi Zone, Amhara Region, Ethiopia
Get PDFThe study was carried out in three agro-ecological zones, namely Ankesha (highland), Dangila (midland) and Jawi (lowland) districts of Awi Zone that were selected purposively based on goat production potential and agro-ecology. The objective of the study was to identify the selection criteria and breeding practices of farmers that keep indigenous goat populations in Awi Zone, Amhara region, Ethiopia. A total of 180 households were selected randomly for the administration of a semi-structured questionnaire. Data were gathered through semi-structured questionnaires, focus group discussions and key informant interviews. Different types of statistical analysis were employed depending on the nature of the data. Data collected through questionnaire were analyzed by descriptive statistics using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) and a T-test was applied when required to test the statistical significance. Indices were calculated to provide ranking of different variables. The result of the study showed that twining ability, appearance, age at sexual maturity and color were the main selection criteria for does whereas appearance and color were the main criteria for selection of breeding bucks. The mating practice was uncontrolled within the household’s flock and between neighbouring flocks. The rate of inbreeding (∆F) for goats in the Ankesha, Dangila and Jawi districts were 0.001, 0.0026 and 0.0030, respectively which is lower than the maximum acceptable level of 0.063 from literature. The result of this study highlighted the importance of designing breeding programs that take into account selection criteria and trait preferences of farmers for improving goat productivity in the study area
የአርጐባ ብሔረሰብ የለቅሶ ሥነ ስርዓት ትንተና፦ ክዋኔው፣ መዋቅሩ፣ ትዕምርቱና ፋይዳው
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የጥናቱ ዋና ዓላማ የአርጐባ ብሔረሰብን የለቅሶ ሥነ ስርዓት ክዋኔ፣ መዋቅር፣ ትዕምርትና ፋይዳ መተንተን ነው። የአርጐባ ብሔረሰብ በአማራ፣ በኦሮሚያ፣ በሐረሪና በአፋር ክልሎች ውስጥ የሚኖር ሲሆን (አህመድ 1999፡ 161) የዚህ ጥናት ትኩረት የአፋሩ አርጐባ ነው። ሥነ ስርዓት "አንድን ድርጊት በተመለከተ የተለመደ ስርኣትን ወይም ደንብን ተከትሎ የሚሄድ ክንውን" (የኢትዮጵያ ቋንቋዎችና ባህሎች አካዳሚ 2ዐዐ6: 138) ነው። ክዋኔ የተግባቦት ስልት (Bauman 1975: 293)፣ መዋቅር የነገሮች ንዑሳን ክፍሎችና እርስ በርስ ያላቸው ግንኙነት (Storey 128)፣ ትዕምርት ሀሳብን የሚያስተላልፍ ቁስ፣ እንቅስቃሴና ግንኙነት (Geertz qtd.[5] in Turner 1997: 145) ሲሆን ፋይዳ ሥነ ስርዓቱ ለከዋኙ ማኀበረሰብ የሚሰጠው ጠቀሜታ ነው። በጥናቱ የቀደምት ጥናቶች ንባብና የመስክ ስራ ተከናውኗል። በመስክ መረጃ የተሰበሰበባቸው ዘዴዎች ምልከታ፣ ቃለመጠይቅና ቡድን ተኮር ውይይት ሲሆኑ ዓላማ ተኮርና ጠቋሚ የናሙና ዘዴዎች ጥቅም ላይ ውለዋል። መረጃን ለመተንተን ኢትኖግራፊ የጥናት ሞዴል ጥቅም ላይ ውሏል። የጥናቱ ግኝት የብሔረሰቡ የለቅሶ ሥነ ስርዓት ክዋኔ በመለየት፣ ሽግግርና መቀላቀል ሶስት ደረጃዎች ሊከፈል የሚችል መሆኑን፣ ድርጊታዊና (በቀኝ ማስተኛት፣ ጥልፍ መተርተር፣ ሽቶና ውሀ ማርከፍከፍ፣ ቅጠል መጐዝጐዝ፣ የሟችን ሚስት ቅቤ መቀባትና አዲስ ቀሚስ ማልበስ፣ ቆዳን በጠዋት ውሀ አርከፍክፎ ማጠፍ፣ በቀዝቃዛ ውሃ መታጠብ) ቁሳዊ (ውሀ፣ ቆዳ) ትዕምርቶች መኖራቸውን፣ ሥነ ስርዓቱ ተግባቦታዊና ማኀበራዊ (ለቅሶ መድረስ)፣ ኢኰኖሚያዊና (ሀፈሻ) ሥነ ልቡናዊ (በጋራ ማልቀስና ሶደቃ) ፋይዳዎች ያሉት መሆኑን አሳይቷል። ሀፈሻን ከዘመናዊ የመረዳጃ ተቋማት ጋር ማስተሳሰር ለቀጣይነቱ አስተዋጽኦ ያደርጋል፤ ዚያራ[6]ም በጥልቀት ቢጠና መልካም ነው።
ቁልፍ ቃላት፣ [አርጐባ፣ ለቅሶ፣ ሥነ ስርዓት፣ ክዋኔ]
 
Women’s Empowerment Strategies in Flora Nwapa’s Efuru: A Negofeminist Analysis
No full textThis study examines women empowerment as portrayed in Flora Nwapa’s novel, Efuru (1966). It particularly explores the empowerment strategies female characters use to empower themselves in the selected novel. The study adopted Obioma Nnaemeka’s Nego-feminist theory as a theoretical lens to analyze the novel. A close reading of the novel was then conducted to select extracts that elucidate how the female characters use nego-feminist empowerment strategies to negotiate with patriarchy and bring about gender equality. Based on the analysis of the novel, the study reveals that cooperation, negotiation, compromise, and chameleon imagery are identified as strategies characters use to empower themselves. The study also illustrates how female characters join hands with men to challenge patriarchy, often through finding the third space. The female protagonist, Efuru, forms a core of resistance against male-dominated ideology by cooperating, negotiating, compromising, and building her agency with her husband, which all bring her success while patriarchal values melt away. Finally, challenging Western feminism and adapting nego-feminism to the African context, this study promotes African indigenous feminist cultural values that can foster gender equality based on cooperation, negotiation, solidarity, and shared principles