Ethiopian Journals Online (EJOL)
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Reduction of genetic integrity of Tef [Eragrostis tef ((Zuccagni) Trotter)] landraces and its root causes in East Gojjam Zone, Northwest Ethiopia
Get PDFTef is one of the most multi-purpose cereal crops, grown by Ethiopian farmers for food and nutritional security and income generation. The study aimed to assess the reduction of genetic integrity for tef landraces and associated factors in East Gojjam Zone. The data were collected by a semi-structured questionnaire with a purposive selection of 267 farmers based on their age and farming experience. Out of 267 farmers 78% of them were more than 45 years old. Of the 22 identified total tef landraces, only 32% and 27.1% of the landraces were exclusively grown in Enemay and Shebel Berenta district, respectively. The rest 40.9% of them were cultivated in common in both districts. The estimated genetic erosion of tef landraces was found to be 65.5% in Enemay followed by that of Shebel Berenta 60%. Expanding and favouring the growing of improved tef varieties on much wider areas contributed to replacing the tef landraces. The major causes for shifting from landrace to the modern varieties were water lodging, susceptibility to diseases and pests, low productivity, market access and climate change. Only 8 landraces were under cultivation and the remaining 14 were eroded from the district(s) constituting the highest (63.64%) combined genetic erosion, suggesting loss of important agronomic traits and, thus, a major bottleneck for further improvement and conservation plans. Thus, attention should be given to tef conservation by the government and other concerned bodies in providing strategies that enable farmers to cultivate both landraces and improved varieties side by side
Integrated use of Eisenia fetida for bioconversion of water hyacinth and as alternative fish meal substitute in aquaculture
Get PDFInvasive aquatic plants like Water Hyacinth (Pontederia crassipes) pose serious environmental threats, while conventional fishmeal use in aquaculture remains ecologically and economically unsustainable. This study investigates the potential to integrate the use of red worms (Eisenia fetida) for managing water hyacinth biomass through vermicomposting, and producing red earthworm meal as an alternative protein source for fish. Water Hyacinth, combined with cow manure in four treatment groups, was subjected to a process of vermicomposting trial using a CRD. Simultaneously, red earth worm meal obtained from the composting process was evaluated as Nile tilapia diets, replacing fishmeal at 0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% levels (T1–T5). A total of 225 fish fingerlings (7.39 ± 0.34 g; 6.13 ± 0.55 cm) were fed diets with 30% crude protein for 60- day feeding trials. The growth performance of fish was monitored biweekly, and feed was adjusted accordingly. Results showed a statistically significant difference (p < 0.05) in compost yield and quality among treatments. The highest vermi-compost productivity was observed in the mixture of water hyacinth sludge and cow manure. Vermi-compost from water hyacinth root + shoot and cow manure exhibited the highest electrical conductivity, while the water hyacinth root + cow dung treatment yielded the highest pH. Statistical analysis using SPSS v20 and Tukey's HSD revealed that partial replacement of fishmeal with red earth worm meal supported optimal growth without adverse effects. This study highlights a circular, eco-friendly approach to aquatic weed management and sustainable aquaculture by converting invasive weed biomass into nutrient-rich compost and protein-rich fish feed
