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Transpuan di Masa Pandemi: Hak, Akses dan Eksklusi
No full textTranswomen must contend with the fact that the state-mandated emergency status during a pandemic does not always make it easier for them to get essential services. This is especially noticeable during times of emergency when people's movement is restricted. The homo sacer idea proposed by Agamben is used in this article to define persons who are on the brink of protection for life. This circumstance is the result of a state of emergency, which is declared by the government as a justification for a crisis that has escalated into a pretext for violence and arbitrary action. The qualitative study methodology we employ explains how the state marginalized transwomen during the Covid-19 outbreak and how transwomen advocacy organizations are attempting to advance their causes. The study's overall finding is that transwomen are seen as homo sacer by the state, which has consequences for their ability to exercise their fundamental rights to healthcare and social support during the COVID-19 pandemic. We claim that the country's institutional apparatuses' unwillingness to incorporate transgender women in the Integrated Social Welfare Data (DTKS) demonstrates the existence of transgender exclusion symptoms. Transwomen must build networks with various non-governmental organizations and advocate for their own interests in order to fight for their rights. This is true for both transwomen without ID cards and those who do not receive social assistance.Di tengah pembatasan ruang gerak warga saat pandemi, transpuan diperhadapkan pada kenyataan bahwa status kedaruratan yang ditetapkan negara tidak serta merta memudahkan transpuan mengakses layanan dasar. Artikel ini menggunakan teori homo sacer dan jenis penelitian kualitatif untuk menjelaskan bagaimana negara mengeksklusi transpuan di masa pandemi Covid-19, dan bagaimana upaya kelompok transpuan dalam memperjuangkan kepentingannya. Kesimpulan umum adalah bahwa negara menempatkan transpuan sebagai homo sacer yang berimplikasi pada tidak terpenuhinya hak-hak dasar transpuan untuk mendapatkan layanan kesehatan dan bansos di masa pandemi. Penulis berargumen bahwa keengganan unit terkecil negara dalam memasukkan transpuan dalam Data Terpadu Kesejahteraan Sosial (DTKS) menggambarkan adanya gejala eksklusi terhadap kelompok transpuan. Untuk memperjuangkan kepentingan mereka, maka transpuan harus membangun jaringan dan mengadvokasi kepentingan mereka sendiri
Perspektif HAM dalam Pemulihan Kegiatan Usaha bagi Masyarakat Ekonomi Lemah di Daerah Pasca Gempa
No full textThe impact of natural disasters directly affect the livelihood of the people in the area after the earthquake. States should make efforts in accordance with the real situation in the area and emergency conditions after the earthquake . This includes implementing restoration projects of economic activity, including the opportuni- ties and livelihood are disrupted by natural disasters, should begin immediately. The study used a qualitative approach. Data collection was conducted in 5 provinces, namely Bengkulu; West Java; West Sumatra; Aceh; Yogyakarta. Partnership with central government and local government agencies, or other agencies in the recovery of business activity so that people more easily determine which line of business can be carried out in accordance with theirsa expertise before the earthquake. Field findings indicate recovery operations for the poor economic people in the region after the earthquake in the repair of facilities, provision of capital and the provision of tools that are used for subsistence. Obstacles encountered in each of the provinces affected by the earthquake have almost the same problem, namely the unclear division of tasks between the Regional Disaster Management Agency (BPBD), Social Services, Department of Public Works.Dampak bencana alam secara langsung mempengaruhi tatanan kehidupan masyarakat di daerah pasca gempa. Negara seharusnya melakukan upaya-upaya nyata sesuai dengan situasi dan kondisi darurat di daerah pasca gempa. Hal tersebut termasuk melaksanakan proyek-proyek pemulihan kegiatan ekonomi, termasuk kesem- patan-kesempatan dan mata pencaharian yang terganggu oleh bencana alam, harus mulai segera. Penelitian menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif. Pengambilan data dilakukan pada 5 provinsi, yaitu Bengkulu; Jawa Barat; Sumatera Barat; Aceh; Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta. Pemerintah Pusat menjalin kemitraan dengan pemerintah daerah dan instansi atau lembaga lainnya dalam pemulihan kegiatan usaha tersebut sehingga masyarakat lebih mudah menentukan bidang usaha yang dapat dilakukan sesuai dengan keahliannya sebelum terjadinya gempa. Temuan lapangan menunjukkan secara umum bentuk pemulihan kegiatan usaha bagi ma- syarakat ekonomi lemah di daerah pasca gempa berupa perbaikan fasilitas, pemberian modal dan penyediaan alat-alat yang digunakan untuk pencarian nafkah. Kendala yang dihadapi di setiap provinsi yang terkena dampak gempa memiliki permasalahan yang hampir sama, yaitu belum jelasnya pembagian tugas antara Badan Penanggulangan Bencana Daerah (BPBD), Dinas Sosial, Dinas Pekerjaan Umum dan sebagainya
