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Mewujudkan Keadilan Realitas dalam Putusan Penguasaan Anak Melalui Pendekatan Interkoneksi Sistem
No full textChild custody disputes are one of the absolute authorities of religious courts. In 2023 there were 1526 (one thousand five hundred and twenty six) cases of child custody disputes examined and decided by all religious courts in Indonesia. The problem is that even though the court has given a decision that is legally binding on the child custody holder, the reality is that many of the religious court decisions are not heeded by the losing party due to several factors, including hiding the child, taking the child away, or inciting the child, which has an impact on the non-executionability of the child custody decision. Departing from this problem, this paper formulates the problem of how legal regulations in Indonesia regulate child custody and how the application of the interconnection system in carrying out child custody decisions. This paper applies normative juridical research methods by examining related legal documents as the main source of reference. the author's findings that for the realization of reality justice in child custody decisions, the Court can adopt an inter-connection system by involving relevant to prevent non-executable decisions.Salah satu klasifikasi perkara yang menjadi yurisdiksi absolut pengadilan agama adalah sengketa penguasaan anak. Sepanjang tahun 2023 terdapat 1526 (seribu lima ratus dua puluh enam) perkara sengketa penguasaan anak yang telah disidangkan dan diputus oleh seluruh pengadilan agama di Indonesia. Problematikanya meskipun pengadilan telah memutus pemegang kuasa asuh yang sah dan putusan tersebut telah memiliki kekuatan hukum tetap, realitanya banyak dari putusan pengadilan tidak diindahkan pihak yang kalah dipicu oleh beberapa faktor antara lain dengan menyembunyikan anak, membawa kabur anak, atau menghasut anak sehingga berdampak kepada tidak bisa dilaksanakannya (non executionable) putusan hak asuh anak. Berangkat dari persoalan tersebut, tulisan ini merumuskan permasalahan mengenai bagaimana regulasi hukum di Indonesia mengatur perihal hak asuh anak dan bagaimana pelaksanaan putusan hak asuh anak di Indonesia melalui pendekatan teori interkoneksi sistem. Metode penelitian yang digunakan pada tulisan ini adalah yuridis normatif dengan meneliti dokumen-dokumen hukum yang memiliki relevansi dengan objek penelitian. Temuan penulis dalam penelitian ini bahwa untuk terwujudnya keadilan realitas di dalam putusan hak asuh anak, Lembaga peradilan harus menerapkan interkoneksi sistem dengan melibatkan lembaga-lembaga terkait seperti KemenPPPA, Kemendagri, Bank Indonesia, Kementerian Agama, BPJS dan Polri untuk mencegah putusan tidak dapat dilaksanakan (Non Executable)
Perumusan Model Penyelesaian Sengketa Tanah yang Adil: Pendekatan Dekonstruksi Derrida terhadap Kasus Eks Konsesi Dumai
No full textDumai City is an area with land concession permits for oil and gas companies, including PT. Chevron Pacific Indonesia. These extensive and long-term land concession permits often conflict with local (indigenous) communities, urban development, and population growth. Although the company’s concession period has expired and the land must be returned to the government, land claims, disputes, and conflicts remain unresolved. Therefore, a just, holistic, and human rights-based resolution will be a fundamental element of this resolution. The research method used is a normative empirical one with data sources obtained from field observations and interviews with various stakeholders, including the government and local communities. This paper will focus on how Jacques Derrida’s concept deconstructs the settlement of the former Dumai concession case by dissecting the dominant legal narrative that supports ownership, concession claims, revealing the contradictions and power structures inherent in the land tenure system. This paper proposes alternative dispute resolution models, such as conciliation, based on different principles, future justice, and openness to plural legal subjects. Through Derrida’s deconstruction and conciliation efforts, various alternative justice-based concession land solutions will be formulated for corporations (PT. CPI), local (indigenous) communities, citizens, local governments, vertical agencies, business actors, including law enforcement options.Kota Dumai merupakan wilayah dengan izin konsesi lahan bagi perusahaan minyak dan gas, termasuk PT. Chevron Pacific Indonesia. Izin konsesi lahan yang luas dan berjangka panjang ini seringkali berbenturan dengan masyarakat lokal (adat), pembangunan perkotaan, dan pertumbuhan penduduk. Meskipun masa konsesi perusahaan telah berakhir dan lahan harus dikembalikan kepada pemerintah, klaim lahan, sengketa, dan konflik masih belum terselesaikan. Oleh karena itu, penyelesaian yang adil, holistik, dan berbasis hak asasi manusia akan menjadi elemen fundamental dari penyelesaian ini. