Ethiopian Journals Online (EJOL)
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Reduction of genetic integrity of Tef [Eragrostis tef ((Zuccagni) Trotter)] landraces and its root causes in East Gojjam Zone, Northwest Ethiopia
Full text linkTef is one of the most multi-purpose cereal crops, grown by Ethiopian farmers for food and nutritional security and income generation. The study aimed to assess the reduction of genetic integrity for tef landraces and associated factors in East Gojjam Zone. The data were collected by a semi-structured questionnaire with a purposive selection of 267 farmers based on their age and farming experience. Out of 267 farmers 78% of them were more than 45 years old. Of the 22 identified total tef landraces, only 32% and 27.1% of the landraces were exclusively grown in Enemay and Shebel Berenta district, respectively. The rest 40.9% of them were cultivated in common in both districts. The estimated genetic erosion of tef landraces was found to be 65.5% in Enemay followed by that of Shebel Berenta 60%. Expanding and favouring the growing of improved tef varieties on much wider areas contributed to replacing the tef landraces. The major causes for shifting from landrace to the modern varieties were water lodging, susceptibility to diseases and pests, low productivity, market access and climate change. Only 8 landraces were under cultivation and the remaining 14 were eroded from the district(s) constituting the highest (63.64%) combined genetic erosion, suggesting loss of important agronomic traits and, thus, a major bottleneck for further improvement and conservation plans. Thus, attention should be given to tef conservation by the government and other concerned bodies in providing strategies that enable farmers to cultivate both landraces and improved varieties side by side
Integrated use of Eisenia fetida for bioconversion of water hyacinth and as alternative fish meal substitute in aquaculture
Full text linkInvasive aquatic plants like Water Hyacinth (Pontederia crassipes) pose serious environmental threats, while conventional fishmeal use in aquaculture remains ecologically and economically unsustainable. This study investigates the potential to integrate the use of red worms (Eisenia fetida) for managing water hyacinth biomass through vermicomposting, and producing red earthworm meal as an alternative protein source for fish. Water Hyacinth, combined with cow manure in four treatment groups, was subjected to a process of vermicomposting trial using a CRD. Simultaneously, red earth worm meal obtained from the composting process was evaluated as Nile tilapia diets, replacing fishmeal at 0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% levels (T1–T5). A total of 225 fish fingerlings (7.39 ± 0.34 g; 6.13 ± 0.55 cm) were fed diets with 30% crude protein for 60- day feeding trials. The growth performance of fish was monitored biweekly, and feed was adjusted accordingly. Results showed a statistically significant difference (p < 0.05) in compost yield and quality among treatments. The highest vermi-compost productivity was observed in the mixture of water hyacinth sludge and cow manure. Vermi-compost from water hyacinth root + shoot and cow manure exhibited the highest electrical conductivity, while the water hyacinth root + cow dung treatment yielded the highest pH. Statistical analysis using SPSS v20 and Tukey's HSD revealed that partial replacement of fishmeal with red earth worm meal supported optimal growth without adverse effects. This study highlights a circular, eco-friendly approach to aquatic weed management and sustainable aquaculture by converting invasive weed biomass into nutrient-rich compost and protein-rich fish feed
