libra UniNe
Not a member yet
28871 research outputs found
Sort by
Le droit contre la guerre (ius contra bellum) à l'épreuve du conflit déclenché par la Fédération de Russie contre l'Ukraine
No full textAucun adjectif n’est de trop pour décrire l’énormité de cette agression qui sape les principes cardinaux de l’ordre juridique international contemporain porté aux fonts baptismaux par la Charte des Nations Unies (ci-après : CNU). Son article 2 (4) est la clef de voûte du nouveau contrat social international né des cendres de deux guerres mondiales qui « deux fois en l’espace d’une génération ont infligé à l’humanité d’indicibles souffrances » (Préambule). La présente contribution analyse les principes fondamentaux régissant l’agression russe contre l’Ukraine ainsi que les conséquences et responsabilités qui en découlent, pour l’agresseur, l’agressé et la communauté internationale, y compris la Suisse en tant qu’État neutre. Elle ne porte donc que sur l’une des deux branches de l’ancien Droit de la guerre, à savoir le régime du recours à la force (ius contra bellum), excluant ainsi les règles qui régissent l’emploi de la force pendant un conflit armé – international ou non-international –, à savoir le ius in bello ou droit des conflits armés. Force est cependant de préciser que, en vertu du principe de l’égalité des belligérants – pierre angulaire du ius in bello – toute partie au conflit doit, indépendamment du caractère licite ou non de son recours à la force (question régie par le ius contra bellum), « respecter et faire respecter » le droit des conflits armés (article 1er commun aux quatre Conventions de Genève de 1949). En d’autres termes, tous les belligérants sont logés à la même enseigne. De même nous ne discuterons pas des crimes internationaux perpétrés par les individus et engageant leur responsabilité pénale internationale, question régie par une autre branche du droit international, à savoir le droit international pénal .tru
Lateral root formation in "Arabidopsis thaliana" and "Brachypodium distachyon": comparison of spatial accommodating responses
Get PDFThesis Director:
Prof. Dr. Josephus Vermeer
Committee Members:
Prof. Dr. Christian S. Hardtke (University of Lausanne)
Prof. Dr. Felix Kessler (University of Neuchâtel)
Prof. Dr. Michael T. Raissig (University of Bern)
Defended on 03/09/2024
No de thèse : 3140Roots are essential for anchoring plants to the soil and for the uptake of water and nutrients. Root branching significantly enhances the morphological adaptability of the root system in response to various biotic and abiotic factorsDespite significant findings in recent decades within the LR context, there remain major questions about the role of the endodermis during the emergence of the LRP. Our research has identified two important groups of auxin-mediated enzymatic components (GDSL-type esterase/lipase proteins - GELPs) that regulate suberin polymerization and likely its degradation. Additionally, we have demonstrated that developmental plasticity of the endodermis is necessary for normal LR emergence. Higher order mutants, almost completely lacking suberization in the endodermis, were highly sensitive to stress conditions. The wild grass Brachypodium distachyon, with its small genome, short life cycle, and small stature, is suitable for genetic transformation and has been developed as a model organism for both laboratory and field studies. However, it presents considerable challenges for studying LRs in their early developmental stages. We adapted a clearing method that significantly reduces clearing time, is compatible with various fluorescence dyes, and allows deep imaging of early cell divisions in the LRP. Using this toolkit, we were able to systematically categorize each LRP stage similar to what is used in Arabidopsis. We also demonstrated that, unlike in Arabidopsis, in Brachypodium the endodermis reactivates the cell cycle during LR formation. Moreover, we could show that the LRP appears to modify its Casparian strips to allow the emergence of the new organ. Surprisingly, the auxin reporter DR5 was not detected in early stages of LR formation, which does not necessarily imply that auxin is not involved in the initiation steps since we observed expression of auxin transporters during LR initiation events. We employed a root tip excision (RTE) method to synchronize LR development in Brachypodium, revealing distinct responses between accessions Bd21 and Bd21-3. In the latter accession, LRs appeared to be delayed in their emergence towards the nutrient medium along the root axis compared to Bd21. Additionally, osmotic stresses and hormonal treatments significantly reduced LR number and size in Bd21-3. Histological analyses suggested that the observed challenges in LRP emergence could be caused by early lignification of the exodermis in Bd21-3, unlike Bd21, where a delayed lignification was associated with facilitated LRP emergence. Integrating RTE with RNA-seq analysis of selected time points revealed a rapid induction of genes with a predicted function in cell-wall modification following the synchronized LR formation. Further studies, such as single-cell sequencing, will be essential to investigate the genetic programs underlying cell wall remodelling during LRP emergence in Brachypodium. In conclusion, we believe that this thesis contributed to advance our understanding of LR development in a wild grass, particularly emphasizing the pivotal role of the endodermis and its interactions with hormonal pathways and suberin dynamics