A History of Addis Ababa University’s Faculty of Education from Inception to 1974
No full textThis paper attempts at reconstructing the history of the Faculty of Education of Addis Ababa University until 1974. It records the development of the faculty since its inception in careful detail, with due attention to major events, organizational adjustments, and educational reforms that marked its path. The analysis explores how the Faculty of Education adapted to Ethiopia’s changing social and political landscape, illustrating its crucial role in influencing the nation’s educational system. Key contributions of the faculty to teacher training, curriculum development, and educational policy form a core component of this study. It also reviews the various phases of development, challenges faced in the initial years, strategies adopted to overcome them, and how these moves impacted the greater schema of education. It develops a comprehensive account of how internal and external challenges were responded to by the faculty through the examination of archival documents and primary sources, and how such reactions shaped its evolving role. The narrative also highlights the interplay between the Faculty’s development and broader historical trends, such as political shifts, educational reforms, and societal changes. This contextualization underscores how the Faculty’s efforts were intertwined with national developments and global educational movements. The study not only offers a detailed historical account but also provides valuable insights into the institution’s successes and struggles, offering a foundation for understanding its subsequent evolution. This comprehensive exploration aims to contribute to a deeper appreciation of the Faculty of Education’s formative years and its lasting impact on Ethiopia’s educational landscape
Financial Technology (FINTECH) and Financial Inclusion: Micro-Level Evidence from Ethiopia Using 2018/2019 Ethiopian Socio-economic Survey Data
No full textAs the banking system evolves toward a cashless economy, digital transactions are rapidly increasing. In today’s financial landscape, cashless systems are no longer just a convenience but a necessity. As a result Financial Technology (FINTECH) is adopted to help companies, business owners and consumers better manage their financial operations. This paper investigates whether or not FINTECH contributes to financial inclusion at the household level in Ethiopia. The research analyzed 2018/19Ethiopian Socio Economic Survey (ESS) data using a multivariate Probit model. A new evidence is presented to show that FINTECH or mobile payments have a significant effect on Iddir which is an informal finance mechanisms. Additionally, it is disclosed that FINTECH significantly enhances formal savings and insurance uptake, though it shows no statistically significant effect on household account ownership or borrowing behavior. These findings suggest that policy makers should leverage the positive influence that FINTECH has on informal financial systems. That could be made possible by integrating digital payment solutions into platforms like Iddir. Expanding access to FINTECH services through promotion of savings and insurance among underserved populations can also advance financial inclusion. FINTECH does not appear to influence account ownership or household borrowing. Therefore, policy efforts should address structural barriers that are beyond access. Strengthening consumer protection measures could also further enhance inclusive access to financial services