A History of Addis Ababa University’s Faculty of Education from Inception to 1974
No full textThis paper attempts at reconstructing the history of the Faculty of Education of Addis Ababa University until 1974. It records the development of the faculty since its inception in careful detail, with due attention to major events, organizational adjustments, and educational reforms that marked its path. The analysis explores how the Faculty of Education adapted to Ethiopia’s changing social and political landscape, illustrating its crucial role in influencing the nation’s educational system. Key contributions of the faculty to teacher training, curriculum development, and educational policy form a core component of this study. It also reviews the various phases of development, challenges faced in the initial years, strategies adopted to overcome them, and how these moves impacted the greater schema of education. It develops a comprehensive account of how internal and external challenges were responded to by the faculty through the examination of archival documents and primary sources, and how such reactions shaped its evolving role. The narrative also highlights the interplay between the Faculty’s development and broader historical trends, such as political shifts, educational reforms, and societal changes. This contextualization underscores how the Faculty’s efforts were intertwined with national developments and global educational movements. The study not only offers a detailed historical account but also provides valuable insights into the institution’s successes and struggles, offering a foundation for understanding its subsequent evolution. This comprehensive exploration aims to contribute to a deeper appreciation of the Faculty of Education’s formative years and its lasting impact on Ethiopia’s educational landscape
Financial Technology (FINTECH) and Financial Inclusion: Micro-Level Evidence from Ethiopia Using 2018/2019 Ethiopian Socio-economic Survey Data
No full textAs the banking system evolves toward a cashless economy, digital transactions are rapidly increasing. In today’s financial landscape, cashless systems are no longer just a convenience but a necessity. As a result Financial Technology (FINTECH) is adopted to help companies, business owners and consumers better manage their financial operations. This paper investigates whether or not FINTECH contributes to financial inclusion at the household level in Ethiopia. The research analyzed 2018/19Ethiopian Socio Economic Survey (ESS) data using a multivariate Probit model. A new evidence is presented to show that FINTECH or mobile payments have a significant effect on Iddir which is an informal finance mechanisms. Additionally, it is disclosed that FINTECH significantly enhances formal savings and insurance uptake, though it shows no statistically significant effect on household account ownership or borrowing behavior. These findings suggest that policy makers should leverage the positive influence that FINTECH has on informal financial systems. That could be made possible by integrating digital payment solutions into platforms like Iddir. Expanding access to FINTECH services through promotion of savings and insurance among underserved populations can also advance financial inclusion. FINTECH does not appear to influence account ownership or household borrowing. Therefore, policy efforts should address structural barriers that are beyond access. Strengthening consumer protection measures could also further enhance inclusive access to financial services