Reviewing Constitutional Court Decision Number 91/PUU-XVIII/2020 Regarding Formal Review of Job Creation Act: a Progressive Law Perspective
No full textThe Constitutional Court Decision Number 91/PUU-XVIII/2020 states that the Job Creation Act has a formal defect and must be corrected within 2 (two) years since the decision was pronounced. The a quo decision created a discourse in the community regarding the enforcement status of the Job Creation Act. This paper tried to review constructively using the perspective of progressive law and judicial proportionality in finding solutions and balances. This paper used a normative juridical research method, with a conceptual, case, and legislation approach. Progressive law in Satjipto Rahardjo's perspective has four criteria. The first has a big goal in the form of human welfare and happiness. Second, contains very good human moral content. Third, progressive law is a "liberating law" which includes a very broad dimension that does not only move in the realm of practice but also theory. Fourth, it is critical and functional, because it does not stop reviewing existing deficiencies and finding ways to improve them. Meanwhile, the principle of proportionality emphasizes the alignment of goals to be achieved, rational relationships, steps that must be taken, and the feasibility between the benefits obtained in realizing the goals to be achieved and the losses suffered against constitutional rights. Based on this explanation, it can be concluded that the Constitutional Court Decision Number 91/PUU-XVIII/2020 is in line with the concept of progressive law and tried to find out a middle way through a judicial proportionality approach by considering the smallest potential loss from the issuance of the decision
The Idea of a Single Term of Office of the President and Vice President in Indonesia
No full textLimiting the term of office of the head of government is an important prerequisite for realizing a democratic state life. In Indonesia, these restrictions are imposed on the President and Vice President with a term of office of 5 years and after that, they can be re-elected only for 1 term of office. Using the normative juridical method, this study shows that this choice has become a source of debate in other parts of the world, and several presidential countries have chosen different models of restrictions. In Indonesia, it has been revealed that this choice is not based on a deep conceptual debate and empirically has threatened the continuity of a principled election. As a solution, this study offers the application of the concept of a single term of office for the President and Vice President in Indonesia. This research also enriches the study of state administration in the theme of structuring the presidential system
Opportunities and Challenges: E-Commerce in Indonesia from a Legal Perspective
No full textThe development of e-commerce in Indonesia has encouraged the creation of a digital economy. On the other hand, this business model presents various legal challenges that are no less interesting to anticipate. By applying normative research methods and using statutory and comparative law approaches, this study examines two issues. First, what are the legal aspects that are used as the basis for the role of Information and Communications Technology (ICT) in capturing e-commerce opportunities? Second, what are the legal challenges ahead with the rapid growth of e-commerce in Indonesia? This study concludes that normatively Indonesia already has various regulations in the field of cyber law that support the use of ICT in e-commerce. However, it needs specific regulation. This study finds things that will become legal challenges in the future, including there are still gaps for parties to commit violations and crimes, especially in the fields of data theft, intellectual property, fraud, and breach of contract. This study provides the suggestion that the government should pay attention to security-related regulations, especially those related to personal data security. It requires the role of business actors in making "self-regulation" which ensures data protection based on a technical perspective
