AAB College repository

Haliti, Enisa

E Drejta Civile

Rexhepi, Baki

Menaxhimi i Burimeve Njerezore

Leçini, Gazmend

  Thesis, no.2, 2015 323 
The role of media in the shaping of the 
Albanian national identity in the period 
between 1925-1944 
Gazmend Leçini* 
 
Introduction 
 
The period after 1925 is characterized by a certain political stability 
that produced a favourable situation for the Albanian press which 
took full advantage of the moment. We can say this on account of the 
great number of newspapers and especially periodicals that 
proliferated during this period. It seems like the press found the 
“proper language” with the power whom it stang from time to time, 
but also flattered too, according to the ideological position of the 
medium. 
The common feature of the press between 1925-1944 was the 
consolidation of the Albanian national identity, as the state 
institutions were consolidating too. The press of this time seems to 
have responded to an internal national need for emphasizing those 
qualities that unified Albanians and oriented their integration within 
the Albanian state structures, although they might be part a culture 
beyond Albania’s state boundaries. Here I have in mind the 
dissociation of the Muslim Community from the Turkey-centered 
Caliphate, as well as the efforts of the Orthodox Community for 
gaining autocephality from the Istanbul Patriarchate. 
The press of this period has employed various forms and tools to 
raise national awareness, each medium as it deemed proper. The 
                                                          
* PHD Candidate in Communication and Information Sciences, University of Tirana, 
Faculty of History and  Philology, Department of Communication and Journalism, 
year 2011-ongoing. E-mail address: gazimobile@hotmail.com 
 
 
 
Gazmend Leçini 
324  Thesis, no.2, 2015      
distinction in these forms from a medium to another has from time to 
time led to sharp debates between publishers that have appeared in 
the press. 
 
The methodology employed 
 
For this study I have examined some of the main press organs of the 
period, focusing more on the religious ones due to the special interest 
of their publications regarding the object of this study. I have also 
refered to some publications directed by prominent intellectuals of the 
time who have conveyed their ideas about the Albanian national 
culture and identity in the press organs they directed, as we shall see. 
 
Different approaches for the same objectives 
 
If we look carefully at the writings of this period, which display love 
for the motherland, the preservation of the national unity and the 
cultivation of the features that distinguish us from our neighbours, as 
their main subject, from time to time we will find a revocation of the 
discourse that was typical for the authors of the National Renaissance. 
They were often cited directly, in order to be brought nearer and to 
sound more convincing for the Albanian reader. 
Vaso Pasha’s verses “The Albanian’s religion is Albanianhood” 
sound like having been written at the beginning of this century and 
not a hundred years ago. Without analysing its content, I can say that 
the exclusivist logic of the last two verses of the poem “O Albania” is 
clear. It seems like the author wants Albanians to replace the religion 
they practice, as much as they do, with a new “religion” which is 
“Albanianhood”. This exclusivist logic seems to have inspired many 
intellectuals who have written in the press during the period I am 
examining. So we find articles that emphasize the need to give up 
elements of cultures of international character in order to shape a pure 
Albanian culture without residues from other “old” cultures. 
The debate goes on about what culture and of what period is 
typically ours, as well as what we should or shouldn’t loan from other 
Eastern or Western cultures. 
The role of media in the shaping of the Albanian national identity in the period 
between 1925-1944 
 Thesis, no.2, 2015 325 
Branko Merxhani was one of the main ideologues of the “neo-
Albanianism”, along with Petro Marko, Tajar Zavalani, Lasgush 
Poradeci, etc. They advocated the development and progress of the 
country with the West as a model to be carefully followed in order to 
avoid individualistic ideas that were spreading in Europe during that 
time. They considered such as trend as harmful to our national unity, 
still in its infancy. 
Their ideas appeared on the weekly Illyria and later on Përpjekja 
Shqiptare which was a continuation of Illyria, in terms of its 
contributors, as well as of the topics covered.1 
Merxhani would write: “Whether we want or not, we have no 
choice but to walk on the path of Occident. But this should never be 
understood as imitation. ...we shall take from the Occident only the 
methods of working and only the civilisation, but never the culture.”2 
In contrast to the francophonian approach to civilisation, the latter, 
according to Merxhani, implies the technological innovations and not 
the popular culture. 
When Branko Merxhani advocates the “internalization of the 
Western civilisation by the Albanian culture,” he uses the metaphor of 
the foreign words that become a part of the Albanian language. 
This line of thought seemed to be in unison with Vaso Pasha’s for 
the making of a new religion, namely “Albanianhood”. 
Another Renaissance author and thinker, had different ideas about 
the religion-motherland dualism. He didn’t follow an exclusivist logic 
about one or the other. Advocating that Albanian can be an 
independent state with many religions, he proposes the example of 
Crete: “Religon can be attached to a nation without changing the 
later’s ethnic character. The converted Greeks of Crete are a proof of 
this. Although Muslims, nobody calls them Turks.”3 
The same idea is expressed by the contemporary author Amin 
Malouf, who says: “One’s identity is determined by many other 
elements, such as: nationality, belonging to a religion, an ethnic or 
                                                          