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah metode empiris normatif dengan sumber data diperoleh dari observasi lapangan dan wawancara dengan berbagai pemangku kepentingan, termasuk pemerintah dan masyarakat setempat. Makalah ini akan berfokus pada bagaimana konsep Jacques Derrida mendekonstruksi penyelesaian kasus bekas konsesi Dumai dengan membedah narasi hukum dominan yang mendukung kepemilikan, klaim konsesi, serta mengungkap kontradiksi dan struktur kekuasaan yang melekat dalam sistem penguasaan lahan. Makalah ini mengusulkan model-model penyelesaian sengketa alternatif, seperti konsiliasi, yang didasarkan pada prinsip-prinsip yang berbeda, keadilan masa depan, dan keterbukaan terhadap subjek hukum yang plural. Melalui upaya dekonstruksi dan konsiliasi Derrida, berbagai solusi lahan konsesi berbasis keadilan alternatif akan dirumuskan bagi korporasi (PT. CPI), masyarakat lokal (adat), warga negara, pemerintah daerah, instansi vertikal, pelaku bisnis, termasuk opsi penegakan hukum
The Role of International Humanitarian Law in the Conflict with the West Papua Liberation Army
No full textThis research examines the application of International Humanitarian Law (IHL) in the conflict between the Indonesian National Armed Forces (Tentara Nasional Indonesia, or "TNI") and the West Papua National Liberation Army (TPNPB). The main focus is to assess the legal status of TPNPB as a non-state armed actor and examine the extent to which the TNI's authority in military operations has been in accordance with the principles of proportionality, distinction, and precaution. Using qualitative legal research and conceptual, statutory, and historical approaches, the findings indicate that the conflict in Papua has fulfilled the elements of a non-international armed conflict (NIAC), although it has not been officially recognized by the Indonesian government. In addition, the implementation of TNI's authority in Military Operations Other Than War (OMSP) is considered to have the potential to violate IHL principles because of its impact on civilians. This research recommends a more consistent application of IHL to ensure the effective protection of civilians in domestic conflicts
A Legal Transplantation by The Rule of Law, Comparative Study, Legal Culture and History
No full textLegal transplantation introduces foreign laws or institutions into a legal system without considering the existing legal culture, a process that poses significant challenges. When borrowing occurs through complete assimilation, these challenges are particularly evident. This research aims to develop a theoretical framework for legal transplantation through the lens of path dependence, a framework that can address the challenges that arise from the historical development of legal systems. To accomplish this aim, a systematic literature review (SLR) was conducted. This entailed the selection and analysis of articles published between 2019 and 2024 that focused on specific subjects, including legal transplantation practices, legal path dependence practices, and law creation from legal history. The articles were obtained from the Scopus database, which is a widely recognized global journal database. The results indicate that the development of a theoretical framework for legal transplantation by path dependence encompasses legal discussions and the rule of law by the judiciary in the home country, considering the challenges posed by recent cultural structures. The article elucidates the pivotal role of path dependence in legal system development through legal transplantation, while also underscoring its limitations and its manifestation in different countries
Is It Necessary to Include Promise in a Deed of Granting of Mortgage Rights?