በጥምቀት በዓል ላይ የተከሰቱ አበይት ሁነቶች እና የዘመን መንፈስ፤ በአዲስ አበባ፤ ጃን ሜዳ (ከ1917 ዓ.ም እስከ 1966 ዓ.ም): Major Events in Epiphany Ritual and Zeitgeist, at Jan Meda in Addis Ababa (from 1925-1974)
No full textየዚህ ጥናት ዓላማ የጥምቀት በዓል ላይ የተከሰቱ አበይት ሁነቶች በማሳየት በወቅቱ የነበረውን የዘመን መንፈስ መመርመር ነው፡፡ ጥናቱ በአዲስ አበባ ከተማ በሚገኘው ጃን ሜዳ በሚባለው ስፍራ ከ1917 ዓ.ም እስከ 1966 ዓ.ም ድረስ ባሉት አመታት የተከበሩ የጥምቀት በዓላት ላይ የተከሰቱ አበይት ሁነቶችን በቅደም ተከተል በማቅረብ ላይ ያተኮረ ነው፡፡ ጥናቱ አይነታዊ የምርምር ስልትን የተከተለ ሲሆን፣ በቃላዊ ታሪክ የፎክሎር ጥናት ዘርፍ የሚመደብ ነው፡፡ ለጥናቱ ጠቃሚ የሆኑ ቀዳማይና ካልዓይ መረጃዎች ተሰብስበዋል፡፡ ለቀዳማይ መረጃዎች ቃለመጠይቅና ንጥል ሁነት ማሳያ የመረጃ መሰብሰቢያ ዘዴዎች ተግባራዊ የተደረጉ ሲሆን፣ ከተለያዩ መዛግብት የተገኙ ካልዓይ መረጃዎችም ጥቅም ላይ ውለዋል፡፡ በእነዚህ ዘዴዎች የተሰበሰቡ መረጃዎች ያላቸውን ትርጉምና በወቅቱ የነበረውን የዘመን መንፈስ ለመመርመር ‹‹ኦራላይዝድ ሂስትሪ›› የንድፈሃሳብ መንገድን የተከተለ ነው፡፡ በእነዚህ ዓመታት በተከበሩ የጥምቀት በዓላት ወቅት ንጉሱ፣ መኳንት፣ መሳፍንት፣ የኃይማት አባቶች በስፍራው በመገኘት የተለያዩ መንፈሳዊና ዓለማዊ ስርዓቶችን ይፈጽሙ እንደነበር ጥናቱ ያሳያል፡፡ የጥምቀት በዓልም ከኃይማኖታዊ ስርዓትነቱ በተጨማሪ የተለያዩ ማህበራዊና ፖለቲካዊ ጉዳዮች ማከናወኛ ሕዝባዊ መድረክ በመሆንም ያገለግል እንደነበር ጥናቱ ያሳያል፡፡ በጃን ሜዳ በተከበሩ የጥምቀት በዓላት ላይ ከተለያዩ አለማት የመጡ የኃይማኖት አባቶች፣ ዲፕሎማቶች፣ አምባሳደሮችና የሀገራት መሪዎች ይገኙ ነበር፡፡ ይህም የጥምቀት በዓል ለዲፕሎማሲ፣ ለሕዝብ ለሕዝብ ትስስርና ለሀገር ገጽታ ግንባታ ከፍተኛ ሚና እንደነበረው ጥናቱ ያሳያል፡፡ ሀገሪቱ ውስጥ የተከሰቱ አበይት ታሪካዊ ሁነቶች በጥምቀት በዓል አከባበር ላይ የፈጠሩት ተጽዕኖ እንዲሁም የዘመኑን መንፈስ እንደሚያሳዩ ጥናቱ አመላክቷል፡፡
This study aims to analyze the zeitgeist in the epiphany ritual, focusing on major events that happened from 1925 to 1974. Specifically, the study examines the Epiphany ritual held at Jan Meda in Addis Ababa and the major events during those years, presenting these events chronologically. The research adopts a qualitative methodology from a folklore studies perspective, utilizing an oral history approach. In the study, primary and secondary data were collected and used. Primary data were collected using interviews and case study data-gathering techniques, while secondary data were gathered from archival sources. The data were analyzed qualitatively. In analyzing and interpreting the zeitgeist within the temporal time, “Oralized History” was used as a conceptual framework. The findings reveal that, during the specified period, the Epiphany rituals were significant as religious events and sociopolitical and cultural platforms. In the Epiphany rituals, major events, which are religious and secular, happened with the attendance of Emperor Haile Selassie, members of the nobility, judicial authorities, and spiritual leaders. The Epiphany ritual was used as a major venue for diplomatic engagement, fostering people-to-people connections and contributing to nation-building. This is also evidenced by the attendance of spiritual leaders, diplomats, ambassadors, and heads of state from diverse nations at the Jan Meda rituals. Finally, the study underscores the reciprocal relationship between historical events and the ritual of the Epiphany, demonstrating how the sociopolitical dynamics of the time influenced the ritual's practices and how, in turn, these practices reflected and shaped the spirit of the time