Analytical Hierarchy Process Model for Selecting Road Contractors: A Case of Ethiopian Roads Administration
Full text linkIn the construction industry, the successful completion of a project mainly depends on the performance and capability of the contractor. It is therefore understood that the success of a project may be compromised without an appropriate and reliable process for identifying the most suitable contractor. Commonly, many organizations select contractors primarily on the lowest bid offer, as it is simple and emphasizes cost efficiency. However, this approach often undermines other important factors. Hence, incorporating a multi criteria decision making approach ensures a more balanced evaluation that considers both bid price and other key criteria. This study explores the application of the Analytical Hierarchy Process as a decision-making model for contractor’s selection. A combination of descriptive and case study research design was employed to identify and prioritize the contractor selection criteria. An extensive literature review identified 23 contractor selection criteria, which were categorized into four main groups. A structured questionnaire was then used to collect primary data based on these criteria. Once the data is gathered, the criteria are ranked in order of significance and prioritized for use in the analytical hierarchy process model. The analysis revealed that past performance competency had the highest weight (38.56%) with a consistency ratio of 0.088, followed by technical competency (24.16%) and financial competency (20.42%). Management competency ranked lowest at 16.84%, with a consistency ratio of 0.0529. In summary,the proposed model enhances the contractor selection process by integrating multiple key competencies to evaluate contractors across broader criteria
Safety Evaluation of Reinforced Concrete Highway Bridges Under Overloaded Truck Traffic: A Data-driven Assessment using Static Weighing Station (sws) Records
Full text linkAssessing performance assessment of reinforced concrete (RC) highway bridges subjected to overloaded truck is important in maintaining safety and sustainability of transport infrastructures. These trucks cause threat to bridges and lead to deterioration if not managed. The framework of assessment consists of structural analysis techniques, load rating methodologies, condition assessment procedures, and risk evaluation criteria. Studies showed that bridges in Ethiopia are overloaded and hence, in this study, a comprehensive safety assessment of selected RC highway bridges subjected to overloaded truck is presented. Nine RC girder bridges found along the selected routes have been considered for investigation. To investigate the effects of overloaded vehicles on Ethiopian bridges, 51,900 actual truck loading data from three static weighing stations (SWS) were collected over a period of five years. Rating factors for bridges were determined based on legal loads, actual truck load data, and extrapolated load data, taking into account the estimated