12033 research outputs found
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Schwere unerwünschte Arzneimittelwirkungen von Fluorchinolonen : eine pharmakoepidemiologische Sekundärdatenanalyse
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Children as consumers in the food market : Empirical analyses investigating industry advertising self-regulation, children’s preferences, and purchasing behavior
No full textIn modern society, children have emerged as an important consumer demographic in the food market as they hold considerable purchasing power resulting from both their influence on family expenditures and their autonomous purchasing decisions. The food industry employs various marketing strategies to attract children’s attention and increase sales. However, due to their limited cognitive abilities, children are less capable to recognize the underlying purpose of such promotional activities, making them particularly vulnerable to these marketing strategies. Food-related marketing focuses primarily on highly processed food and beverage products that contain high levels of saturated fats, trans-fatty acids, added sugars, or salt (HFSS), potentially contributing to an obesogenic environment and childhood obesity.
Based on the conceptual framework derived within this dissertation by synthesizing theoretical perspectives on consumer behavior, four empirical analyses are conducted, each focusing on selected aspects and determinants. The research aims to improve the understanding of children as independent consumers in the food market and determine behavioral, environmental, and personal factors that influence children’s responses to HFSS food marketing. This knowledge is essential for the development of policy interventions and consumer protection measures that promote healthier dietary choices among children.
The first contribution of this dissertation investigates the effectiveness of the EU Pledge, a self-regulatory initiative launched by leading food and beverage companies in the EU. By focusing on Germany, it analyzes the impact on reducing children’s exposure to HFSS food and beverage television advertising. The results indicate limited effectiveness of the commitment due to the Pledges’s restriction on children’s programming and the relatively lenient nutritional criteria agreed on by signatory companies.
The second study determines the impact of child-oriented on-product communication on children’s product preferences and investigates whether child-oriented food cues on packaging create a halo effect, improving the overall impression of taste and leading to a preference for the associated product. The findings suggest that positive impressions of packaging can support taste perception and product preference.
The third research paper investigates primary school children’s autonomous snack purchasing decisions, considering the role of price and brand in influencing their spending on (un)healthy snacks by accounting for child-specific characteristics. The study findings highlight the heterogeneity of children as autonomous consumers in the snack market, with implications for their snack choice and price responsiveness.
The fourth contribution focuses on the role of peer models on children’s independent snack purchasing decisions. The results emphasize that children tend to conform to their peer’s decisions, revealing the significant relevance of social influence in shaping children’s decision-making processes.
Overall, the findings of the dissertation provide valuable insights that enhance the understanding of children as consumers in the food market and highlight the need for a comprehensive approach to improving the food environment of children. The dissertation draws revealing conclusions and implications for consumer policy aimed at promoting healthier food choices among children, and offers suggestions for future research in this domain
Heterogeneity in Kupffer cell-mediated killing of <em>Staphylococcus aureus</em>
No full textStaphylococcus aureus, an opportunistic pathogen, exhibits remarkable adeptness in evading the host's innate immune defenses to establish infections. In this context, Kupffer cells, specialized resident macrophages in the liver, serve as the initial line of defense against S. aureus. However, some of these cells fall short in effectively containing the infection, thereby enabling the escape and widespread dissemination of S. aureus through various evasion tactics. Through in vivo experimentation, we observed that a strategically organized distribution of Kupffer cells, rather than a uniform arrangement along sinusoidal zones, significantly enhances immune response efficacy against systemic bacterial dissemination. Intriguingly, despite the predominant presence of Kupffer cells in periportal regions—aimed at shielding the central vein from pathogenic intrusion—these cells exhibit impaired capability in eradicating S. aureus. Conversely, Kupffer cells positioned in proximity to the central vein and its sinusoids demonstrate heightened proficiency in combatting the pathogen. In-depth analysis through dual-RNAseq of host-pathogen interactions during S. aureus infection unveils a distinctive interplay with the adaptive immune system. Moreover, the central vein microenvironment orchestrates anti-apoptotic pathways, facilitating resilience and cell survival against S. aureus infection and AIM expression and secretion is dependent on the presence of NKT type II. In summary, our findings underscore the pivotal role of spatial zonation in the context of S. aureus infection. Specifically, we highlight the enhanced capabilities of central vein-residing Kupffer cells in managing bacterial escape, potentially attributed to their interaction with type II NKT cells. This interaction, in turn, fosters elevated survival rates and augments the arsenal of antibacterial defense mechanisms
Immunhistochemische Untersuchungen zum Nachweis der Angiogenese während der Einheilung von Knochenersatzmaterialien