Interpretasi HAM dalam Ideologi Pancasila dan Implikasinya terhadap Persatuan dan Kesatuan di Indonesia
No full textHuman values in the form of human rights are also included in the Pancasila ideology. This research was conducted to contribute to academic development related to human rights issues in Indonesia. The method used in this research is descriptive exploratory. This research is library research. The data collection method is through classifying and analyzing data. The data analysis method in this study is through interpretation and analysis methods. Human rights in Indonesia experience various forms of dynamics that are full of struggle in their enforcement. Ancestors in the past or leaders in the present have made multiple attempts to uphold human rights in Indonesia. Human rights in Indonesia originate from the Pancasila ideology. Therefore, human rights in Indonesia receive strong guarantees because they are based on the Pancasila ideology. Unity in Indonesia will be achieved if all Indonesians can apply human rights values in their lives.Nilai-nilai kemanusiaan berupa Hak Asasi Manusia pada dasarnya juga terdapat di dalam Ideologi Pancasila. Penelitian ini dilakukan bertujuan untuk memberikan sumbangsih pengetahuan bagi perkembangan akademik terkait permasalahan HAM di Indonesia. Metode yang digunakan dalampenelitian ini bersifat deskriptif. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kepustakaan (Library research) sedangkan metode pengumpulan data dalam penelitian ini yaitu dengan mengklasifikasikan data-data yang berhubungan dengan penelitian, kemudian menganalisinya.Adapun metode anaisis data dalam penelitian ini yaitu dengan metode interpretasi dan metode analisis. HAM di Indonesia mengalami berbagai bentuk dinamika yang penuh perjuangan dalam penegakannya, baik itu penolakan terhadap HAM maupun pengaplikasian HAM di Indonesia. Berbagai upaya telah dilakukan oleh para leluhur- leluhur di masa lampau ataupun pemimpin pada masa sekarang, hal tersebut bertujuan demi tegaknya HAM di Indonesia. Hak asasi manusia di Indonesia bersumber dan bermuara dari ideologi Pancasila. Oleh karena itu, HAM di Indonesia mendapat jaminan kuat karena berlandaskan ideologi Pancasila. Persatuan dan kesatuan di Indonesia akan dapat terwujud apabila segenap masyarakat Indonesia dapat menerapkan serta mewujudkan nilai-nilai HAM dalamkehidupannya
Tanggung Jawab Negara dalam Pemenuhan Hak Atas Kesehatan Jiwa dihubungkan dengan Hak Asasi Manusia
No full textThe frightening global situation due to the COVID-19 pandemic has caused various problems related to health conditions, including mental health crisis. The fulfillment of mental health as part of human rights is a logical consequence of the ratification of the International Convention on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights by Indonesia. The State as the duty bearer is obliged to fulfill, protect and respect every existing human right, including the right to health. This research aims to examine the relation between the regulation of the human right to health and the right to mental health and the State's responsibility through the implementation of the fulfillment of mental health rights. The method used is doctrinal legal research. The result of the analysis found that the mental health right is an integrated part of the right to health with the main responsibility for fulfilling it is the State's obligation according to the current constitution. There are several forms of substantial efforts by the State to fulfill it. Those implementation forms require efforts to increase and equalize facilities by the State to fulfill mental health right maximally.Situasi global yang mengkhawatirkan akibat kehadiran pandemi COVID-19 menimbulkan berbagai permasalahan bagi umat manusia terkait kondisi kesehatan, salah satunya adalah krisis kesehatan jiwa. Pemenuhan kesehatan jiwa sebagai bagian dari hak asasi manusia adalah konsekuensi logis diratifikasinya Konvensi Internasional tentang Hak Ekonomi, Sosial, dan Budaya oleh Indonesia. Negara sebagai pemangku kewajiban diwajibkan untuk memenuhi, melindungi, dan menghormati setiap hak asasi yang ada, termasuk hak asasi kesehatan. Tujuan analisis adalah untuk menelaah bagaimana pengaturan hak asasi atas kesehatan serta kaitannya dengan hak atas kesehatan jiwa serta bagaimana tanggung jawab negara melalui implementasi pemenuhan hak kesehatan jiwa. Tipologi analisis riset yang diaplikasikan adalah penelitian hukum doktrinal. Hasil penelitian didapati bahwa hak sehat jiwa merupakan bagian integral dari hak atas kesehatan dengan pertanggungjawaban utama akan pemenuhannya merupakan kewajiban negara menurut ius constitutum serta didapati terdapat beberapa bentuk upaya konkret yang dilakukan oleh Negara dalam rangka pemenuhan hak asasi tersebut. Beberapa implementasi tersebut tetap memerlukan upaya peningkatan dan pemerataan fasilitas oleh negara demi terpenuhinya hak kesehatan jiwa secara maksimal