remaining service life of the bridges and possible future reinforcement corrosion. The results revealed that, on average, 16.3 % and 33.85 % of the trucks violated the limit set on national regulation and bridge formulas, respectively. In addition, the rating factors for the bridges were reduced by 30.18 % and 56.29 % for the actual truck load data and extrapolated load data, respectively, compared to the legal loads. The result showed the bridges’ performance is severely affected and hence enforcing the current law and developing appropriate mitigation strategies are recommended
በጥምቀት በዓል ላይ የተከሰቱ አበይት ሁነቶች እና የዘመን መንፈስ፤ በአዲስ አበባ፤ ጃን ሜዳ (ከ1917 ዓ.ም እስከ 1966 ዓ.ም): Major Events in Epiphany Ritual and Zeitgeist, at Jan Meda in Addis Ababa (from 1925-1974)
No full textየዚህ ጥናት ዓላማ የጥምቀት በዓል ላይ የተከሰቱ አበይት ሁነቶች በማሳየት በወቅቱ የነበረውን የዘመን መንፈስ መመርመር ነው፡፡ ጥናቱ በአዲስ አበባ ከተማ በሚገኘው ጃን ሜዳ በሚባለው ስፍራ ከ1917 ዓ.ም እስከ 1966 ዓ.ም ድረስ ባሉት አመታት የተከበሩ የጥምቀት በዓላት ላይ የተከሰቱ አበይት ሁነቶችን በቅደም ተከተል በማቅረብ ላይ ያተኮረ ነው፡፡ ጥናቱ አይነታዊ የምርምር ስልትን የተከተለ ሲሆን፣ በቃላዊ ታሪክ የፎክሎር ጥናት ዘርፍ የሚመደብ ነው፡፡ ለጥናቱ ጠቃሚ የሆኑ ቀዳማይና ካልዓይ መረጃዎች ተሰብስበዋል፡፡ ለቀዳማይ መረጃዎች ቃለመጠይቅና ንጥል ሁነት ማሳያ የመረጃ መሰብሰቢያ ዘዴዎች ተግባራዊ የተደረጉ ሲሆን፣ ከተለያዩ መዛግብት የተገኙ ካልዓይ መረጃዎችም ጥቅም ላይ ውለዋል፡፡ በእነዚህ ዘዴዎች የተሰበሰቡ መረጃዎች ያላቸውን ትርጉምና በወቅቱ የነበረውን የዘመን መንፈስ ለመመርመር ‹‹ኦራላይዝድ ሂስትሪ›› የንድፈሃሳብ መንገድን የተከተለ ነው፡፡ በእነዚህ ዓመታት በተከበሩ የጥምቀት በዓላት ወቅት ንጉሱ፣ መኳንት፣ መሳፍንት፣ የኃይማት አባቶች በስፍራው በመገኘት የተለያዩ መንፈሳዊና ዓለማዊ ስርዓቶችን ይፈጽሙ እንደነበር ጥናቱ ያሳያል፡፡ የጥምቀት በዓልም ከኃይማኖታዊ ስርዓትነቱ በተጨማሪ የተለያዩ ማህበራዊና ፖለቲካዊ ጉዳዮች ማከናወኛ ሕዝባዊ መድረክ በመሆንም ያገለግል እንደነበር ጥናቱ ያሳያል፡፡ በጃን ሜዳ በተከበሩ የጥምቀት በዓላት ላይ ከተለያዩ አለማት የመጡ የኃይማኖት አባቶች፣ ዲፕሎማቶች፣ አምባሳደሮችና የሀገራት መሪዎች ይገኙ ነበር፡፡ ይህም የጥምቀት በዓል ለዲፕሎማሲ፣ ለሕዝብ ለሕዝብ ትስስርና ለሀገር ገጽታ ግንባታ ከፍተኛ ሚና እንደነበረው ጥናቱ ያሳያል፡፡ ሀገሪቱ ውስጥ የተከሰቱ አበይት ታሪካዊ ሁነቶች በጥምቀት በዓል አከባበር ላይ የፈጠሩት ተጽዕኖ እንዲሁም የዘመኑን መንፈስ እንደሚያሳዩ ጥናቱ አመላክቷል፡፡
This study aims to analyze the zeitgeist in the epiphany ritual, focusing on major events that happened from 1925 to 1974. Specifically, the study examines the Epiphany ritual held at Jan Meda in Addis Ababa and the major events during those years, presenting these events chronologically. The research adopts a qualitative methodology from a folklore studies perspective, utilizing an oral history approach. In the study, primary and secondary data were collected and used. Primary data were collected using interviews and case study data-gathering techniques, while secondary data were gathered from archival sources. The data were analyzed qualitatively. In analyzing and interpreting the zeitgeist within the temporal time, “Oralized History” was used as a conceptual framework. The findings reveal that, during the specified period, the Epiphany rituals were significant as religious events and sociopolitical and cultural platforms. In the Epiphany rituals, major events, which are religious and secular, happened with the attendance of Emperor Haile Selassie, members of the nobility, judicial authorities, and spiritual leaders. The Epiphany ritual was used as a major venue for diplomatic engagement, fostering people-to-people connections and contributing to nation-building. This is also evidenced by the attendance of spiritual leaders, diplomats, ambassadors, and heads of state from diverse nations at the Jan Meda rituals. Finally, the study underscores the reciprocal relationship between historical events and the ritual of the Epiphany, demonstrating how the sociopolitical dynamics of the time influenced the ritual's practices and how, in turn, these practices reflected and shaped the spirit of the time
