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Entomopathogenic nematodes as an effective and sustainable alternative to control the fall armyworm in Africa
Get PDFThe recent invasion of the fall armyworm (FAW), a voracious pest, into Africa and Asia has resulted in unprecedented increases in insecticide applications, especially in maize cultivation. The health and environmental hazards posed by these chemicals have prompted a call for alternative control practices. Entomopathogenic nematodes are highly lethal to the FAWs, but their application aboveground has been challenging. In this study, we report on season-long field trials with an innocuous biodegradable gel made from carboxymethyl cellulose containing local nematodes that we specifically developed to target the FAW. In several Rwandan maize fields with distinct climatic conditions and natural infestation rates, we compared armyworm presence and damage in control plots and plots that were treated with either our nematode gel formulation, a commercial liquid nematode formulation, or the commonly used contact insecticide cypermethrin. The treatments were applied to the whorl of each plant, which was repeated three to four times, at 2-week intervals, starting when the plants were still seedlings. Although all three treatments reduced leaf damage, only the gel formulation decreased caterpillar infestation by about 50% and yielded an additional ton of maize per hectare compared with untreated plots. Importantly, we believe that the use of nematodes can be cost-effective, since we used nematode doses across the whole season that were at least 3-fold lower than their normal application against belowground pests. The overall results imply that precisely formulated and easy-to-apply nematodes can be a highly effective, affordable, and sustainable alternative to insecticides for FAW control
Vers un schéma cognitif de l'exemplification : étude textométrique et contrastée de formes de l'exemplification en français et en italien.
No full textUne approche des non-binarités par la psychologie socioculturelle : Trajectoire, signification, rapport à soi et à l’altérité
No full textCe travail propose de se focaliser sur les personnes non binaires, c’est-à-dire des personnes qui ne s’identifient pas strictement à « femme » ou « homme », et ce selon diverses configurations. J’adopte une perspective issue de la psychologie socioculturelle afin de capter au mieux les interrelations entre les aspects individuels et les aspects sociaux des non-binarités. Celle-ci me permet d’appréhender le développement de la personne en lien avec son genre tout au long de la vie.
J’effectue, au travers de ma méthodologie abductive et de neuf entretiens avec des personnes non binaires, une analyse centrée sur l’individualité des personnes ainsi qu’une analyse transversale. La première partie analytique met en avant la forte hétérogénéité des parcours mais également des manières de comprendre et de vivre la non-binarité. Le vécu de la non-binarité est unique à la personne et elle possède une signification qui lie ses expériences de vie entre elles. La non-binarité de la personne est alors une manière de se comprendre elle-même.
Mais les non-binarités ont également une facette externe. La seconde partie analytique pointe les récurrences transversales aux non-binarités qui sont la conséquence d’être non binaire dans une société qui ne légitime pas ces formes de vécus. L’expression des non-binarités est alors une tentative de la part des personnes non binaires de rendre compréhensible aux autres leur ressenti interne. En considérant les personnes dans leur quotidienneté dans une société majoritairement binaire, l’analyse met en avant l’aspect circonstanciel des vécus non binaires en détaillant le rôle des espaces stratifiés par le genre, le rôle des personnes présentes, le rôle du corps et le rôle du langage
Everyman’s aesthetic considerations on a visible history of art : Joseph Sebastian von Rittershausen’s Betrachtungen on Christian von Mechel’s work at the Imperial Picture Gallery in Vienna
No full textKriminologie in der Schweiz – Geschichte, Stand, Zukunft / Criminologie en Suisse – Histoire, état, avenir
No full textNavigating the Shadows of Cyber Vigilantism: A Preliminary Analysis of Social Dynamics and Activities of Scambaiting
No full textFrom 2017 to 2022, the Internet Crime Complaint Center docu- mented an increase of 266% complains for online scams. The complexity and constant evolution of these scams pose a challenge for the existing legal system, which appears ill-equipped to effectively combat them. A new movement emerged known as “scambaiting”, individuals who autonomously take on the responsibility of advocating for others and fighting against scammers. Leveraging online platforms, these individuals champion causes and educate the public, preventing further victimization. Scambaiting techniques range from entertaining activities, like wasting scammers’ time, to illegal ones, such as hacking. This form of cyber-vigilantism represents a novel and under-explored research, especially in term of human-infrastructure. Through the analysis of ten transcripts of discussions involving a sample of scambaiters, we aim to explore the social dynamics and activities of scambaiting; giving insights on collabo- ration, actors, and challenges within the scambaiting community. Additionally, we present suggestions for future research