Regulation Model of Religious Rights and Freedoms for Local Religious Believers in the Majapahit Constitution
No full textThis article unfolds that the Majapahit Kingdom of Indonesian history has accommodated religious rights and freedom for local religious believers/adherents in its constitution. The kingdom was known in history as tolerant, harmonious, and had reasonable regulations to avoid faith-based conflicts. This finding is significant amid the rising concern over respect and protection of local indigenous religious beliefs in contemporary Indonesia. This research used normative legal methods with statutory, historical, and case approaches. The results and discussions were: first, the weakness of the Indonesian constitution's model of regulating religious rights and freedoms was that it closed access for local religious believers to adhere to and carry out their religious teachings; second, the model regulating the right to religious freedom for local religious believers needed to distinguish the status of religions in Majapahit. Local religions retain an equal position in the constitution. In addition, this constitution also guided religious believers in Majapahit as part of the regulations in the field of religious rights and freedoms. This research concluded that equalizing positions and concepts of spiritual development allows regulating religious rights and freedoms in its constitution to make Majapahit a tolerant, harmonious country that avoids faith-based conflicts.Although the constitution has provided guarantees for religious rights and freedoms, its regulatory model still provides an opportunity for the neglect of the rights of adherents of local religions (indigenous religion) in believing and carrying out their religious rituals. This condition was certainly different from the regulatory model in the Majapahit Constitution, which placed the local religion on par with other religions. The research problems were: first, what were the weaknesses of regulating religious rights and freedoms for local religious believers in the Indonesian constitution? Second, what was the regulation model of religious rights and freedoms for local religious believers in the Majapahit Constitution? This research used normative legal methods with statutory, historical, and case approaches. The results and discussions were: first, the weakness of the model of regulating religious rights and freedoms in the Indonesian Constitution was that it closed access for local religious believers to adhere to and carry out their religious teachings. Second, the model regulating the right to religious freedom for local religious believers did not distinguish the status of religions in Majapahit. Local religions retain an equal position in the constitution. This equality included the right to practice religion as well as the right to adhere to it. In addition, this constitution also guided religious believers in Majapahit as part of the regulations in the field of religious rights and freedoms. The coaching model for local religious believers was carried out by a state institution called "Dharmyaksa ring Herahaji", more commonly called "Dharma Ipas Karsyan". This research concluded that the non-fulfillment of religious rights and freedoms for local religious believers was due to the regulatory model in the current constitution that ignores the existence of local religions. In addition, the equalization of positions and concepts of religious development allows regulating religious rights and freedoms in its constitution to make Majapahit a country that is tolerant, harmonious, and avoids faith-based conflicts
Legal Protection for Disabilities Persons with Language Limitations in Law Enforcement