የጋብቻ ለውጥ መለማመጃ ሥርዓተ ክዋኔዎች በጃቢ ጠህናን ማኅበረሰብ: Marriage Transformation Exercising Rituals in Jabi Tehinan District
No full textጋብቻ በባሕርይው ሰዎች ጠበቅ ያለ ለውጥ የሚያካሂዱበት የሕይወት ዘመን የደረጃ ሽግግር ማድረጊያ ከመሆኑ ጋር ተያይዞ፣ የተለያዩ ዓላማዎች ባሏቸውና ተከታታይ በሆኑ ሥርዓተ ክዋኔዎች ታጅቦ ይከበራል፡፡ ጋብቻ በጃቢ ጠህናን ወረዳ አሁንም ድረስ ከአስራ ስምንት ዓመት ዕድሜ የሚፈጸምባቸው ሁኔታዎች መኖራቸው ደግሞ ተጋቢዎች ላይ የሚደርሰውን ጫና ከባድና ውስብስብ ያደርገዋል፡፡ ሆኖም በወቅቱ በሚፈጸሙ ሥርዓተ ክዋኔዎች አማካኝነት ሽግግሩን አካሂደው፣ ለውጡን ተቀብለው የማኅበረሰቡ አካል ሲሆኑ ይስተዋላል፡፡ ይህን ከጋብቻ በፊትና በኋላ ያለውን ተቃርኖ
በማስማማትና ለውጡን በማላመድ የማኅበረሰቡ ህልውና ሚዛኑን ጠብቆ እንዲቀጥል ያስቻሉ ሥርዓተ ክዋኔዎችን የመረመረ ጥናት ባለመኖሩ ይህንን ጥናት ማካሄድ አስፈላጊ ሆኗል፡፡ የጥናቱ ዋና ዓላማ በጋብቻ ወቅት የሚፈጸሙሥርዓተ ክዋኔዎች ምን ምን እንደሆኑ መግለጽና ሚናቸው ምን እንደሚመስል ከጃቢ ጠህናን ወረዳ ማህበረሰብ ባህል፣ አኗኗር፣ ልማድና እምነት አንጻር ማሳየት ነው፡፡ በውስጡ ዋና ዋና የጋብቻ ሽግግር ሥርዓተ ክዋኔዎችን መግለጽ እና ለተጋቢዎች ለውጥም ሆነ ለማህበረሰቡ የሚያበረክቷቸውን ሚናዎች መተንተን የሚሉ ንዑሳን ዓላማዎችን ይዟል፡፡ ጥናቱ ዓይነታዊ ሲሆን መረጃዎች ከቀዳማይና ከካልአይ ምንጮች ተሰብስበዋል፡፡ ተሳትፏዊና ተሳትፏዊ ያልሆነ ምልከታ እንዲሁም ነጻ ቃለ መጠይቅ በመረጃ መሰብሰቢያነት የተጠቀመ ሲሆን መረጃው የተግባራውያንን የንድፈ ሐሳብ ፈለግ በመደገፍ ተተንትኗል፡፡ የመረጃ ትንተናው ውጤት እንደሚያሳየው በጋብቻ ወቅት ከሰርግ ዋዜማ እስከ ጫጉላ ግላጭ ድረስ ምሪ የመፍታት፣ የወንድ ሙሽራን የመፈተን እና ቃል የማስገባት እንዲሁም የዙረሽ ግቢ ክዋኔዎች በሙሽሪት ወላጆች ቤት የሚፈጸሙ ሲሆን፤ ሙሽሮችን የተለየ ምግብ መመገብ፣ የጫጉላ ቤት ጨዋታ እና የጫጉላ ግላጭ ሥነ ሥርዓቶች ደግሞ በወንዱ ሙሽራ ወላጆች ቤት የሚቀጥሉ መሆናቸውን አመላክቷል፡፡ ሥርዓተ ክዋኔዎችም ጋብቻውን የማጀብ ወይም የማድመቅ፣ ሕክምና የመስጠት (የመፈወስ)፣ ባለጉዳይን ከሽግግሩ ጋር የማስማማት እና ለውጡን የማወጅ (ማረጋገጥ) ባጠቃላይ የጋብቻ ለውጡን የማለማመድ ሚናዎች እንዳሏቸው ጥናቱ አመላክቷል፡፡
Marriage is a phase of life in which humans go through drastic changes, and it is celebrated with a continuum of rituals with different objectives. The fact that marriage still takes place below the age of eighteen in the Jabi Tehinan district makes the pressure on married couples difficult and complicated. However, it can be seen that they have made the transition, accepted the transformation, and become a part of the society through the processes that take place at the time. It is necessary to conduct this research because there is no research that has examined the rituals that allowed the existence of the community to maintain its balance by harmonizing the contradiction between before and after marriage and adapting to the change. The main purpose of the study is to explain what the rituals that take place during marriage are and to show what their role is like in terms of the culture, lifestyle, customs, and beliefs of the Jabi Tehinan district community. It has the specific objectives of describing the major processes of marriage transition and analyzing the roles they contribute to the transition of couples and to society. The study is qualitative, and the data used primary and secondary sources. The research data were collected through participant and non-participant observation and open-ended interview methods. The research also used the functionalism theoretical framework to analyze data. The results of the data analysis show that during the marriage period, from the eve of the wedding to the wedding ceremony and honeymoon, the activities of untying the bridegroom, testing the bridegroom and making promises, and the circumambulation are performed at the bride's parents' house. He pointed out that feeding the brides a different meal, the wedding house game, and the ending honeymoon ceremony will continue at the home of the groom's parents. Rituals can accompany or highlight the marriage, provide treatment (heal), adapt the couple to the transition, and announce (validate) the transformation.