Genetic and ecological insights of Swiss morels ("Morchella" spp.), including an agricultural perspective
Get PDFPhD jury :
Prof. Pilar Junier, thesis director, University of Neuchâtel, Switzerland
Dr. Saskia Bindschedler, internal expert, University of Neuchâtel, Switzerland
Prof. Daniel Croll, internal expert, University of Neuchâtel, Switzerland
Dr. Gregory Bonito, external expert, Michigan State University, USA
Prof. Marcel Van der Heijden, external expert, Agroscope, Switzerland
Defended on February 26th, 2024
No de thèse : 3111Les morilles (Ascomycota, Pezizomycetes, Morchella) sont l'un des rares champignons comestibles que l'on peut ramasser dans la nature et cultiver à l'échelle commerciale. La fructification de la morille est un aliment sain apprécié dans le monde entier pour sa saveur et ses propriétés médicinales. La taxonomie de Morchella est complexe, essentiellement divisées en trois clades principaux (Rufobrunnea, Esculenta, Elata). Les morilles ont également un cycle de vie et un système trophique compliqués, restant partiellement inconnus. Les morilles peuvent se reproduire de manière asexuée, et sexuée en produisant des corps fructifères où se forment les ascospores. Le locus du type
d'accouplement (MAT) est le régulateur principal de la reproduction sexuelle, et les gènes qu'il contient informent sur le système de reproduction. Les morilles peuvent être homothalliques, pseudohomothalliques ou hétérothalliques. Les morilles ont été domestiquées au début des années 80 et le processus de culture n'a cessé de s'améliorer. La Chine est actuellement le seul pays à commercialiser des morilles cultivées à grande échelle. En Suisse, les marchés sont approvisionnés en morilles non durables d'un point de vue environnemental et social. La récolte de morilles à l'état sauvage ne peut répondre à la demande, d'où la nécessité de développer la culture de morilles dans le pays. Une souche indigène doit être domestiquée, car l'importation de cultivars non natifs peut entraîner des menaces pour la biodiversité (invasions et hybridation). Il est ainsi essentiel d'étudier les
morilles suisses. Cette thèse fournit les premières connaissances nécessaires au développement de la culture des morilles en Suisse. Dans la section 2, la biodiversité des morilles a été évaluée dans neuf cantons. Il en ressort qu'une espèce du clade Esculenta (Morchella esculenta) et trois espèces du clade Elata (Morchella importuna, Morchella deliciosa/Mel-13, complexe d’espèces Morchella pulchella) ont été trouvées. De plus, quatre nouvelles lignées ont été découvertes, l'une d'entre elles étant décrite comme une nouvelle espèce (Morchella helvetica sp. nov.) dans la section 3. La section 4 a évalué un outil d'identification basé sur l'IA (approche Centroïde) qui a permis d'identifier 83 % des espèces de morilles sur la base des séquences génétiques de l'espace transcrit interne (ITS). Cet outil concurrence les analyses phylogénétiques à quatre locus, permettant d'identifier 84% des espèces de morille. Dans les sections 5-6, la reproduction sexuelle des morilles suisses a été étudiée. La fiabilité de quatre paires d'amorces PCR a été testée, les génotypes de reproduction ont été évalués, et la structure génétique
du locus MAT a été déterminée en analysant deux génomes entiers séquencés pour cette étude. Ceci a révélé que les morilles suisses étaient principalement hétérothalliques, conformément à la littérature. Les dernières sections ont étudié les interactions biologiques entre Morchella et d'autres organismes du sol. Dans la section 7, les interactions tripartites entre Morchella, Pseudomonas koreensis et une amibe bactériophage Acanthamoeba castellanii ont été étudiées. Cela a révélé une association inattendue entre le champignon et l'amibe. De plus, il a été démontré pour la première fois que P. koreensis peut former un biofilm autour des hyphes de Morchella, et que l'amibe peut utiliser
les hyphes comme autoroutes fongiques. La section 8 portait sur le nématode mycophage Aphelenchus avenae et trois contaminants fongiques isolés à partir d'un essai de culture (Penicillium sp., Cephalotrichum sp., Aspergillus westerdijkiae). Morchella avait une résistance naturelle contre les nématodes prédateurs et était plus compétitive que les contaminants.
