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Etna CO2 Soil Flux during 2002-2010 (ECSF2002_2010)
No full textThe ETNAGAS network comprises 19 monitoring stations distributed across the flanks of Mount Etna, specifically designed for the continuous observation of soil-emitted carbon dioxide (CO₂). Each station is equipped with infrared (IR) sensors for the precise measurement of CO₂ concentrations, along with meteorological sensors that record key environmental parameters including air temperature, atmospheric pressure, wind speed and direction, and precipitation. These data enable the estimation of CO₂ soil fluxes through the application of the method proposed by Gurrieri and Valenza (1988) (see Methods for details). The ETNAGAS network represents a high-resolution geochemical surveillance system and constitutes an integral component of the national framework for monitoring volcanic gas emissions. Its primary objective is to contribute to the assessment of the volcanic activity state of Mount Etna through systematic and spatially distributed measurements of gaseous emissions.The monitoring stations of the ETNAGAS network were entirely developed by the Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV), Palermo section. These stations are capable of continuously measuring several environmental and geochemical parameters, including soil CO₂ concentration, atmospheric temperature, pressure, relative humidity, rainfall, wind speed, and wind direction. Data are acquired at hourly intervals and automatically transmitted to the monitoring center at INGV-Palermo. It should be noted that not all stations are equipped with the full suite of meteorological sensors.
CO₂ fluxes from the soil can be derived from the recorded data using the dynamic (or dilution) method described by Gurrieri and Valenza (1988). This method is based on measuring the CO₂ content in a mixture of soil gas and atmospheric air (Cd), obtained using a probe inserted approximately 50 cm into the ground. Soil gases enter the probe through its base and are mixed with ambient air; this mixture is then pumped into an infrared (IR) spectrophotometer, which measures the CO₂ concentration.
According to Gurrieri and Valenza, the measured diluted concentration (Cd) is empirically related to the actual soil CO₂ flux (ϕCO₂) through a relationship established under laboratory conditions, across a range of gas permeabilities (0.36–123 mm²) and pumping flow rates (0.4–4.0 L/min) [Camarda et al., 2006a, 2006b].
REFERENCE
• Camarda, M., S. Gurrieri, and M. Valenza (2006a), CO2 flux measurements in volcanic areas using the dynamic concentration method: Influence of soil permeability, J. Geophys. Res., 111, B05202, doi:10.1029/2005JB003898. Camarda, M., S. Gurrieri, and M. Valenza (2006b), In situ permeability measurements based on a radial gas advection model: Relationships between soil permeability and diffuse CO2 degassing in volcanic areas, Pure Appl. Geophys., 163(4), 897–914, doi:10.1007/s00024-006-0045-y.
• Gurrieri, S., and M. Valenza (1988), Gas transport in natural porous mediums: A method for measuring CO2 flows from the ground in volcanic and geothermal areas, Rend. Soc. Ital. Mineral. Petrol., 43, 1151–1158.
• Gurrieri, S., M. Liuzzo, and G. Giudice, (2008), Continuous monitoring of soil CO2 flux on Mt. Etna: The 2004–2005 eruption and the role of regional tectonics and volcano tectonics, J. Geophys. Res., 113, B09206, doi:10.1029/2007JB005003, 2008.