No full textTo secure the funds that have been granted to the debtor, in loan agreement between creditor and debtor, a guarantee agreement is usually included. One form of collaterals that is most in demand is land collateral. This research aims to analyze funds security that has been handed over to debtors in connection with loan agreement and promises (clauses) inclusion in a Deed of Granting of Mortgage Rights. This normative research uses statutory, conceptual and interpretive approaches. This study examines several deeds to search and analyze the promises (clauses) in the guarantee agreement. The result shows that the loan agreement includes a promise to provide collateral that will be attached with mortgage rights, to secure the credit that has been given to the debtor as security for repayment of credit loan. Therefore, the loan agreement contains rights and obligations of parties as a form of prudential principles. Furthermore, a Deed of granting of mortgage rights considerably needs to include promises (clauses) as a manifestation of conditions related to the guarantee provided. In its regulation (Mortgage Rights Law), these promises are optional (not mandatory) being included in a Deed of granting of mortgage rights. However, in practice these promises are always included in a deed at the creditor's request, with the aim being a kind of self-protection to creditor. However, Mortgage Rights Law also provides a balance of protection to debtors, namely promises that are prohibited from being included that creditors can immediately own the object of mortgage rights when the debtor defaults. If such promise is included, then the Deed of Granting of Mortgage Rights is null and void
Kebijakan Pembaharuan Konsep Perzinahan Pasal 411 Undang-Undang Nomor 1 Tahun 2023 KUHP Indonesia
No full textThe current Dutch colonial Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana (KUHP) needs to be replaced with an updated Indonesian Criminal Code. Legal scholars, especially those specializing in criminal law, have long debated the overhaul, reformulation, modification, and even reformation of the Criminal Code to conform to the guiding principles of the Indonesian nation as a whole and this discussion has been ongoing for quite some time. This research intends to evaluate the policy basis of the expansion of the definition of adultery and the values protected from the expansion as stipulated in Article 411 of Law Number 1 Year 2023 on the Criminal Code This research is a descriptive study that uses a normative legal approach. Secondary data and document study are used in data collection. A qualitative approach was used to analyze the data. The research findings show that the criminal policy perspective is the basis for the expansion policy that contains a definition of the offense of adultery that is problematic as a policy because it does not reflect the principles that guide Indonesian society and the nation as a whole. With the way the article is currently written, for every person who has sexual intercourse with anyone as long as he is not his husband or wife and does not regulate the imposition of punishment for convicts who are single. The findings in this study highlight the importance of policy implementation of expanding the concept of adultery to ensure that justice is maintained and equal protection is given to all parties accused without sufficient evidence.Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana (KUHP) peninggalan kolonial Belanda saat ini perlu diganti dengan KUHP Indonesia yang telah diperbaharui. Para ahli hukum, terutama yang mengkhususkan diri dalam hukum pidana, telah lama memperdebatkan perombakan, perumusan kembali, modifikasi, dan bahkan reformasi KUHP agar sesuai dengan prinsip-prinsip yang menjadi pedoman bangsa Indonesia secara keseluruhan dan diskusi ini telah berlangsung cukup lama. Penelitian ini bermaksud untuk mengevaluasi dasar kebijakan perluasan pengertian perzinahan dan nilai-nilai yang dilindungi dari perluasan tersebut sebagaimana diatur dalam Pasal 411 Undang Undang Nomor 1 Tahun 2023 tentang KUHP. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian deskriptif yang menggunakan pendekatan hukum normatif. Data sekunder dan studi dokumen, digunakan dalam pengumpulan data. Pendekatan kualitatif digunakan untuk menganalisis data. Temuan penelitian menunjukkan bahwa perspektif kebijakan kriminal menjadi dasar kebijakan perluasan yang memuat definisi delik perzinahan yang bermasalah sebagai sebuah kebijakan karena tidak mencerminkan prinsip- prinsip yang menjadi pedoman masyarakat dan bangsa Indonesia secara keseluruhan. Dengan cara penulisan pasal tersebut saat ini, Bagi setiap orang yang melakukan persetubuhan dengan siapapun sepanjang bukan suami atau istrinya dan tidak mengatur pengenaan hukuman bagi terpidana yang masih lajang. Temuan dalam penelitian ini pentingnya implementasi kebijakan perluasan konsep perzinahan untuk memastikan bahwa keadilan dijaga dan perlindungan yang seimbang diberikan kepada semua pihak yang dituduh tanpa bukti yang cukup
Pembangunan Hukum Nasional dalam Perspektif Teori dan Filsafat Hukum
No full textThis paper discusses some strategic issues about national legal development, which is viewed in the light of legal theory and philosophy. The need to replace the laws of the colonial regime has been discussed for quite some time, and in fact, since Indonesia declared its independence. However, the process of replacing the Dutch laws and developing its own national law is quite slow. There are some strategies issues discussed in this writing, namely, among others: what is the legal politics/policy of the issue of legal unification and legal pluralism in Indonesia, what is the legal approach about the development of unwritten and written laws, what is the legal policy to address the issue of adat law as one of the material legal sources for the future Indonesian laws, and how jurisprudence (court decisions) may be used to develop Indonesian national legal system. With those backgrounds, the formulation of the problems is as follows: how can legal theory and philosophy be used as theoretical and philosophical argumentation to address some strategic issues of Indonesian legal development as mentioned above, and what is the legal politics/policy for the development of national legal system of Indonesia, in particular, of those strategic legal issues. The method used in this research paper is normative juridical or library research with a descriptive-qualitative analytical approach. The result of the research shows that, as of today, there are no official documents or any existing laws that comprehensively give direction to the legal politics/policy on the strategic issues of Indonesian legal development. In general, the discussion on the issues of national legal development is limited among legal experts and academicians, and the debate on contentious issues has fundamental arguments based on legal theory/philosophy. So far, legal positivism has a a significant influence on the way we respond to those strategic issues. However, there has been an interesting development recently. We can gradually see a paradigm shifting from legal positivistic to a more sociological, human and ethical approach.Tulisan ini membahas beberapa isu strategis mengenai pembangunan hukum nasional dalam perspektif teori dan filsafat hukum. Keinginan untuk menggantikan rezim hukum kolonial Belanda sudah digaungkan sejak lama, bahkan sejak awal kemerdekaan Indonesia. Namun proses untuk menggantikan hukum kolonial dengan hukum nasional tersebut berjalan sangat lamban. Ada beberapa isu strategis yang dibahas dalam tulisan ini, diantaranya: bagaimanakah politik hukum terkait unifikasi dan pluralisme hukum di Indonesia ?, bagaimana kebijakan negara terhadap hukum tertulis dan tidak tertulis ?, termasuk di dalamnya kebijakan negara terhadap pengembangan hukum adat sebagai salah satu sumber hukum bagi pembangunan hukum nasional ke depan. Rumusan masalah dari penelitian ini adalah bagaimana teori dan filsafat hukum dapat digunakan sebagai landasan teoritis dan filosofis untuk menjawab beberapa isu strategis dalam konteks pembangunan hukum nasional, dan bagaimana politik hukum pembangunan hukum nasional, khususnya terhadap beberapa isu strategis yang telah dikemukakan di atas. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode penelitian hukum normatif atau penelitian kepustakaan dengan pendekatan analisis deskriptif kualitatif. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa sampai dengan saat ini belum ada dokumen (hukum) ataupun peraturan perundang-undangan yang secara komprehensif memuat arah politik hukum pembangunan hukum nasional. Secara umum, pembahasan terkait isu pembangunan hukum nasional masih terbatas dikalangan ahli hukum dan akademisi hukum. Hasil penelitian juga menunjukan bahwa sejauh ini paham atau aliran positivisme mempunyai pengaruh yang signifikan terhadap konsep pembangunan hukum nasional yang berkembang saat ini. Namun demikian, secara perlahan terjadi perubahan paradigma dari cara berpikir yang sangat positifistis ke arah pendekatan yang lebih sosiologis, humanis dan etis