1  Prof. Dr. Hamit Boriçi, Dr. Mark Marku, Histori e Shtypit Shqiptar, Nga 
Fillimet Deri në Ditët Tona, p. 207.  
2 Branko Merxhani, Vepra, p. 237, Shtëpia Botuese Plejad, 2003.    
3 Mid’hat Frashëri, Shqiptarë dhe Sllavë. Tirana, February 1998, p. 52. 
Gazmend Leçini 
326  Thesis, no.2, 2015      
linguistic group, profession, a social group, political convictions, 
preferences, etc... All these are important in themselves, but not by 
themselves. None of it does complete one’s identity.”4 
Looking at Vaso Pasha’s verse under this perspective towards 
identity, we can conclude that during the period when he wrote it, the 
national element of the identity prevailed over the religious one, but 
the latter did not obstruct the building of the nation, even though the 
Albanians “did not forget about churches and mosques”. 
This approach was maintained and upheld by intellectuals from 
the religious faiths too, whose ideas would appear on the period’s 
press. 
 
The religious press between 1925-1944 
 
I will dwell on this part of the time’s press due to its great role in 
strengthening the elements of national identity and the broad range of 
topic on the matter displayed on it. 
a) The Catholic press 
The Catholic press is represented with some press organs with a 
strong influence on their audience. The most prominent periodicals 
were Hylli i Dritës, Leka and Ora e Maleve. 
Hylli i Dritës which was the official medium of Franciscans has 
given much space to topics for “the good of the nation”, as stated in 
the foundation of the periodical: “...to care for the good of the 
Albanian nation as in times past...”5 
Going through the issues of this periodical we find an article which 
praises the religious harmony and patriotism that characterises 
Albanians, encouraging them to preserve these two Albanian traits. In 
its report of the great manifestation for the independence day in 1913 
in Shkodra, it is written: “A cable was tied between the belfry of 
Gjuhadol Church and the minaret of Fusha e Çelës Mosque and the 
national flag was hanged on it between the rows of black and red 
                                                          
4 Amin Maalouf,  Identitete Vrastare, Botimet Onufri, 2-nd edition. Tirana, 
2006, p. 16. 
5 Revista Hylli i Dritës, No. 1, 1 October 1913. “Themelimi i Përkohshmjes”, p. 
1. 
The role of media in the shaping of the Albanian national identity in the period 
between 1925-1944 
 Thesis, no.2, 2015 327 
lamps.”6 There are four important elements here: the church, the 
mosque, the national flag and the black and red colours. 
An article titles “Are we Albanians or are we going to be?” handles 
the topics of the state, the people and the nation. It displays a nation-
building logic with the examples of England, Germany and Spain, 
each of them as countries with different religions and cultures but 
united under one state.7 
Another writing that the periodical uses to voice the love for the 
country, is a poem by P. Vinçenc Prenushi, “Albanian Mother” which 
relates the fight of the Albanian people for freedom.8 The same issue 
contains two other articles about history, one titled “On the history of 
the Albanian alphabet”, and the other “Twenty five years since the 
Manastir Congress”.9 
Another Catholic organ of the press was the periodical Leka. It 
published an article titled “The instinctive feeling for the motherland” 
which is about the longing of the emmigrants for their country.10 
The rubric “Culture” features a study titles “Our language is being 
bastardised” about the problems challenging the Albanian language. 
It calls on intellectuals to contribute to the preservation of the national 
language.11 
These articles show the importance the periodical payed to some 
elements which distinguish the Albanian nation, such as its language. 
b) The Muslim press 
The Muslim press is represented with periodicals Zani i Naltë, 
Kultura Islame and Njeriu. 
The Muslim press has also devoted much space to articles 
emphasizing the elements of the state and the nation. In the article 
“Wave, o Flag!” it is written that, “Any regional or religious 
                                                          
