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La rupture du contrat de travail en Suisse et en France : approche de droit comparé
Get PDFThèse, Université de Neuchâtel en cotutelle avec le Centre de recherches juridiques de l'Université de Franche-Comté, 2024La question de l'intervention du juge dans la rupture d'un contrat de travail est épineuse : nécessaire à la protection du salariat pour les uns, attentatoire aux libertés économiques pour les autres. Les dernières évolutions législatives en France montrent toutefois un penchant pour la deuxième position, et l'exemple de la Suisse est souvent montré en modèle de référence pour porter ces réformes. De plus en plus, le juge français est écarté, son pouvoir est encadré pour libéraliser les ruptures de contrat, et recentrer les litiges au plus près de l'entreprise. Puisqu'il est pris en exemple, qu'en est-il du juge helvète ?
The question of the intervention of the judge in the rupture of a contract of employment is thorny: necessary to the protection of the wage for some, detrimental to economic freedoms for the others. The latest legislative developments in France, however, show a penchant for the second position, and the example of Switzerland is often shown as a reference model to carry these reforms. More and more, the French judge is dismissed, his power is framed to liberalize breach of contract and refocus litigation closer to the company. Since it is taken as an example, what about the Swiss judge
Au coeur de nos nuits juridiques... quand la littérature se fait l'écho des victimes - analyse juridico-littéraire des attentes des victimes de viol dans le droit pénal suisse
No full textCette recherche propose d’analyser, dans une perspective juridique, les attentes des victimes de viol dans un procès pénal suisse au travers de deux œuvres littéraires. La méthodologie de recherche s’articule autour des trois attentes du mouvement « Droit et Littérature » énoncées par J. Wigmore, à savoir la littérature (i) comme manière de saisir la représentation que le citoyen se fait du droit ; (ii) comme catalogue de la nature humaine ; (iii) comme outil d’évolution de la loi. L’analyse comprend quatre parties. La première d’entre elles présente les clés méthodologiques et analytiques utilisées dans cette recherche, la deuxième synthétise sur une dizaine de pages, d’une part l’art. 190 CP sous l’angle de la dernière révision du droit pénal sexuel du 1er juillet 2024 et d’autre part, la définition et le statut de victime d’infractions sexuelles en procédure pénale. Puis, ces éléments juridiques seront approfondis et confrontés à deux œuvres littéraires, à savoir « Thérèse Desqueyroux » de François Mauriac et « Les choses humaines » de Karine Tuil. Et, enfin, de ces réflexions juridico-littéraires, le texte propose une réflexion sur la pertinence de la justice pénale actuelle et sur les avantages et désavantages de l’introduction d’autres formes de justices – telle celle de la justice restaurative – dans le contexte des victimes d’infractions sexuelles. Deux constats principaux sont retirés de cette étude : 1) Que le droit est avant tout un langage technique, qui peut conduire la société à concevoir de fausses attentes. C’est pourquoi – dans l’intérêt des victimes – il faudrait promouvoir, à côté du système pénal, d’autres formes de justice, telle la justice restaurative, fondées sur un langage commun, c’est-à-dire non conditionnées à une typicité d’infraction, afin de permettre un plus profond sentiment de justice. 2) La victime de viol risque de se voir confrontée au danger de la réification – notamment si le droit pénal matériel tend à établir des critères abstraits de « l’état de sidération »
Comparing airborne and terrestrial LiDAR with ground-based inventory metrics of vegetation structural complexity in oil palm agroforests
No full textVegetation structural complexity is an important component of forest ecosystems, influencing biodiversity and functioning. Due to the heterogeneous distribution of vegetation elements, structural complexity underpins ecological dynamics, species composition, microclimate, and habitat diversity. Field measurements and Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) data, such as airborne (ALS) and terrestrial (TLS), can assess structural characteristics of forest and agroforestry systems at various spatial scales. This assessment is urgently needed for monitoring ecosystem restoration in degraded lands (e.g., in oil palm landscapes), where it is not well-known how structural measures derived from these different approaches relate to each other. Here, we compared the degree of correlation between individual and multivariate datasets of vegetation structural complexity metrics derived from ALS, TLS, and ground-based inventory approaches. The study was conducted in a 140 ha oil palm monoculture, enriched with 52 plots in the form of tree islands representing agroforestry systems of varying sizes and planted diversity levels in Sumatra, Indonesia. Our datasets comprised 25 ALS, five TLS, and nine ground-based inventory metrics. We studied correlations among metrics related to traditional stand summary, heterogeneity, and vertical and horizontal