Strategi Perbatasan Suku Dayak Agabag dalam pemenuhan Hak Budaya di Ulu Sembakung, Kalimantan Utara
No full textThe local elites of the Dayak Agabag community are acutely aware of their minority status, which paradoxically presents them with unique opportunities. Situated as a frontier people within Indonesia, the Dayak Agabag have cultivated strong social bonds with the Murut Pensiangan community in Malaysia, fostering cultural cohesion that transcends national borders. These sociocultural ties, while beneficial for community solidarity, are viewed as a challenge to state sovereignty and nationalistic ideals. Ironically, local elites of the Agabag community have adeptly utilized their minority status to advocate for the development of modern-state infrastructure in their region. This article critically examines the cultural rights challenges confronting the Dayak Agabag along the Indonesia-Malaysia border, with a focus on the political agency of their local elites in shaping affirmative policies for marginalized communities and advocating for human rights. It sheds light on how both elite and community movements seek legitimacy in their endeavors. Through an ethnographic lens, the study reveals that Dayak Agabag's local elites have strategically asserted their political agency to carve out autonomy in countering state spatial domination and advocating for human rights as frontier people. Central to this analysis is the understanding that the political agency of Dayak Agabag's local elites enables them to maintain their minority status effectively, leveraging it to access political advantages and privileges across national borders. This agency offers valuable insights into how marginalized frontier communities can harness their indigenous political power to secure cultural rights, navigate cross-border dynamics, and maintain social legitimacy despite facing formal legal challenges. In conclusion, this article underscores the nuanced strategies employed by Dayak Agabag's local elites to navigate their geopolitical context, advocating for rights and infrastructure development while managing complex transnational relationships. It highlights the resilience and adaptability of frontier communities in utilizing their indigeneity to negotiate and assert their place in contemporary political landscapes.Kelompok Penguasa yang ada di suku Dayak Agabag sadar bahwa posisi mereka sebagai minoritas dapat mendatangkan peluang. Sebagai Masyarakat perbatasan, Dayak Agabag telah membentuk ikatan sosial yang solid dengan Murut Pensiangan, penduduk Malaysia, dengan cara membina ikatan budaya melintasi batas-batas negara. Ikatan sosial budaya ini dipandang sebagai ancaman terhadap kedaulatan dan nasionalisme, yang ironisnya sering dieksploitasi oleh elite lokal untuk kepentingan mereka. Suku Dayak Agabag menggunakan status minoritas mereka untuk mengadvokasi pembangunan infrastruktur negara modern di wilayah mereka. Artikel ini menganalisis tantangan budaya yang dihadapi oleh Suku Dayak Agabag di perbatasan Indonesia-Malaysia, dengan tujuan untuk memahami peran politik Suku Dayak Agabag dalam membentuk kebijakan afirmatif untuk masyarakat yang terpinggirkan dan advokasi mereka terhadap hak-hak asasi manusia, dengan menyoroti pergerakan para elite dan masyarakat dalam upaya untuk mendapat legitimasi. Lensa etnografi yang digunakan dalam artikel ini menunjukkan bahwa perwakilan politik suku Dayak Agabag menciptakan aturan mereka sendiri untuk melawan dominasi teritorial negara, dalam memperjuangkan hak asasi manusia sebagai masyarakat perbatasan, yang memberikan mereka akses untuk mendapatkan keuntungan politik dan hak-hak istimewa di perbatasan. Perwakilan Suku Dayak Agabag memberikan wawasan tentang bagaimana Masyarakat perbatasan yang terpinggirkan dapat meningkatkan kekuatan pribumi politik mereka, memperoleh hak-hak budaya, dan mempertahankan mobilitas lintas batas yang sah secara sosial namun ilegal secara hukum
Legacy Pengadilan Hibrida di Kamboja: Memajukan Peradilan yang Bebas dan Tidak Memihak?