6 Hylli i Dritës, No. 11, 1 November 1937, “Flamuri kombëtar në krahinë të 
Shkodrës”, p. 535. 
7 Hylli i Dritës, No. 12, 1 December 1930, pp. 650-656. 
8 Hylli i Dritës, No. 11, 1 November 1933, p. 508. 
9 Hylli i Dritës, No. 11, 1 November 1933, pp. 514-524.  
10 Leka, No. 1, January 1930, Mr. Mark Harapi, “Ndjesia instiktive e atdheut”, 
p. 3. 
11 Leka, No. 6, November 1930, “Gjuha po na bastardohet”, pp. 161-168. 
Gazmend Leçini 
328  Thesis, no.2, 2015      
distinction disappears before this unity.”12 It is clear that the flag here 
has been taken as a symbol of national unity. 
In another article the reader is reminded about the famous verses 
from the poem “Herds and Pastures”: “Albania, you give me honour, 
the name of Albanian; with fire and desire you wrought my heart.”13 
Kultura Islame issues an article that revocates the time when the 
boundaries between Kosovo and Albania disappeared during the 
Fascist occupation. It says: “...we are sure and convinced that Albania 
will enjoy freedom and peace, engulfing the lands where Albanian is 
spoken and Albanians live, to become a great, strong and ideal 
Albania.”14 
To emphasize how Albanians should love their country, it issues a 
historical article which relates the moment when the Prophet 
Muhammad says while migrating from Mecca: “You are the most 
beloved and prefered place for me on the face of earth. Had I not been 
expelled from you, I would never leave you.”15 
A problem that existed during that period were the efforts to cause 
division among Albanians with different faiths. In the poem “You’re 
wrong” we read: “They were all Albanians, not different in Faith; for 
Faith to them was Freedom and Motherland.”16 
The religious and regional hate they want to sow did not exist 
among the Albanian Renaissance intellectuals, “Çajupi from the 
South, Fishta from the North, why this bitter seed among them didn’t 
come forth? Like them many other we have, all children of this poor 
Albania were.”17 
A periodical of the Bektashi order clergy was Njeriu. It features 
many articles about love of the country, Albanian language and the 
                                                          
12 Zani i Naltë, No. 3, November 1931, p. 76. 
13 Zani i Naltë, No. 11, November 1937, Neshet Çami, “Dy fjalë mbi 25 
vjetorin”, pp. 321-328, November 1931. 
14 Kultura Islame, II Year, No.15, November 1940, Refik H. Bezhani, “Përvjetori 
i Njëzetetetë i Pamvarasis 28 Nëntor 1912”  p.75. 
15 Kultura Islame, III Year, No. 3-4, November-December 1941, “Përhapja e 
Islamizmës”, p. 85. 
16 Kultura Islame, III Year, No. 3-4, November-December 1941, Nickname 
Kom., “Jeni të gabuar!”, p. 86. 
17 Ibid. 
The role of media in the shaping of the Albanian national identity in the period 
between 1925-1944 
 Thesis, no.2, 2015 329 
national culture. The fifth issue, Novermber 1942, was dedicated 
totally to the flag in celebration of the 30-th anniversary of the 
independence. 
c) The Orthodox press 
The Orthodox press during this period published the pamphlet: 
Gjergj Kastrioti, Scanderbeg, a spiritual periodical for the Orthodox of 
Albania. The title is very significant, later changed as Scanderbeg. The 
peridocal was published by the theologian Visar Xhuvani who 
explaines that it was titled after the national hero of Albania. The 
pamphlet appeared in 23 issues until March 1925.18 
The day and date chosen for the ceremony of the declaration of the 
Albanian Autocephalous Orthodox Church, is a significant indicator 
of the nationalist sentiment that the community wanted to imbue 
Albanian Orthodox believers with. It was held “on the independence 
day, on November 28, 1921, at the Evangjelizmos Church in Tirana 
where the decision for autocephality was made.”19 
 
Conclusions 
 
If we would make a summary of the main ideas of the period between 
1925-1944 as displayed in the press of the time, as inspired too by the 
ideas that circulated in Europe at that time, we would see that, “For 
the young people who supported the model of the illuminated 
dictatorship, the liberal Europe had come to an end; for the neo-
Albanianists the European civilisation had to be crossbred with the 
Albanian culture in order not to allow individualistic tendencies to 
harm the national organic unity; for the ‘democrats’ the decayed 
bourgeois Europe was running towards another world war from 
which the Europe of workers and peasants was to be born; for the 
Catholic (as well as other religion’s; G.L.) clergy the materialistic, 
individualistic, secularist and atheistic tendencies of the modern 
                                                          
18 The pamphlet Gjergj Kastrioti, later, Skënderbeu, Organ Shpirtnuer për 
Orthodoksët e Shqipnisë. 19 October 1924 - 2 March 1925. 
19 Shyqyri Hysi, Histori e Komuniteteve Fetare shqiptare, Tirana, 2006, p.174. 
Gazmend Leçini 
330  Thesis, no.2, 2015      
European civilisation should not be allowed to penetrate into 
Albania.”20  
 
 
Bibliography: 
 
1-  Mid’hat Frashëri, Shqiptarë dhe Sllavë, Tirana, February 1998. 
2- Amin Maalouf, Identitete Vrastare, Botimet Onufri, 2-nd edition. 
Tirana, 2006. 
3- Hylli i Dritës, 1913-1944. 
4- Zani i Naltë, 1923-1939. 
5- Leka, 1930-1944. 
6- Kultura Islame, September 1939-1945. 
7- Prof. Dr. Hamit Boriçi, Dr. Mark Marku, Histori e Shtypit 
Shqiptar, Nga Fillimet Deri në Ditët Tona, Sh.B.L.U. Tirana, 2010. 
8- The pamphlet Gjergj Kastrioti, later Skënderbeu, Organ Shpirtnuer 
për Orthodoksët e Shqipnisë, 19 October 1924 - 2 March1925. 
9- Zëri i Orthodoksisë, No. 3, 1 January 1925, Korçë. 
10- Shyqyri Hysi, Histori e Komuniteteve Fetare shqiptare, Tirana, 
2006. 
11- Enis Sulstarova, Jam Evropë!, pp. 411-412. 
12- Njeriu, July 1942 – September 1944. 
 