የጋብቻ ለውጥ መለማመጃ ሥርዓተ ክዋኔዎች በጃቢ ጠህናን ማኅበረሰብ: Marriage Transformation Exercising Rituals in Jabi Tehinan District
No full textጋብቻ በባሕርይው ሰዎች ጠበቅ ያለ ለውጥ የሚያካሂዱበት የሕይወት ዘመን የደረጃ ሽግግር ማድረጊያ ከመሆኑ ጋር ተያይዞ፣ የተለያዩ ዓላማዎች ባሏቸውና ተከታታይ በሆኑ ሥርዓተ ክዋኔዎች ታጅቦ ይከበራል፡፡ ጋብቻ በጃቢ ጠህናን ወረዳ አሁንም ድረስ ከአስራ ስምንት ዓመት ዕድሜ የሚፈጸምባቸው ሁኔታዎች መኖራቸው ደግሞ ተጋቢዎች ላይ የሚደርሰውን ጫና ከባድና ውስብስብ ያደርገዋል፡፡ ሆኖም በወቅቱ በሚፈጸሙ ሥርዓተ ክዋኔዎች አማካኝነት ሽግግሩን አካሂደው፣ ለውጡን ተቀብለው የማኅበረሰቡ አካል ሲሆኑ ይስተዋላል፡፡ ይህን ከጋብቻ በፊትና በኋላ ያለውን ተቃርኖ
በማስማማትና ለውጡን በማላመድ የማኅበረሰቡ ህልውና ሚዛኑን ጠብቆ እንዲቀጥል ያስቻሉ ሥርዓተ ክዋኔዎችን የመረመረ ጥናት ባለመኖሩ ይህንን ጥናት ማካሄድ አስፈላጊ ሆኗል፡፡ የጥናቱ ዋና ዓላማ በጋብቻ ወቅት የሚፈጸሙሥርዓተ ክዋኔዎች ምን ምን እንደሆኑ መግለጽና ሚናቸው ምን እንደሚመስል ከጃቢ ጠህናን ወረዳ ማህበረሰብ ባህል፣ አኗኗር፣ ልማድና እምነት አንጻር ማሳየት ነው፡፡ በውስጡ ዋና ዋና የጋብቻ ሽግግር ሥርዓተ ክዋኔዎችን መግለጽ እና ለተጋቢዎች ለውጥም ሆነ ለማህበረሰቡ የሚያበረክቷቸውን ሚናዎች መተንተን የሚሉ ንዑሳን ዓላማዎችን ይዟል፡፡ ጥናቱ ዓይነታዊ ሲሆን መረጃዎች ከቀዳማይና ከካልአይ ምንጮች ተሰብስበዋል፡፡ ተሳትፏዊና ተሳትፏዊ ያልሆነ ምልከታ እንዲሁም ነጻ ቃለ መጠይቅ በመረጃ መሰብሰቢያነት የተጠቀመ ሲሆን መረጃው የተግባራውያንን የንድፈ ሐሳብ ፈለግ በመደገፍ ተተንትኗል፡፡ የመረጃ ትንተናው ውጤት እንደሚያሳየው በጋብቻ ወቅት ከሰርግ ዋዜማ እስከ ጫጉላ ግላጭ ድረስ ምሪ የመፍታት፣ የወንድ ሙሽራን የመፈተን እና ቃል የማስገባት እንዲሁም የዙረሽ ግቢ ክዋኔዎች በሙሽሪት ወላጆች ቤት የሚፈጸሙ ሲሆን፤ ሙሽሮችን የተለየ ምግብ መመገብ፣ የጫጉላ ቤት ጨዋታ እና የጫጉላ ግላጭ ሥነ ሥርዓቶች ደግሞ በወንዱ ሙሽራ ወላጆች ቤት የሚቀጥሉ መሆናቸውን አመላክቷል፡፡ ሥርዓተ ክዋኔዎችም ጋብቻውን የማጀብ ወይም የማድመቅ፣ ሕክምና የመስጠት (የመፈወስ)፣ ባለጉዳይን ከሽግግሩ ጋር የማስማማት እና ለውጡን የማወጅ (ማረጋገጥ) ባጠቃላይ የጋብቻ ለውጡን የማለማመድ ሚናዎች እንዳሏቸው ጥናቱ አመላክቷል፡፡
Marriage is a phase of life in which humans go through drastic changes, and it is celebrated with a continuum of rituals with different objectives. The fact that marriage still takes place below the age of eighteen in the Jabi Tehinan district makes the pressure on married couples difficult and complicated. However, it can be seen that they have made the transition, accepted the transformation, and become a part of the society through the processes that take place at the time. It is necessary to conduct this research because there is no research that has examined the rituals that allowed the existence of the community to maintain its balance by harmonizing the contradiction between before and after marriage and adapting to the change. The main purpose of the study is to explain what the rituals that take place during marriage are and to show what their role is like in terms of the culture, lifestyle, customs, and beliefs of the Jabi Tehinan district community. It has the specific objectives of describing the major processes of marriage transition and analyzing the roles they contribute to the transition of couples and to society. The study is qualitative, and the data used primary and secondary sources. The research data were collected through participant and non-participant observation and open-ended interview methods. The research also used the functionalism theoretical framework to analyze data. The results of the data analysis show that during the marriage period, from the eve of the wedding to the wedding ceremony and honeymoon, the activities of untying the bridegroom, testing the bridegroom and making promises, and the circumambulation are performed at the bride's parents' house. He pointed out that feeding the brides a different meal, the wedding house game, and the ending honeymoon ceremony will continue at the home of the groom's parents. Rituals can accompany or highlight the marriage, provide treatment (heal), adapt the couple to the transition, and announce (validate) the transformation.