No full textIn der Zahnmedizin ist der Einsatz von Knochenersatzmaterialien alltäglich geworden. Bei den Einheilungsprozessen von Knochenersatzmaterialien sind Osteogenese und Angiogenese eng miteinander verbunden. Die Kenntnis der biologischen Vorgänge während der Angiogenese ist wichtig für die Prognose von Augmentationsverfahren und die Beurteilung von Misserfolgen. Ziel dieser Arbeit war es, Auftreten und Verteilung von Blut- und Lymphgefäßen während der Einheilung von Knochenersatzmaterialien an Biopsien zu untersuchen, die von insgesamt 60 Patienten nach zweizeitiger Augmentation des Sinusbodens zur späteren Insertion von Implantaten entnommen worden waren. Hierbei wurde in einer ersten Operation das Knochenersatzmaterial, welches entweder allogenen, xenogenen, phykogenen oder alloplastischen Ursprungs war, eingebracht. Nach einer Einheilzeit von drei bis sechs Monaten wurden in einem zweiten Eingriff die Biopsien entnommen. Jede Knochenersatzmaterialgruppe umfasste 15 Patienten. Zum Nachweis von Gefäßen wurden die Marker vWF, CD31 und CD34 an ausgewählten Schnitten immunhistochemisch nachgewiesen. Zusätzlich erfolgte ein immunhistochemischer Nachweis von Lymphgefäßen mit Hilfe eines Antikörpers gegen Podoplanin. Nach qualitativer Befundung der Präparate, vor allem hinsichtlich ablaufender Osteogenesevorgänge, erfolgte eine quantitative Untersuchung der immunhistochemischen Befunde in definierten Regions of Interest mit nachfolgender statistischer Auswertung. Für jede Knochenersatzmaterialgruppe wurde das Verhalten der Blutgefäße in der Peripherie augmentierter Bereiche sowie bei Nachweis granulärer Knochenersatzmaterial-Residuen peri- und intragranulär untersucht. Alle Präparate zeigten semiquantitativ eine mäßige bis starke Vaskularisierung in der Peripherie. Es war festzustellen, dass mit Zunahme der peripheren Vaskularisierung die peri- und intragranulären Gefäßeinsprossungen zunahmen. Darüber hinaus zeigte sich, dass die Osteogenese umso weiter fortgeschritten war, je stärker die periphere Vaskularisierung war. Die histologischen und immunhistochemischen Auswertungen der untersuchten Knochenersatzmaterialien zeigten insgesamt keine signifikanten Unterschiede zwischen den einzelnen untersuchten Materialien. Erstmals konnten Lymphgefäße während der Einheilung von Knochenersatzmaterialien nachgewiesen werden. So zeigte circa ein Viertel aller Präparate einen positiven Lymphgefäßbefund. Die Gefäße erwiesen sich mit einem Durchmesser von circa 50 µm als initiale Lymphgefäße. Ein Zusammenhang zwischen einem positiven Lymphgefäßnachweis und dem Auftreten von Infiltraten konnte nachgewiesen werden. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass Beschaffenheit und Porengröße eines Knochenersatzmaterials großen Einfluss auf das Eindringverhalten von Gefäßen und dem damit verbundenen erfolgreichen Einwachsen von Knochen in das Material haben. Die Porengrößen der verwendeten Knochenersatzmaterialien liegen im Makroporenbereich und zeigten eine gute Neovaskularisation, die mit den Ergebnissen anderer Studien vergleichbar ist
Analysis of the cAMP-regulated metabolome of skeletal muscle and adipose tissue
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Characterization and Optimization of Spray Freeze Drying Processes
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Cell-type-specific transcriptional programming of the neonatal immune system
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Total Synthesis of Farnesyl Lipid I/II Analogues and Contributions to the Total Synthesis of Neaumycin B
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Studies towards a first Total Synthesis of Vancoresmycin
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The role of the food environment as a driver of diet quality in children and adolescents : A cross-sectional analysis of external and individual factors
No full textThe food environment, typically considered the place where individuals interface with food supply, is increasingly discussed for its role and opportunity to influence diet quality of individuals. Available studies suggest that the food environment plays a role for diet quality, but the pathway behind this remains unclear. It is also not well understood to what degree the role of the food environment is mitigated by individual factors, such as wealth, education or sex. Additionally, detailed analysis on the role of the food environment for specific age group (children and adolescents) is lacking. Lastly, a better understanding of how food environments differ from each other is needed to inform targeted, effective policies to improve diet quality. Consequently, the aim of this research was to investigate if, and to what degree, the food environment is associated with the diet quality of children and adolescents. More specifically, we analysed the relationship between food environment indicators and diet quality of young children in 20 LMICs (study I) and identified the variation of diet intake among individuals aged 6-18 years within Dortmund, Germany (study II). Additionally, individual-level factors that influence diet intake among adolescents (study III) and the association between food environment indicators and diet quality around schools in Accra, Ghana (study IV) were investigated. Results from study I show that diet intake and quality vary across geographical settings. This study (n = 247 subnational areas, 6-23 months) highlights that high variation of food environment indicators (e.g. food price and availability) exists across LMICs. It also shows a superordinate association between food environment indicators and diet quality at the subnational level. study II (n = 360, 6-18 years) captures variation at the city level, using data from the Dortmund Nutritional and Anthropometric Longitudinally Designed (DONALD) Study and shows that, in comparison to the North of Dortmund, students in the South have lower BMI, lower intake of sugar-sweetened Beverages and higher intake of vegetables. Results from study III suggest that individual level factors create dependency of adolescents (n = 409, 12-15 years) on the food environment. We report that daily food budget is negatively associated with overall diet quality and positively with food group diversity. Food environment indicators are also associated with diet quality after controlling for individual factors (study IV). Research conducted in Accra documents that pricing of foods from vendors (n = 1,340) in and around schools (n = 12) are associated with diet intake of students (n = 409, 12-15 years) in the same location. This association persists even after controlling for individual factors, indicating that some drivers of dietary quality are outside the control of the individual. In conclusion, the food environment is an important factor in understanding the variation in diet quality for children and adolescents. This result was confirmed by data from observational studies carried out in subnational areas in 20 LMICs, Dortmund, Germany and Accra, Ghana. The consistent association of financial indicators (both prices and budget) with diet quality suggests that affordability should be a key consideration for policies aiming to ensure access to a healthy, nutritious diet within the food environment