                                                          
20 Enis Sulstarova, Jam Evropë!, pp. 411-412. 
 


The role of media in the shaping of the Albanian national identity in the period between 1925-1944

Hasani, Arian

E Drejta e Puneas dhe e Drejta Sociale

Lumi, Bekim

 FACULTY OF ECONOMICS 
MARKETING AND BUSINESS MANAGEMENT 
 
 
 
 
 
 
MASTER THESIS 
THEME: 
SHARES AND THEIR MARKETS 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Mentor:                                                                                                                             Candidate: 
Prof. Dr. Jusuf Zeqiri                                                                                                     Bekim Lumi 
CONTENT 
1. Introduction 
2. Reasonability of the paper 
3. Methodology of the paper 
CHAPTER I 
SHARES AND THEIR CHARACTERISTICS 
1.1 Concept and types of shares 
1.2 Stock value characteristics 
1.3 Stock price (course) of shares 
1.4 Issue of shares 
CHAPTER II 
Shares and securities market 
2.1 Preferred shares 
2.2 Common shares 
2.3 Joint stock company 
2.4 Historical records 
2.5 Emission prospectuses 
2.6 Stock market 
2.7 Division of shares according to risk 
2.8 Fund scholarship 
2.9 The largest stock exchanges in the 20th century 
2.10 Trading with shares in fund shares 
2.11 Purchase orders forms 
2.12 Speculation on the stock market 
2.13 Market securities characteristics in the United States 
CHAPTER III 
Treasury bills and government bonds of the Republic of Kosovo 
3.1 What are bonds and state obligations? 
3.2 Establishment of stock exchange and history of bonds and bonds issued by the Government 
of the Republic of Kosovo 
3.3 Lack of professional financial staff 
3.4 Treasury bills and their impact on market development 
3.5 Interests and how they grow 
3.6 Securities of joint stock companies (corporations) 
3.7 Classification of shares 
3.8 The role of equity shares 
3.9 The stock market situation and perspectives 
Recommendations 
CONCLUSION 
Literature 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
INTRODUCTION 
The interest of public opinion on the shares was born years ago, when the law allowed 
enterprises a new type of property relationship, that of the responsible companies. If then, it had 
only remained at the formal legal level, it is now a widespread privatization, which means that 
the concept of shares and joint stock companies is becoming more and more important for every 
person. 
The action is a securities note, which is a testimony to the investment of a certain portion of 
equity or assets in a joint stock company, which provides the right to receive a share of its 
dividend profit. Unlike the bondholders, who are corporate creditors or joint stock companies, 
the shareholders are its owners. This gives them the opportunity to take part in voting for the 
election on the board of the company's directors and the allocation of future revenues, if it is 
determined to distribute in shares. 
Under the law on shareholder's rights and the statutes of joint stock companies, the shares are 
issued in equal amounts of share capital and rounded amounts (for example, 100, 50, 25, 10, 5 
$). Based on the nature of their ownership, the shares are divided into registered shares and held 
shares, the first cases are usually released in high amounts, the second sometimes even at small 
amounts. Therefore, Anglo-American law and practice made the issuance of small and very 
small monetary holdings (up to $ 1 and 1 cents). Meanwhile in many other countries (even at 
us?) law and practice, usually, the minimum stock value has been limited to 100. 
The topic, which will be treated in this work, in our opinion is extremely current and of interest 
for the present moment, as the securities market is developing in a very dynamic way and has 
become an inseparable part of the financial market, namely capital market and money market. In 
addition, bonds play a major role for the economies of the respective countries, as most of the 
securities are one of the ways of financing investment. For securities issuers are important, as 
they stimulate the development of production, while for the holders, their role is manifested in 
profit-making. 
 