ABSTRACT
True morels (Ascomycota, Pezizomycetes, Morchella) are one of the rare edible mushrooms that can be collected in the wild and cultivated at commercial scales. The morel fruiting body is a healthy food appreciated worldwide as gourmet food and for its medicinal properties. Morchella have a complex taxonomy but are basically divided into three main clades (Rufobrunnea, Esculenta, Elata). Morchella also display a complicated lifecycle and trophic system, that remain partially unknown. Morels can reproduce asexually, and sexually by producing ascospores-bearing fruiting bodies. The mating type locus is the master regulator of sexual reproduction, and the genes it contains inform on the reproductive system of an organism. In Morchella, homothallism, pseudohomothallism, and heterothallism exist. Morels were domesticated in the early eighties, and since then the cultivation process has not stopped to improve. China is currently the only country to commercialize cultivated morels at large scale. In Switzerland, markets are provided with environmentally unsustainable and potentially socially unfair morel mushrooms. Harvesting morels in the wild cannot meet the demand, hence the development of cultivation in the Switzerland is needed. A native strain must be domesticated, because importing non-indigenous cultivars can cause biodiversity threats, namely invasiveness and hybridization. To do so, it is crucial to study Swiss morels. This thesis provides the first knowledge background necessary to develop morel cultivation in Switzerland. In section 2, the biodiversity of Morchella was assessed in nine cantons of the country. In this survey one species of the Esculenta clade (Morchella esculenta) and three described species of the Elata clade (Morchella importuna, Morchella deliciosa/Mel-13, Morchella pulchella species complex) were found. In addition, four new lineages were discovered, one of which was described as a new species (Morchella helvetica sp. nov.) in section 3. Section 4 evaluated an AI-based identification tool (the Centroid-based approach) that was able to identify 83% of the morel species based on genetic sequences of the internal transcribed spacer. The performance was comparable with four-locus phylogenetic analyses that were able to identify 84% of the Morchella at species level. In sections 5-6, the sexual reproduction system of Swiss Morchella was investigated. The reliability of four primer pairs was tested, the mating genotype
of single-ascospore isolates of Swiss strains was assessed, and the genetic structure of the mating type locus was determined analyzing two whole genomes that were sequenced for this purpose. This revealed that Swiss morels were mainly heterothallic. The last sections investigated biologic interactions between Morchella and other organisms that it could encounter in soil. In section 7, tripartite interactions between Morchella, the bacterium Pseudomonas koreensis, and a bacteriophagous amoeba Acanthamoeba castellanii were investigated. This revealed an unexpected association between the fungus and the amoeba to thrive in the presence of the bacterium. In addition, it was demonstrated for the first time that P. koreensis can form biofilm around Morchella hyphae, and that amoeba can use hypha to facilitate their movement across unsaturated areas of the medium (i.e., fungal highways). Finally, in section 8, the mycophagous nematode Aphelenchus avenae and three fungal contaminants isolated from a fruiting body cultivation assay (Penicillium sp., Cephalotrichum sp., Aspergillus westerdijkiae). Overall, Morchella had a natural resistance against the predatory nematodes and outcompeted the fungal contaminants
Frequentist estimation of evolutionary history of sequences with substitutions & indels
No full textMembres du jury :
Prof. Dr. Daniel Croll, University of Neuchâtel, Switzerland (Co-chair)
Prof. Dr. Maria Anisimova, Zürich University of Applied Sciences, Switzerland (Co-chair)
Prof. Dr. Pilar Eugenia Junier, University of Neuchâtel, Switzerland (Internal expert)
Prof. Dr. Ziheng Yang, University College London, UK (External expert)Estimation of the evolutionary history of molecules is mainly done by reconstructing the ancestral sequences given present-day sequences and phylogeny information. Biological sequence data is a result of evolution by mutational events such as character substitutions (or point mutations), insertions and deletions (indels). Inference of the evolutionary history of sequences with substitution and indels can be used in various biomedical applications, from tracking the origin of pandemic viruses to studies of the cause of visual impairment.
Indels are among the most important sources of genomic variation and carry sound evolutionary signals; however, well-known ancestral sequence reconstruction (ASR) methods ignore or mistreat them. ASR with indels is a big challenge from both computational and statistical viewpoints. This research proposed a novel solution to infer the ancestral sequences, while accounting for the evolutionary indel process.