No full textThe mandate of the Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia (ECCC) concluded in 2022, marking the end of its nearly two-decade presence in Cambodia. Established as a hybrid court through a collaboration between the Cambodian government and the United Nations, the ECCC operated under a unique framework combining foreign and domestic laws, personnel, and judges. While the caseload of the court ended in early 2022, there are remaining legacies for Cambodians. This research investigates the legacy of the ECCC concerning fair trial rights and examines how national staff apply their experiences from the ECCC in the national courts. The article relies on document analysis and in-depth interviews with seven former and current Cambodian domestic court staff who worked at the ECCC to analyze three elements of fair trial rights: the right to adequate time and facilities to prepare a defense, the right to legal representation and to be present at trial, and the right to presumption of innocence. This paper argues that the legacy of the ECCC lies in its contribution to build the national staff's capacity on fair trial rights in domestic courts in Cambodia. However, significant challenges remain, as the fair trial rights envisioned and put in place in the ECCC cannot be currently delivered by Cambodian domestic judicial system.Misi Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia (ECCC) berakhir pada tahun 2022, setelah hadir di Kamboja selama hampir dua dekade. Pengadilan ini dikembangkan sebagai pengadilan hibrida oleh Pemerintah Kamboja dan Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa. Pengadilan ini menggunakan kombinasi hukum, staf, dan hakim internasional dan domestik. Meskipun telah berakhir pada awal tahun 2022, masih ada warisan yang disisakan bagi warga Kamboja. Penelitian ini mempertanyakan apa legacy ECCC terkait hak peradilan yang bebas dan tidak memihak dan bagaimana staf nasional ECCC menerapkan pengalaman mereka dari ECCC di pengadilan nasional? Artikel ini menggunakan analisis dokumen dan wawancara mendalam dengan tujuh mantan dan staf pengadilan domestik Kamboja saat ini yang memiliki pengalaman di ECCC untuk menganalisis tiga elemen hak atas peradilan yang bebas dan tidak memihak: hak atas waktu dan fasilitas yang memadai dalam mempersiapkan pembelaan, hak atas perwakilan hukum dan untuk hadir di persidangan, serta hak atas praduga tak bersalah. Artikel ini berpendapat bahwa warisan ECCC adalah kontribusinya dalam membangun kapasitas staf nasional terkait hak atas peradilan yang bebas dan tidak memihak di pengadilan domestik di Kamboja. Namun, tantangan yang signifikan tetap ada, karena hak atas peradilan yang bebas dan tidak memihak yang dibayangkan dan ditetapkan dalam ECCC saat ini tidak dapat diwujudkan oleh pengadilan dalam negeri
Menuju Pemasyarakatan yang Ramah Disabilitas: Implementasi Kebijakan Unit Layanan Disabilitas Pada Unit Pelaksana Teknis Pemasyarakatan
No full textDalam memenuhi hak penyandang disabilitas di Lembaga Pemasyarakatan dan RumahTahanan, Pemerintah membentuk Unit Layanan Disabilitas. Namun pada faktanyaterdapat kendala yang mengemuka adalah ketersediaan petugas dengan jumlah penghunidan sarana prasarana yang belum sesuai standar menyebabkan pemenuhan hak melaluiunit tersebut belum optimal. Tulisan ini berupaya menganalisis pelaksanaan kebijakanserta strategi dan rekomendasi terhadap pelayanan penyandang disabilitas dan penyediaanakomodasi yang layak pada Unit Layanan Disabilitas di UPT Pemasyarakatan. Kajianini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dengan menggunakan model implementasikebijakan Ripley dan Franklin. Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahwa pelaksanaan kebijakanunit layanan disabilitas pada Lembaga Pemasyarakatan dan Rutan di lokasi kajian belumoptimal dikarenakan terdapat berbagai permasalahan seperti minimnya jumlah tenagamedis, kurangnya kompetensi petugas dalam menangani penyandang disabilitas denganjenis tertentu, belum semua Lembaga Pemasyarakatan dan Rumah Tahanan memilikiprosedur standar pelaksana, dan sebagainya. Oleh karenanya terdapat tiga alternatifpilihan kebijakan yang dapat dilakukan yaitu pertama, peningkatan terhadap dukungansumber daya kebijakan. Kedua, Koordinasi, komunikasi dan kerjasama dengan unitkerja/instansi/lembaga lain dalam pelaksanaan ULD sesuai tujuan kebijakan. Ketiga,monitoring dan evaluasi kebijakan yang ditetapkan. Atas dasar alternatif sebelumnya,maka penulis merekomendasikan untuk memilih alternatif strategi kebijakan pertamadalam mengatasi berbagai kendala dalam pelaksanaannya