 
CONCLUSION 
Our work is just the part over the water of the great iceberg called the world of securities and 
stock. But this iceberg for Kosovo is still very under water only a small peak, because we do not 
yet have a securities market or a stable stock market. This has been our main problem in drafting 
this paper. Another problem was the lack of literature and other relevant regulatory instruments 
for the stock market and the securities market. According to our knowledge, this paper is among 
the first, if not the first, to address the Kosovo securities market problem. In conclusion, we want 
to emphasize a concrete example. The recent bankruptcy of one of the oldest banks in England 
BARINGS (founded in 1762, the chief guardian of British elite money, including the queen 
herself) shook the world's financial markets. Bankruptcy of one of the strongest banks will have 
an impact on stock markets in developing countries not only for a short-term period but also in 
the coming decades. 
One can ask the question: what would this say, for example, about Kosovo? Kosovo may also be 
attributed the title of the developing country, so the failure of a large bank in developing 
countries could affect the reduction of foreign investment for their economy, in Kosovo as well, 
especially in the values of funds. 
For existence in a developed market of securities market we need components, such as demand, 
offer, participant, market infrastructure (commercial banks, market scholarships, investment 
institutes), as well as systems of self-regulation and regulation. All components have been 
structured almost entirely in 1994. A decisive role in the formation of the securities market has 
been strengthened by the privatization and the shareholding of the state-owned companies - the 
joint stock companies have become key players in this market. 
By completing our work, we can draw the following conclusions: 
➢ The securities market is the market in which securities are presented as commodities. The 
main function of the securities market involves the mobilization of the financial resources 
of the company with the aim of organizing and expanding the economic activity. In the 
securities market’s structure, we distinguish the money market and the capital market, the 
primary and secondary market. Based on the character of issuers, the securities market is 
divided into the market of government securities or non-government securities. The 
market of valuable government securities plays an important role in regulating the 
economic situation in the country; 
➢ The fictitious capital associated with the presentation of the capital of the loan. Fictitious 
capital arises as a result of the purchase of securities, which offer the opportunity to earn 
certain income (percentage of capital). As an initial form of fictitious capital in the period 
of "free competition", they served the state bonds; 
➢ Independent movements of fictitious capital in the market cause rapid decline of market 
value from the balanced one, increasing the difference between the real value of the 
material resources and their fixed value presented in securities; 
➢ There is a need for engagement for the establishment of the scholarship with all 
documentation, mechanisms and relevant instruments, which will in fact be structural 
reforms towards the Kosovo market economy; 
➢ For the licensing, supervision and control of the business of the scholarship, the Kosovo 
Parliament should adopt a special law which establishes advice on securities, authorizing 
it to supervise and control the stock exchange;  
➢ It is extremely important to work on capacity building by providing professional training 
for analysts and finance specialists, who will work in the stock market; 
➢ To achieve better results and increase investment, marketing strategies need to be 
developed, which should be intense. People need to be informed that if someone wants to 
invest, there is no need for much money and this is the key and most important 
information for potential investors in Kosovo; 
We are aware that the topic we have chosen for our diploma work is a little researched, complex 
and "problematic", but I also hope that it can serve as a modest contribution to this field for 
further studies and news in the future. 


SHARES AND THEIR MARKETS

Nelku, Raimonda

Cultural Identity and Role of the Albanian Public Broadcasters

Bajrami, Hysni

Phd. Hysni BAJRAMI
 
 
 E drejta kushtetuese ka tri kuptime :
- Kuptimi pozitivo-juridik
- Kuptimi materialist ose sociologjiko-politike
- Kuptimi teorike apo shkencore
 Kuptimi i pergjithshem si shkence e dhe si
dege e drejtes pozitive eshte kuptimi pozitivo
juridik. Sipas kesaj teorie E Drejta
Kushtetuese nenkupton sistemin e rregullave
(normave) juridike me karakter kushtetues te
cilat rregullojne mardheniet shoqerore e 
politike te pushtetit shteterore qe jane te
kodifikuara ne nje dokument te perbashket te
qujtur Kushtetute.
 Kuptimi i dyte eshte ai materialise ose
sociologjiko-politik. Sipas ketij kuptimi E 
Drejta Kushtetuese nenkupton te drejtat
ekzistuese qe materializohen ne jeten e nje
vendi.
 Kuptimi i trete eshte ai teorik apo shkencor. 
Sipas ketij kuptimi me te drejten kushtetuese
kuptojme disiplinen shkencore qe mesohet
ne universitet
 E Drejta Kushtetuese si dege e se drejtes pozitive te nje shteti ka 
rendesi shume te madhe per shoqerine, rendesi kjo qe kesaj dege
te se drejtes I siguron nje vend qendore ne sistemin juridik e 
kushtetues te nje vendi.
 Kjo dege mbron vlerat me te rendesishme te qyteterimit siq jane : 
qeverisja e drejtesise, bashkjetesa paqesore mes lirive te njeriut dhe
pushtetit .
 E Drejta Kushtetuese eshte baze per te drejtat tjera sepse burimi i
saj themelor eshte kushtetuta
 E drejta kushtetuese si disipline shkencore ka rendesi te veqante. 
Rendesia e saj eshte e dyfishte : teorike dhe pedagogjike
 Ne historikun e se Drejtes Kushtetues ajo
eshte emertuar sipas dy termeve :  
1. E Drejte Kushtetuese
2. E Drejte Shteterore , si dhe ne disa vende
perdoret termi e drejte publike
 Termi e Drejte Kushtetuese me se tepermi
perdoret ne vendet anglosaksione, ndersa
termi e drejte shteterore dhe publike ne 
Gjermani
 Bazen e vete teorike e drejta kushtetues e fitoi
nga filozofia juridiko-natyrore dhe nga
pikepamjet demokratike te lidhura me popullin
dhe kombin e veqmas me individin. 
 Sipas te drejtes natyrore njeriu me te lindur i
fiton disa te drejta siq jane : e drejta e dinjitetit, e 
lirise, kryengritjes, pronesise etj, dhe ne baze te
kesaj teorie kushtetuta paraqet “Kontrate te
veqante te rregullimit politike dhe te proklamuar
ne menyre solemne nga ana e popullit si bartes I 
sovraniteti
 Termi E drejte shteterore eshte sajuar nen ndikimin e 
teorise se Hegelit ne Gjermani.
 Sipas kesaj teorie, esenca e rregullimit politike eshte
pushteti dhe organizimi I tije, ndersa njeriu dhe te drejtat
e tije, populli dhe sovraniteti jane shprehje e pushtetit . 
 Ketu kushtetuta konsiderohej si akte i rendomet juridik e 
jo ligj themelor I shtetit. Ajo nuk e njihte te drejten
natyrore. Kjo njihej si koha e sundimit te Bizmarkut.
 Emertimi E drejte publike eshte me I vjeter ne krahasim
me dy te parat . Eshte paraqitur ne France ne shek. XVIII 
nen ndikimin e teorise juridike romake
 Objekti i se drejtes kushtetuese nuk eshte I njejte ne 
te gjitha vendet. Objekti eshte I kushtezuar nga
permbajtja e saj.
 Si objekt I saj mund te jene normat pavaresisht a jane
te shkuruar-kodifikuara, apo te pashkruara.
 Kane ekzituar tre botekuptime rreth objektit te se 
drejtes kushtetuese :
1. Objekti zgjerohet por nuk ndryshon , ngase normave
kushtetuese instutucioni politike
2. Objekti eshte shteti ose pushteti politike
3. Objekt i saj jane mardheniet ekonomike ne shoqeri
 