First, I used an evolutionary model of substitution and indel for ASR and implemented it in the ARPIP program. ARPIP implemented a novel empirical Bayes method, which allows us to reconstruct ancestral sequences with indels under the Poisson indel process (PIP). While PIP is a continuous-time Markov chain (CTMC) model that assumes single-character indels, and has important computational advantages. I showed that ARPIP reconstructed biologically reasonable indels.
Second, it is difficult to model multiple-character (or "long") indels since most evolutionary CTMC models assume site-independence. Thus, I investigated whether a single-character indel assumption was detrimental for ASR. Analysis of real and simulated data showed that the single-character indel model could be used for ASR. ARPIP preserved gap length distribution in multiple sequence alignment, including regions with long indels. Moreover, the indel variation
in six eutherian mammalian orthologous proteins was studied to explore the evolutionary dynamics of insertions and deletions.
Finally, ASR, similar to other inferences, is affected by uncertainty. To account for it, a posterior probability profile method was devised. In collaboration with an experimental lab to study properties of ancestral proteins, the approach was applied to reflect the variation in ASR inference on neural retina leucine zipper transcription factor of selected vertebrates. Moreover, an alternative reconstruction for the ambiguous regions was introduced
The ‘Reduction’ of Necessity to Non-Modal Essence
No full textNon-modalists about essence reject the idea that metaphysical modality is prior to essence, e.g., in the sense that the latter can be reduced to or defined in terms of the former. On the contrary, according to these theorists, the explanation, if anything, proceeds in the opposite direction: metaphysical modality does not explain, but is instead explained in terms of, essence. Thus, for non-modalists like Aristotle, Kit Fine and E. J. Lowe, one of the primary theoretical roles of essence is to provide an explanatory basis for metaphysical necessity and possibility. This chapter explores a range of different types of explanatory connections which raise the question of how the non-modalist’s program of explaining metaphysical modality in terms of essence is best carried out. The considerations advanced in this chapter suggest that non-modalists must proceed by way of a non-logical case-by-case engagement with specific cases, since no logical “one-size-fits- all” strategy appears to be available
(Re)thinking Repairs in the Longue Durée
No full textThe history of repairs underscores the complexity of time through the practices of reusing and adapting objects. While this research field primarily focuses on the contemporary period, its close ties to present-day life risk obscuring the historical depth of these practices and the stakes they hold in various societies. How can we incorporate a truly historical perspective into our understanding of repairs? This article, a product of collective reflection, aims to broaden the analysis of repairs by embracing the concept of longue durée , a term coined by Fernand Braudel to describe an extensive span of historical time. Rather than striving to construct a grand narrative, this article addresses the challenge of acknowledging the diverse contexts and the discrepancies in how individuals interact with the lifespan of materials, artifacts, and their functionalities.tru
The Interactional Histories of Performance Bodies : From Describing to Depicting Proposed Ideas at Opera Rehearsals
No full textThis article investigates opera performers’ ideas on what they can do on stage to music in the service of portraying the characters of an opera production. The performers both describe and depict their ideas, that is, tell and show them, in proposals. Using multimodal interaction analysis, the article examines how the relative deployment of depictions and descriptions in performer proposals change over time. During joint decision-making micro-histories, the proposals become increasingly depictive, as displayed access, alignment, and agreement with the ideas increase. If ideas originate in previous instructions and decisions, however, proposals are immediately constructed with depictions, and if ideas are resisted, they are never fully depicted. The article thus reveals the dialogical and interactional development of ideas on their way to materialize as artwork. The data consist of 20 hours of video recorded opera rehearsals in Swedish, English, and some Italian, which is the language of the libretto
Obligation d’assainissement des chauffages électriques : conformité au droit supérieur du décret sur l’assainissement des chauffages et chauffe-eaux électriques du 20 décembre 2022
Get PDFRésumé et analyse, Tribunal fédéral – 1C_600/2023, destiné à la publication, Ire Cour de droit public, Arrêt du 26 avril 202
International organizations : the anthropological perspective
No full textIn: Routledge Handbook of International Organization, 2nd Edition, 2024Initially devoted to studying non-Western social groups, anthropologists turned to the analysis of international organizations during the 1990s. Thirty years later, the anthropology of international organizations is a rich and growing field of study. Moored in the anthropology of humanitarian and development aid organizations, this chapter highlights the specificity of the anthropological perspective and identifies three key contributions made by the anthropological literature on international organizations. These contributions are (1) the study of international organizations as social worlds and political arenas, (2) the grounded analysis of the production and influence of hegemonic frames, and (3) the identification and analysis of key tensions within international governance.tru