 
Mine to Win, 2016, by Hiwot Taffera
No full textA theoretical discussion of literature, popular memory, and history enables us to argue that novels are valid historical sources, pertinent to their role in shaping popular memory and imagination. The employment of memory and imagination is the work of both historians and novelists. Bearing in mind the role of literary texts in the “deployment of popular memory to recompose past events,” the historian uses novels for their role in crafting collective popular imagination rather than for their accurate historical information. Although not accurate, the novel can provide an insight into the social and cultural aspects of human life. Literary works are not a reliable source of information about past events. However, art forms such as the novel take a historical theme to construct their imaginative story. By refocusing the debate on history in literature from the accuracy of information to the role of literature informing national imagination and popular memory, novels can be sites for shaping popular perception and exploring historical themes. Similarly, the novel Mine to Win imaginatively reconstructs a periodized past of the 1850s-1870s, revolving around student life, scholarly traditions of that epoch, and the everyday lives of the community.
 
Effect of Items Position Change on Students’ Achievement in the Ethiopian University Entrance Examinations (EUEEs)
No full textTo combat exam malpractice in crowded examination rooms, the Ethiopian University Entrance Examinations have been administered in four coded booklets of different reshuffling of item orders. However, research has revealed that systematic item position changes have significant effects in achievement scores. The main purpose of this study was to find out if random item order reshuffling would also have mean achievement score differences depending on which of the exam booklets test-takers were tested with. To address this purpose, the Entrance Examination 5 subjects (English, Mathematics, and 3-sciences) for 6-years for 21 sample public schools (11,376 grade 12 students) was received from National Education Assessment and Examinations Agency. In addition to the usual descriptive statistics, the data was analyzed with Spearman’s rank-order correlation to determine if the item distributions in the four booklets of the same exam significantly differ with each other. Besides, one-way ANOVA was used to determine if there are statistically significant differences in students’ achievement mean scores by booklets. The Spearman’s rank-order analysis shows weak to moderate item position order differences among booklets. In contrast to this, statistically significant mean achievement differences were found in 66.67% of the exams, which put at a serious disadvantage up to 16.64% of test-takers due to which exam booklets they were tested with. Hence, it was recommended that all stakeholders: test developers, exam booklet developers, result publishers and decision makers be aware of the unfairness of the current practice with item reordering and therefore take appropriate compensatory measures
Corporate Social Responsibility and Profitability of Nigerian Listed Deposit Money Banks: A Panel Data Analysis (2005-2020)
No full textNowadays, a lot of banks publish statistics on their CSR expenditures, indicating that they have included the discretionary type of CSR into their business operations. Still, a lot of them haven't figured out how this will affect their revenues. The purpose of this study is to ascertain whether or not CSR spending affects banks' profitability by examining the link between CSR expenditure and the profitability level of Nigerian listed banks. Based on secondary data analysis from fifteen listed banks' annual reports for the years 2005 through 2020, the study was conducted. Out of the thirty-three licensed deposit money banks (DMBs) in Nigeria as at 2020, all fifteen listed on the Nigerian Stock Exchange (NSE) were chosen using a purposive sampling technique. This study used panel data regression analysis to investigate the impact of CSR spending on the profitability of deposit money banks listed on the Nigerian Stock Exchange. The period of study covered 2005 to 2020, providing insights into the effectiveness of CSR initiatives on financial outcomes. The results show a significant correlation between the tested banks' profitability and their spending on corporate social responsibility (CSR). Specifically, each unit increase in CSR spending was accompanied by slightly above a percent rise in the banks' profit after taxes. The study comes to the conclusion that CSR spending has a major role in understanding why banks' profitability levels vary. Therefore, it is advised that banks strategically allocate the CSR funds they spend in order to boost their long-term profitability for survival and, as a result, optimize the advantages for sustainable development in society