E Drejta Kushtetuese

Zhaveli, Majlinda

 FACULTY OF ECONOMICS  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
MASTER STUDIES 
EXPORT IN KOSOVO: DISADVANTAGES AND ADVANTAGES 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Mentor:                                                                                                                             Candidate: 
Dr. Sc. Vjollca Hasani                                                                                            Majlinda Zhaveli  
Pristine, 2015 
ABSTRACT 
The development of the economies of different countries and the world proves to deepen 
economic and financial interdependence among the countries. An ever-increasing share of goods 
and services produced in different countries export in international markets. 
The volume and structure of Kosovo's export in the past years illustrates all the difficulties in the 
framework of existing economic policies that Kosovar businesses are facing, especially the 
emerging production sectors. With the collapse of the social sector during the 1990s, as a 
consequence of the violent measures applied and the delays in the transition of the economy and 
the transformation of the socially owned enterprises, came the expression of drastic drop of 
export and loss of foreign markets. This has made trade change to be realized mainly through 
import, given the decline of the export sectors. 
Kosovo's export is mainly exported to countries from which it’s mostly imported. 
Kosovo's import and export have discriminatory treatment during transit in Serbia and 
Montenegro, charged with special taxes (3% or 5% respectively). Border counts for Kosovo 
goods are paid a transitory take, which makes these products more expensive and causes serious 
market disruption and competitiveness of Kosovo producers. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
CONTENT 
Introduction 
Submission of diploma thesis 
Description of the problem 
Purpose of the work 
Hypotheses 
I. EXPORT - SOME THEORETICAL ASPECTS AND CHARACTERISTICS 
1.1 International business theories 
1.1.1 Mercury theory 
1.1.2 Classical theory 
1.2.3 Neoclassical theory 
1.2.4 Marxist theory 
1.1.5 Structuralist theory 
1.2 Assessment of import demand 
1.3 The case of the Republic of Kosovo 
1.4 Trends in recent years in the region’s trade 
1.5 Reasons for the relinquished export-import ratio 
1.6 What should be done to increase exports? 
II. KOSOVO’S EXTERNAL TRADE  
2.1 Overview of trends in the external sector in Kosovo 
2.1.1 Geographical orientation of Kosovo’s market 
2.1.2 Trade relations with the EU 
2.1.3 Trade exchanges with the EU 
2.1.4 Trade relations with neighboring countries 
2.1.5 Trade relations with the rest of the world 
2.2 Export and import flows for 2013-2014 
III. METHODOLOGY AND RESULTS OF RESEARCH 
3.1 Research methodology 
3.1.1 Instruments 
3.1.2 Participants 
3.1.3 Procedure 
3.2 Research results 
3.2.1 Discussion 
IV. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 
4.1 Conclusions 
4.2 Recommendations 
V. LITERATURE 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
INTRODUCTION 
Submission of diploma thesis 
Trade liberalization and creation of trade entry opportunities, increased productivity, protection 
of competition and growth, are some of the important goals for sustainable economic 
development of the state of Kosovo, promoting, stimulating and supporting exports. The 
realization of these objectives imposes the need for decision-makers to create such economic 
policies adapted to adequate legislation that will impact economic growth through export on one 
side and on the other to eliminate the behaviors that damage the free market. Such policies will 
have many positive effects on the state's economy, businesses and consumers. 
In general, the many results show that market contributes to improving economic growth. 
However, if trade is not combined with adequate policies to balance imports against exports, it 
may generate trade balance and balance of payments deficits, thus creating a cause for slower 
growth or deterioration in real revenue growth. Regarding the imports, many studies claim that 
there is a strong positive impact of trade liberalization on the growth of imports, and this impact 
is mainly due to the sensitivity of prices and changes in revenues. 
After the international intervention in 1999, Kosovo experienced rapid growth of imports, while 
on the other hand it was not reflected in the growth of exports and the domestic production 
sector, which represent the main indicator of the weakness of Kosovo's economy. 
The volume and structure of Kosovo's exports in the past years illustrates all the difficulties in 
the framework of existing economic policies that Kosovo businesses are facing, especially the 
emerging manufacturing sectors. With the collapse of the social sector during the 1990s, as a 
result of the violent measures applied and the transition delays, the economy and the 
transformation of the socially owned enterprises, came the drastic drop in export and loss of 
foreign markets. This has made trade exchanges to be realized mainly through imports, given the 
decline of key export sectors. 
Kosovo's export is mainly exported to countries from which it’s mostly imported. 
The import level growth stagnated in 2003, where they were imported slightly lower than in 
2002, to experience a significant increase again in 2005-2006. Commercial imports, during 2006, 