stand structure. We used principal component analysis for data dimensionality reduction, correlation analysis to quantify the strength of relationships between metrics, and Procrustes analysis to investigate the agreement between datasets. Significant correlations were found between ALS and TLS metrics for canopy density (r = 0.79) and maximum tree height (r = 0.58) and between ALS and ground-based inventory measures of stand heterogeneity and height diversity (r between 0.60 and −0.63). Further, we observed significant agreements between the ordinations of multivariate datasets (r = 0.56 for ALS − TLS; and r = 0.46 for ALS – ground-based inventory). Our findings underline the ability of ALS to capture structural complexity patterns, especially for canopy gap dynamics and vegetation height metrics, as captured by TLS, and for measures of heterogeneity and vertical structure as captured by ground-based inventories. Our study highlights the strength of each approach and underscores the potential of integrating ALS and TLS with ground-based inventories for a comprehensive characterization of vegetation structure in complex agroforestry systems, which can provide guidance for their management and support ecosystem restoration monitoring efforts
Bibliographie thématique - Sur le mouvement "Droit dans la littérature"
No full textCette bibliographie veut ici réunir les ouvrages et articles de revues francophones consacrés à l'étude du mouvement « Droit et Littérature », de ses prémices à ses développements plus récents, plus particulièrement du mouvement « Droit dans la littérature »
Framing Displaced Persons In News Articles In 2015 And 2022: A Comparative Topic Modelling
Get PDFEn 2022, l'Europe a dû faire face à l'arrivée de plus de 8 millions d'Ukrainiens fuyant l'invasion russe. La réaction globalement positive et solidaire à ce déplacement contraste fortement avec les déplacements précédents, tels que la "crise des réfugiés" de 2015. Compte tenu du fait que le public est principalement informé de ces événements par les médias nationaux, cette analyse exploratoire vise à mettre en évidence les différences et les similitudes dans le cadrage des questions relatives aux réfugiés et à l'asile entre 2022 et 2015. Pour ce faire, elle identifie les cadres employés dans les articles de presse par le biais de l'algorithme non supervisé du topic modelling, une méthode d'analyse quantitative de texte, dans plus de 40 journaux suisses (N = 12'676) et deux périodes de temps : janvier 2015 à décembre 2015 et janvier 2022 à décembre 2022. Les résultats révèlent que les cadres liés à l'hébergement et aux récits personnels sont les plus importants dans les deux années, mais que 2022 manque d'un cadre de politisation qui englobe le désaccord social et politique concernant les réfugiés et les demandeurs d'asile dans la société suisse. En outre, alors que 2022 voit un cadre de solidarité plus proéminent, 2015 voit des cadres plus dominants liés aux différentes situations frontalières et à la politique européenne, souvent porteurs d'un discours de sécurisation. En résumé, les résultats suggèrent qu'il existe des variations dans le discours sur le mérite des réfugiés dans les médias suisses, puisque la représentation des réfugiés ukrainiens n'était pas ambivalente et plutôt orientée vers des solutions, alors que la représentation des personnes déplacées non ukrainiennes, même en 2022, était politisée, ambiguë et orientée vers des problèmes.In 2022, Europe faced the arrival of over 8 million Ukrainians fleeing the Russian invasion. The overall positive and solidary reaction to this displacement stands in stark contrast to previous displacements, such as the "refugee crisis" of 2015. Taking into account that the public mainly informs itself about such events through domestic media, this explorative analysis aims to uncover the differences and similarities in the framing of refugee and asylum issues between 2022 and 2015. It does so by identifying the frames employed in the news articles via the unsupervised algorithm of topic modelling, a quantitative text analysis method, in over 40 Swiss newspapers (N = 12’676) and two time-frames: January 2015 to December 2015 and January 2022 to December 2022. The findings reveal that frames related to accommodation and personal accounts are the most prominent in both years, but that 2022 lacks a politicisation frame that encompasses the social and political disagreement regarding refugees and asylum-seekers in Swiss society. Furthermore, while 2022 sees a more prominent solidarity frame, 2015 sees more dominant frames related to different border situations and European politics, often carrying a securitisation discourse. In sum, the results suggest that variation exists in the deservingness dicourse of refugees in Swiss media, since the portrayal of Ukrainian refugees was not ambivalent and rather solutions-oriented, but the portrayal of non-Ukrainian displaced persons, even in 2022, was politicised, ambiguous, and problem-oriented
Redefining Interpreters' and Translators' Role