• Liuzzo M., Gurrieri S., Giudice G. & Giuffrida G. (2013) - Ten years of soil CO2 continuous monitoring on Mt. Etna: Exploring the relationship between processes of soil degassing and volcanic activity. Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst., 14, 2886-2899. https://doi. org/10.1002/ggge.2019
The new catalogue of Focal Mechanisms in the Western Ionian Sea (WISeFM_1990-2019)
No full textWe computed new 421 focal solutions (1.5≤ML≤4.7), with rays traced through the 3D velocity model of Sgroi et al. 2021 (https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-79719-8), of events occurred in the western Ionian Sea in the period between 1990 and 2019. Earthquakes were recorded by the land seismic network managed by the INGV and by a seafloor network, comprising the NEMO-SN1 seafloor observatory (October 2002 – February 2003; June 2012 - June 2013) and 7 Ocean Bottom Seismometers (OBS) deployed during the SEISMOFAULTS experiment (April 2017 – April 2018).We collected basic data (travel times) from available datasets (ISIDe Working Group, 2007) and published studies (Sgroi et al., 2021) and processed them using the tomoDDPS algorithm (Zhang et al., 2009) and the 3D velocity model of Sgroi et al. (2021, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-79719-8). By using FPFIT software (Reasenberg and Oppenheimer, 1985), we obtained 421 focal solutions with an average uncertainty on the orientation of the nodal planes of about 10°. These focal mechanisms can be considered representative of the kinematics characterising the western Ionian Sea and the eastern Sicily and south Calabria coasts, since they are distributed in all the main seismogenically active areas of the region.The table (WISeFM_1990-2019) shows focal parameters of the analysed earthquakes. Specifically: ID = identification number; DATE (year-month-day); Origin Time (hour, minute, second and cent); LAT = latitude north in degrees; LONG = longitude east in degrees; DEPTH in km; ML= magnitude; N = number of polarities; PLANE 1 (STRK, DIP, RAKE), PLANE 2 (STRK, DIP, RAKE) = strike, dip and rake of the first and the second nodal plane; P-AXIS (STRK, DIP), T-AXIS (STRK, DIP) = strike and dip of the P- and T-axes; Q = quality of the focal mechanism (2 = best quality; 1 = medium quality; 0 = low quality); CAT = category (NF = normal fault, NS = normal-strike, SS = strike-slip, TF = thrust fault, TS = thrust-strike, HV = horizontal-vertical)
Earthquake locations in Western Sicily (WSquakes_1982-2023)
No full textWe analysed the seismicity recorded in Western Sicily by the National Seismic Network in the time span between 1982 and 2023. In this period were recorded about 500 earthquakes with magnitude between 0.5≤M≤4.1.The hypocentral parameters of the earthquakes were obtained through a simultaneous inversion of the velocity model and event locations, using two software programs, LOTOS (Koulakov 2009) and tomoDDPS (Zhang et al. 2009).The table (WSquakes_1982-2023) shows the origin time and the hypocentre parameters of the earthquakes. Specifically: ID= identification number; DATE (day- month-year); Origin Time (hour, minute, second and cent); LAT = latitude north in degrees; LONG = longitude east in degrees; DEPTH in km; M= magnitude
Stromboli GNSS data from 1997 to 2022
No full textThe dataset contains the GNSS data recorded by the ground deformations monitoring network of Stromboli volcano from 1997 to 2022. The network configuration is shown in Figure. In 1997, the first three stations, Punta Labronzo (SPLB), Punta Lena (SPLN) and Timpone del Fuoco (STDF), were installed. The Trimble 4000 receivers collected data only for a few hours/day, due to limitations in power supply. Since 2003, when the receivers were replaced with Leica 500 model, the stations have collected data 24 hours/day. In 2003, a new station was set up in San Vincenzo COA (Centro Operativo Avanzato, SVIN). Since 2003, the data have been transmitted in real time at high frequency (1Hz), to the INGV, Osservatorio Etneo, in Catania, through WiFi connections. In this dataset, the data are resampled at 30 seconds.GNSS observation data files are stored by GNSS station/day in the Hatanaka-compressed Receiver Independent Exchange (RINEX, Version 3.01 and 3.05). The Hatanaka-compressed format (Hatanaka, 2008) is used to reduce the file size of the RINEX data files.
The station coordinates are reported in Table 1 and the station.info file contains receiver, antenna and occupation-time information for each site.