compared to 2005, have increased by 5.1%. According to the analysis of MTI, the increase of 
imports from 2005 to 2006 is the result of the increase in prices rather than quantity, import of 
oil quantity and its derivatives has decreased during 2006 compared to 2005. Other goods which 
have contributed to the growth of imports have also been cigarettes, flour and construction 
material. In the post-1999 period, the Kosovo economy faced with the consequences of the war 
and the destruction of the economic structure is at a very low level of export compared to the 
volume of imports, while remaining at a high degree of dependence on imports. Kosovo's export 
is mainly exported to countries from which it’s mostly imported. As is well known, in 2000 the 
most attractive markets for Kosovar exporters were the countries of the region. A high diversity 
characterizes Kosovo’s exports, as far as the countries with which it cooperates. 
First, neighboring countries, such as Albania, Macedonia, Montenegro and Serbia, export about 
25% from Kosovo. Whereas, in 2011, the Free Trade Agreement with the US, Turkey, Norway 
and Japan has enabled exports to these countries to be 2.6% of total exports. Finally, Kosovo's 
agreement with EU markets has made 42.8% of exports go to EU member states. 
Export, in June 2013, amounted to 26.3 million euros, while import 222.4 million euros, which 
means that compared to the same period of 2012 is a decrease of 12.8% for export, and a growth 
of 2.0% for import. 
According to KAS data, the main export groups consist of: base metals and articles thereof with 
43.7%; mineral products with 23.0%; prepared meals, beverages and tobacco by 7.0%; 
machinery, mechanical and electrical machines with 5.9%; plastics, tires and articles thereof with 
5.9%; vegetable products by 5.2%; textile articles with 3.9%, etc. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
CONCLUSIONS 
Exports from domestic production, in the first years of the last twelve years, have been 
dominated by some stocks products and manufacturing units inherited from the economy of the 
previous system. In recent years, as a result of reforms, privatization, and the need for 
restructuring of the economy, our economy has declined sharply, especially in export items. 
The trend of these years has been the growth of the trade deficit. The ratio of export to GDP 
otherwise referred to as the percentage of exports, compared to previous years, has decreased. 
This trade deficit demonstrates financial difficulties in the external payments balance, which 
means that our economy has to sell some of its assets or to expect financial aid from other 
countries. In order to mitigate this gap between import and export, there are two possible ways: 
the growth and promotion of exports, as well as the production in place of some imported 
products, and that the Albanian economy has real opportunities to remove from the import list. 
Export expectations are increasing in several countries, such as: Yugoslavia (+ Kosovo), Turkey, 
USA, Switzerland, etc. and mainly domestic items, building materials, leather, medicinal plants, 
minerals etc. 
Poor relations between export and import are of serious consequence in the development of the 
economy in general, when it is known that currently compensation from the services sector 
(tourism, transport, finance etc.) is impossible, as this sector is also at levels of development cuts. 
So, from this point of view, we can say that the trade deficit is continuing to deepen, it will 
become a barrier to the further development of the economy as a whole. 
Export promotion is undoubtedly a very powerful mechanism of structural adjustments, which 
has its effect on the balance of payments. In the framework of Albania's economic policy, export 
development is considered to be a key factor for improving macroeconomic indicators, 
especially from the point of view of improving the current (actually negligible) balance of trade 
and job creation. 
For Albania, FDI withdrawal can be a rational way to develop existing export potentials, to 
provide new export capabilities, to provide immediate access to the market and to create 
dynamic competitive advantages. They can play an important role in supporting export-oriented 
production. Also, the adoption of medium-term strategy for the development of small and 
medium enterprises is crucial to improving the competitiveness of Albanian industries, which is 
comprised of 95 percent of very small, small and medium enterprises. 
In the agricultural sector, the immediate aim is to improve agricultural production in quantity and 
quality. For this, farm methods need to be modernized and organic produce added. In today's 
European market trend, "bio" products are competing with ease. This requires concrete actions 
such as: facilitating investments in order to improve land productivity in use, improving 
knowledge and skills of farmers, and encouraging the desire to form marketing groups and 
supply inputs. 
In summary, the main problems for exports development are: 
➢ Identifying competitive advantages and their development; 
➢ Promotion of foreign direct investment; 
➢ Developing a manufacturing base in the country. 
Albania with its geographic position, with natural resources, with the climate and with a 
relatively small domestic market, has all the opportunities to become a potential exporter for 
Europe's markets. 