The Semantics and Pragmatics of Discourse Markers
No full textThis chapter deals with the semantic-pragmatic characterization of discourse markers. This long-debated question is first addressed by an overview of their classification within linguistic theories, focusing on the delimitation of the class and on the nature of their contribution, especially the articulation between their semantic and pragmatic meaning. We then present our own account proposing an analysis of a subclass of DMs – connectors – in French and Italian. To this aim, we adopt a textometric approach, combining qualitative observation with statistical calculations determining the preferred environment of connectors, i.e. the forms associated with them in a statistically significant way. This method reveals for instance similarities between connectors expressing different links, which can be interpreted as resulting from a common semantic trait, the involvement of the speaker in her utterance. These would remain undetectable within a qualitative approach.tru
“Nimble Sociality and Belonging”: An Ethnography of Migrants’ Responses to Bans on Associational Life During the COVID-19 Pandemic
No full textWithin the past few years, pandemics like HIV/AIDS, influenza, and SARS-CoV-2 have become common worldwide. The COVID-19 pandemic, which broke out recently, profoundly impacted the world. As part of containing this pandemic, lockdowns which put a moratorium on human mobility and associational life became a dominant measure. Yet these mobilities and associational life are the lifeblood of migrants and diaspora belonging. This paper examines the impacts of bans on associational life on migrants and, further, what migrants did to continue living in the absence of these associations during the COVID-19 pandemic. The paper is based on a case study of Lydiate informal settlement in Zimbabwe, where Malawian migrants have established an ethnic enclave to shield themselves from the precarity and injustices of foreign lands. Through convivial and digital ethnographic fieldwork, the paper revealed that, bans on associational life disrupted community engagements and binding religious associational life, increased targeted violence and ‘othering’, and perpetuated stigma and discrimination and loss of ties with family and fictive kin. However, migrants restructured their associational life by adopting agile and new forms of belonging to get by, including relocating religious shrines to more secretive places or conducting religious ceremonies in the dark, drinking beer within the perimeter of the settlement, use of WhatsApp and instant messaging and WhatsApp groups for important community updates, and collective resistance. I termed these strategies ‘nimble forms of sociality and belonging’, meaning there are lithe mechanisms that migrants, employ to further their sociality even when they are restricted. A distinctive feature of ‘nimble sociality and belonging’ from traditional migrant coping strategies (problem focused, emotion focused, avoidance focused) is its convivial and collective nature in fostering resilience and solidarity to navigate challenges within the community
Ordinary Ottomans: post-World War I settlements and experiences of the end of empire
No full textIn the introduction to this special issue, we address the concepts of ordinariness and Ottomanness, and how they intersect within the general context of the disintegration of the Ottoman Empire.1 Given the already existing scholarship on ordinary groups or individuals in the history of the Middle East, we first position ordinariness as context-specific; that is, we understand it as subjected to various forms of exclusion from the elite. Second, within the framework of the major political changes that characterise the end of Empire we explore ordinariness and how it is embedded in everyday life and practices. We interrogate the capacities of individuals to maintain regularity through
ordinary practices, after or despite a disruptive episode. We argue that persisting with everyday life practices despite crisis can serve as a strategy to reclaim spaces of autonomy from power structures.
However, we also demonstrate that ordinary individuals, being vulnerable subjects or citizens, are also subject to change. These questions eventually lead us to rethink the debate on ‘continuities and ruptures’ within the post-Ottoman context. We suggest that framing Ottomanness as a time-marker, rather than as an identity-marker (Ottoman-era), allows us to focus on how groups and individuals coped with these changes, rather than attempting to define them