The naming convention for the archived files is as follows:
STRYYYY: contains the RINEX files for the year YYYY and all the stations of Stromboli (STR)
SITESTRYYYY: contains the RINEX files for the year YYYY and the SITE station (SPLB, SPLN, STDF or SVIN)
When the maximum file size is exceeded, the folder is divided into _a and _b
References
Hatanaka, Y. (2008), A Compression Format and Tools for GNSS Observation Data, Bulletin of the Geographical Survey Institute, 55, 21-3
Strontium (Sr) and Neodymium (Nd) isotopic ratios of Mt. Etna bulk rocks 2013-2017 (BRET_ISO_2013_2017)
No full textThe database includes 87Sr/86Sr and 143Nd/144Nd isotopic ratios measured on bulk rocks of lava and pyroclasts sampled at Etna during 2013-2017 INGV-OE monitoring activity.The chemical treatment of the samples was carried out in the clean laboratory of the INGV-OV. Before chemical dissolution whole rock have been dissolved with high-purity HF–HNO3–HCl mixtures. Sr and Nd have been separated from the matrix through conventional ion-exchange chromatographic procedures, described in detail in Arienzo et al. (2013, 2014).Isotopic ratios have been measured by thermal ionization mass spectrometry (TIMS), using a Triton Plus® (Thermo Scientific) solid-source multicollector mass spectrometer in static mode. The blank was negligible considering the average Sr content of the samples; no determinations for Nd blanks was performed. Measured 87Sr/86Sr and 143Nd/144Nd ratios have been normalized for within-run isotopic fractionation to 88Sr/86Sr =8.375209 and 146Nd/144Nd =0.7219 respectively, using an exponential law for correction. During collection of isotopic data, replicate analyses of NIST-SRM 987 and JNdi-1 international reference standards have been performed to check for external reproducibility. During the period of analysis, the mean measured value (Goldstein et al., 2003) of 87Sr/86Sr 265 Sr for NIST-SRM 987 was 0.710242±0.000013 (2σ, where σ is the standard deviation of the values; n=48); that of 143Nd/144Nd for JNdi-1 was 0.512105±0.000007 (2σ, n=20) at Osservatorio Vesuviano. Sr and Nd isotope ratios of the samples have been normalized to the recommended values of NIST-SRM 987 and JNdi-1 (87Sr/86Sr 269 =0.710248; 143Nd/144Nd =0.512107; Zhang and Hu, 2020), respectively
Active faults of Mt. Etna (Sicily), version 1
No full textA pilot GIS-based system has been implemented for the assessment and analysis of hazard related to active faults affecting the eastern and southern flanks of Mt. Etna, attached to the JVGR paper "A pilot GIS database of active faults of Mt. Etna (Sicily): A tool for integrated hazard evaluation" by Barreca, Bonforte and Neri, 2013 (http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2012.08.013). The system consists of different thematic datasets that include spatially-referenced arc-features and associated database. Arc-type features, georeferenced into WGS84 Ellipsoid UTM zone 33 Projection, represent the five main fault systems that develop in the analysed region. The backbone of the GIS-based system is constituted by the large amount of information which was collected from the literature and then stored and properly geocoded in a digital database. This consists of thirty five alpha-numeric fields which include all fault parameters available from literature such us location, kinematics, landform, slip rate, etc
Etna tiltmeter data from CBD station during 2008-2022 (sampling rate 15 min)
No full textThe dataset contains tilt data recorded along the north-eastern flank of Etna from 2008 to 2022. The instrument used is a bubble tiltmeter (LILY Model designed by AGI) and is placed inside a borehole, at a depth of 10 m. The station is identified by the acronym CBD (Case Bada) and is located at an altitude of 1420 m asl, belonging to the Etna tilt network, run by INGV-Osservatorio Etneo. The tilt station was built in 1994 and subsequently modified in 2008.
The dataset includes the values of the ground inclination measured every 15 minutes along the two components (tilt x and tilt y, with orientation N220E° and N130E° respectively and measured in microradians); the voltage of the power supply in volts (Ten_Batt); the temperature in degrees at the datalogger (temp_cr10); the atmospheric pressure in millibars (barometer); the temperature in degrees at the depth of the sensor (temp_tilt); the direction of the magnetic compass (north_tilt).