Mitigation of the energy crisis through sectoral policies will have a very positive impact on the 
development of the economy in the country, as well as in the elimination of those deteriorating 
aspects, such as in the case of the wholesale import of electromechanical devices such as 
generators, electromotors etc. 
Also, substitution of crude fuel, which can be processed by local processing industry, can have a 
very positive effect on mitigating this deficit. At the same time, supportive policies for these 
sectors are indispensable. 
A co-ordination of the work of state institutions dealing with sectoral policies, with their co-
ordination, with the exchange rate decision making that actually constitutes the core of an export 
strategy, will create a favorable ground for positive developments regarding the balance sheet 
trade. 
Agriculture and agroindustry are the potential sectors of the economy, which have many 
premises to mitigate the trade deficit, in terms of replacing imported products with domestic 
products. In this context, lending to agriculture and agroindustry is a very effective aspect of 
improving the trade deficit situation. 
In order to minimize and improve the export-import ratio along with long-term and sustainable 
measures, immediate solutions are also required: 
➢ Investigate the establishment of collection centers, based on different areas, where goods 
can be marketed in these collection centers, manipulation, standardization and packaging; 
➢ Encourage and support initiatives that would enable the use of other energy alternatives, 
especially the solar ones, based on the results of other countries such as Greece, France, 
Spain, etc.; 
➢ Promote the import of crude oil, where processing capacity is considerable, which would, 
amongst others, minimize the trade deficit and reduce the cost of unit production per unit; 
➢ To assist the production of materials and building materials, when it is known that such 
items are highly demanded in the domestic market but also potential for export especially 
in the region; 
➢ To set criteria and norms for housing construction as far as central heating is concerned, 
which would eliminate such articles as various heat resistance, air conditioners etc.; 
➢ To better manage the problem of drinking water, the solution of which would have its 
effects on the elimination of the import of a category of goods, such as: tanks, deposits, 
high rise water pumps. 
To provide further work to improve the balance of trade, many government and business 
structures must achieve: 
➢ To provide analytical and follow-up data for each product that is destined for export; 
➢ To identify products that are potentially exported but have not yet been able to find 
markets; 
➢ To identify domestic products and producers that need temporary protection towards 
import of these products; 
➢ To identify products that can be removed from the import, which our economy can 
produce in the country; 
➢ To provide information and propaganda for agricultural and livestock products as well as 
those of light and nutritious industries, which are tasty and biologically pure products, for 
which there are high demands from the external market; 
➢ To provide information and data on prices, requirements, companies and rules of foreign 
markets. 
Further development of Albanian export-oriented industries will depend on the successful 
establishment of the respective political, institutional, technical and management capacities. 
The concept of competitive ability as a system has been selected and has been highlighted as a 
rational support to the promotion of Albanian exports, based on the principles of a sustainable 
private-public partnership, in an integrated approach, including: 
➢ Market-oriented production and logistics (the role of the business community); 
➢ Business oriented services (the role of public and private organizations); 
➢ Basic legislative and administrative conditions, oriented to business (government role). 
The strategic approach to export promotion is aimed at involving and cooperating closely 
between public and private organizations, the business community and donor organizations, and 
the contribution of the government will be crucial to the success of promoting Albanian exports. 
The main problems that have to do with the incentive attitude towards the experts are: 
Official integration of export promotion in the general economic development strategy; 
Institutionalization of public-private partnership in planning, implementation in monitoring and 
improvement of the strategy; 
Establishment of an export promotion institution, which will coordinate its activities with the 
network of implementing agencies; 
Improvement of legal framework and concentration of administrative procedures; 
Encouragement of Albanian industries for an integrated approach, ranging from improving 
international competitiveness to boosting exports. 
In the Republic of Kosovo, after 17.02.2008 (declaration of independence of Kosovo) has 
changed the political and economic reality, Kosovo institutions should carry out the 
constitutional tasks in all spheres of public power. Integration into the European Union remains a 
priority, therefore full mobilization of all relevant factors is required: state institutions, business 
community, civil society, various relevant institutes, etc., to fulfill the conditions for membership 
as soon as possible in EU. 


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