No full textThe Indonesian government has enacted various regulations aimed at protecting individuals with disabilities, yet significant gaps persist in their implementation. Discrimination against people with disabilities, particularly those with language impairments, remains prevalent, especially within the legal system. This study employs a sociolegal approach to examine the challenges faced by disabled individuals with language limitations in accessing legal protection. Key aspects analyzed include existing regulatory frameworks for disability protection, case studies of legal decisions involving disabilities, the handling of legal proceedings, challenges encountered by stakeholders in legal cases, and the impact of limited access to sign language and legal knowledge. The research reveals that individuals with hearing impairments often struggle to exercise their rights to assistance from sign language interpreters during legal proceedings. This deficiency is primarily attributed to a lack of awareness and understanding among various stakeholders regarding the specific needs of people with hearing impairments. Furthermore, the effectiveness of law enforcement processes for disabled individuals is hindered by regional variations in sign language, the existence of informal or non-standardized sign languages, and the limited proficiency of law enforcement personnel in communicating with and accommodating individuals with disabilities. In conclusion, the study underscores the urgent need for improved implementation of existing disability rights regulations in Indonesia, particularly within the legal context. Addressing these challenges requires enhancing awareness and training among legal professionals and stakeholders, ensuring consistent access to qualified sign language interpreters, and promoting standardized approaches to accommodating individuals with disabilities in legal proceedings. By bridging these gaps, Indonesia can move closer to fulfilling its commitment to upholding the rights and dignity of all individuals, including those with disabilities, within its legal system
Evaluasi Kebijakan Cap Elektronik Keimigrasian, Data Biometrik, dan Mesin Autogate Dalam Konsep Geopolitik
No full textImmigration Border Control (TPI) at Bali Ngurah Rai Airport adopts electronic entry sticker, biometric data collection, and autogate machines called the Immigration Movement Application System (APK). The system is equipped with a scanner that records facial biometric data and fingerprints of foreigners upon arrival. However, there are problems in implementing this system at the related TPI. This study evaluates immigration inspection policies, especially the process of taking biometric data, giving electronic entry stamps, and autogate machines at TPI Ngurah Rai Airport. This research uses qualitative research method with a public policy evaluation approach based on observations and document analysis. The results of this research show that the concept of biometric border control at TPI is not fully relevant to the concepts in the international provisions of ICAO Doc 9303 and ICAO TRIP Guide 2018. The Ministerial Regulation Number 28 of 2018 on Immigration Stamp and Circular Letter No. IMI.1-UM.01.01-5.7755 needs to be evaluated and revised to include four stages of checking with electronic stamps and system synchronization with autogate machines. This immigration clearance model at TPI applies a geopolitical concept that focuses on territorial/regional borders rather than a biopolitical concept that focuses on security risks for individuals.Pemeriksaan keimigrasian di Tempat Pemeriksaan Imigrasi (TPI) Bandara Ngurah Rai Bali menerapkan cap elektronik berupa stiker, pemindaian data biometrik, dan mesin autogate. Sistem Aplikasi Perlintasan Keimigrasian (APK) ini dilengkapi alat pemindai biometrik untuk merekam data biometrik wajah dan sidik jari orang asing pada saat kedatangan. Namun, terdapat persoalan dalam implementasi pemeriksaan keimigrasian dengan data biometrik, cap elektronik, dan mesin autogate di TPI tersebut. Penelitian ini mengevaluasi kebijakan pemeriksaan keimigrasian secara spesifik terhadap pengambilan data biometrik, pemberian cap keimigrasian elektronik, serta mesin autogate di TPI Bandara Ngurah Rai. Riset ini menggunakan metodologi penelitian kualitatif dengan pendekatan evaluasi kebijakan publik dengan observasi lapangan dan studi dokumen. Hasil riset menunjukkan bahwa konsep pemeriksaan perbatasan biometrik (biometric border control) belum seluruhnya selaras dengan konsep pada ketentuan internasional ICAO Doc 9303 dan ICAO TRIP Guide 2018. Peraturan Menteri Hukum dan HAM No. 28 Tahun 2018 tentang Cap Keimigrasian serta Surat Edaran No. IMI.1-UM.01.01-5.7755 perlu dievaluasi dan direvisi untuk memuat empat tahap pemeriksaan dengan cap elektronik serta sinkronisasi kesisteman dengan mesin autogate. Model pemeriksaan keimigrasian di TPI ini menerapkan konsep geopolitik yang berfokus pada perbatasan teritorial/wilayah bukan konsep biopolitik yang berfokus pada risiko keamanan di setiap individu