The station is powered by solar panels, so depending on the weather conditions, there may be periods when the sensor does not record. In addition, during technical interventions for shorter or longer periods, the recording can be interrupted and the data may therefore show gaps.The borehole instruments use a high-precision electrolytic bubble sensor, which consists of a bubble in an electrolytic fluid that moves when the instrument tilts, in accordance with the ground deformation. The electrodes placed at the ends of the sensor detect resistance variations every time the fluid moves. A circuit converts these changes into DC signals, linearly proportional to the angular rotation
Strontium (Sr) and Neodymium (Nd) isotopic ratios of Mt. Etna bulk rocks 2020-2022 (BRET_ISO_2020_2022)
No full textThe database includes 87Sr/86Sr and 143Nd/144Nd isotopic ratios measured on bulk rocks of lava and pyroclasts sampled at Etna during 2020-2022 INGV-OE monitoring activity.The chemical treatment of the samples was carried out in the clean laboratory of the INGV-OV. Before chemical dissolution whole rock have been dissolved with high-purity HF–HNO3–HCl mixtures. Sr and Nd have been separated from the matrix through conventional ion-exchange chromatographic procedures, described in detail in Arienzo et al. (2013, 2014).Isotopic ratios have been measured by thermal ionization mass spectrometry (TIMS), using a Triton Plus® (Thermo Scientific) solid-source multicollector mass spectrometer in static mode. The blank was negligible considering the average Sr content of the samples; no determinations for Nd blanks was performed. Measured 87Sr/86Sr and 143Nd/144Nd ratios have been normalized for within-run isotopic fractionation to 88Sr/86Sr =8.375209 and 146Nd/144Nd =0.7219 respectively, using an exponential law for correction. During collection of isotopic data, replicate analyses of NIST-SRM 987 and JNdi-1 international reference standards have been performed to check for external reproducibility. During the period of analysis, the mean measured value (Goldstein et al., 2003) of 87Sr/86Sr 265 Sr for NIST-SRM 987 was 0.710242±0.000013 (2σ, where σ is the standard deviation of the values; n=48); that of 143Nd/144Nd for JNdi-1 was 0.512105±0.000007 (2σ, n=20) at Osservatorio Vesuviano. Sr and Nd isotope ratios of the samples have been normalized to the recommended values of NIST-SRM 987 and JNdi-1 (87Sr/86Sr 269 =0.710248; 143Nd/144Nd =0.512107; Zhang and Hu, 2020), respectively
The new earthquake Locations in the Western Ionian Sea (WISeLoc_1990-2019)
No full textWe computed new 3D locations of 5240 earthquakes (0.6≤ML≤4.7) occurred in the western Ionian Sea in the period between 1990 and 2019. Earthquakes were recorded by the land seismic network managed by the INGV and by a seafloor network, comprising the NEMO-SN1 seafloor observatory (October 2002 – February 2003; June 2012 - June 2013) and 7 Ocean Bottom Seismometers (OBS) deployed during the SEISMOFAULTS experiment (April 2017 – April 2018).We collected basic data (travel times) from available datasets (ISIDe Working Group, 2007) and published studies (Sgroi et al., 2021) and processed them using the tomoDDPS algorithm (Zhang et al., 2009) and the 3D velocity model of Sgroi et al. (2021, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-79719-8).The table (WISeLoc_1990-2019) shows the origin time and the hypocentre parameters of locations. Specifically: ID= identification number; DATE (year-month-day); Origin Time (hour, minute, second and cent); LAT = latitude north in degrees; LONG = longitude east in degrees; DEPTH in km; ML= magnitude; GAP = azimuthal gap in degrees; RMS = root mean square in seconds; NO = total number of seismic phases; P-PHASES, S-PHASES = number of P- and S-phases; ERR-X, ERR-Y, ERR-Z = horizontal and vertical errors in km
Etna Tilt and Volcanic Tremor data for November 14-15, 2022
No full textTilt and Volcanic Tremor Data acquired on Nov. 14-15, 2022 at Etna Volcano (Italy