No full textIn multilingual societies, translation and interpreting play pivotal roles in facilitating access to essential services provided by public institutions for individuals speaking languages other than the official language. However, prevailing assumptions among professionals in these institutions often regard translation as a mechanical process, overlooking the inherent interpretive nature of interlingual transfer. This study examines the interventions of intercept interpreters/translators (IITs) in the translation process within the criminal justice system, focusing on covert communication surveillance. An analysis of 538 translated intercept records (TIRs) reveals that IITs significantly intervene in selecting and interpreting content, often decrypting vague or encoded terms used in intercepted conversations. These interventions, which include annotations and comments, shape the evidentiary value and comprehensibility of TIRs. The findings highlight the complex nature of communication surveillance and underscore the need to reconsider the roles of translators and interpreters. This study contributes to our overall understanding about the ambiguous roles interpreters and translators may play in public institutions. As for IITs, the study suggests a re-evaluation of their roles that recognizes their specialized skills and multiple tasks
Eliciting Kemeny Rankings
Get PDFWe formulate the problem of eliciting agents’ preferences with the goal of finding a Kemeny ranking as a Dueling Bandits problem. Here the bandits’ arms correspond to alternatives that need to be ranked and the feedback corresponds to a pairwise comparison between alternatives by a randomly sampled agent. We consider both sampling with and without replacement, i.e., the possibility to ask the same agent about some comparison multiple times or not. We find approximation bounds for Kemeny rankings dependant on confidence intervals over estimated winning probabilities of arms. Based on these we state algorithms to find Probably Approximately Correct (PAC) solutions and elaborate on their sample complexity for sampling with or without replacement. Furthermore, if all agents’ preferences are strict rankings over the alternatives, we provide means to prune confidence intervals and thereby guide a more efficient elicitation. We formulate several adaptive sampling methods that use look-aheads to estimate how much confidence intervals (and thus approximation guarantees) might be tightened. All described methods are compared on synthetic data
Playing under high pressure and ball retention
Get PDFThis paper analyses the data on high intensity pressure produced by the French company SkillCorner. It presents several statistical models highlighting the link between teams’ styles of play, the level of pressure experienced by players and their ability to retain possession. It shows the importance of contextualising individual performance in relation to that of the team and the position occupied
Künstlerfreundschaft – Künstlerfeindschaft: – Das Verhältnis zwischen Egon Schiele und Oskar Kokoschka
No full textThe essay is based on a lecture given by the author on November 9, 2023 on the occasion of the 5th Egon Schiele Symposium at the Leopold Museum:
https://www.leopoldmuseum.org/egon-schiele-symposium/deThe starting point for the chapter on artist friends and foes are two works created around 1917/18 in which Egon Schiele (1890–1918) and Oskar Kokoschka (1886–1980) each depict their friends and peers of that time gathered around a table. “Friends”, as Kokoschka’s painting is called, shows a private party with all chairs occupied, whereas Schiele leaves one or two chairs vacant in the various versions of his work. Both artists take a place of honor at the head of the table in the gatherings composed by them. Schiele used the oil painting “The Friends (Round Table)” as the motif for his poster for the 49th Exhibition of the Vienna Secession, which was held from 1st March to 1st April 1918. Schiele curated this group exhibition and also invited Kokoschka to participate, but the latter declined.
This essay attempts to trace any personal contact between the two artists. In the light of scarce historical sources, this choice of topic may seem surprising. What is more, Kokoschka vehemently insisted in the 1940s that he had never met Schiele in person. He repeatedly denied any assumptions that he and Schiele had been friends.
Taking into consideration the many patrons, collectors, clients and friends they had in common or the exhibition venues and galleries at which the two artists might have run into each other, it seems more than unlikely that they never met. Carl von Reininghaus, Oskar Reichel and Franz Hauer collected works by both Kokoschka and Schiele; both artists participated in the Internationale Kunstschau Wien 1909, in the exhibition Neukunst Wien at the Budapest Művészház in 1912, in the 1912 Sonderbund Exhibition in Cologne, in the Wiener Kunstschau held at the Berlin Secession in 1916 and other events. They had mutual friends, such as the painter Felix Albrecht Harta. Both corresponded with Arnold Schönberg during the same period of time, both executed postcards for the Wiener Werkstätte and drafts for Stoclet Palace in Brussels. Both were presumably equally disappointed by Stoclet’s rejection of their designs.tru